Introduction to c_sharp

Introduction to C#Introduction to C#
Raimonds RudmanisRaimonds Rudmanis
Senior ConsultantSenior Consultant
MicrosoftMicrosoft BalticBaltic

Session PrerequisitesSession Prerequisites
 This session assumes that youThis session assumes that you
understand the fundamentals ofunderstand the fundamentals of
 Object oriented programmingObject oriented programming
 This is a Level 200 SessionThis is a Level 200 Session

What Will Be Covered TodayWhat Will Be Covered Today
 Brief introduction to theBrief introduction to the
.NET framework.NET framework
 C# language overviewC# language overview

AgendaAgenda
 Hello WorldHello World
 The .NET FrameworkThe .NET Framework
 Design Goals of C#Design Goals of C#
 Language FeaturesLanguage Features

Hello WorldHello World
DEMO 1: Hello WorldDEMO 1: Hello World
using System;using System;
class Helloclass Hello
{{
static void Main() {static void Main() {
Console.WriteLine("Hello world");Console.WriteLine("Hello world");
}}
}}

The .NET FrameworkThe .NET Framework
OverviewOverview
Base Class LibraryBase Class Library
Common Language SpecificationCommon Language Specification
Common Language RuntimeCommon Language Runtime
ADO.NET: Data and XMLADO.NET: Data and XML
VBVB C++C++ C#C#
VisualStudio.NETVisualStudio.NET
ASP.NET: Web ServicesASP.NET: Web Services
And Web FormsAnd Web Forms
JScriptJScript ……
WindowsWindows
formsforms

VBVB C++C++ C#C#
and Web Formsand Web Forms
WindowsWindows
FormsForms

 New Runtime Environment – CommonNew Runtime Environment – Common
Language RuntimeLanguage Runtime
 Language InteroperabilityLanguage Interoperability
 Common Classes for all LanguagesCommon Classes for all Languages
 Common Types for all LanguagesCommon Types for all Languages
 Runtime Controls Compilation to MachineRuntime Controls Compilation to Machine
CodeCode
 AssembliesAssemblies
 Application DomainsApplication Domains

 Simplified developmentSimplified development
 XCOPY deploymentXCOPY deployment
 ScalabilityScalability
 Rich Web clients and safe Web hostingRich Web clients and safe Web hosting
 Potentially multi-platformPotentially multi-platform
 Multiple languages (cross inheritance)Multiple languages (cross inheritance)
 Increases productivityIncreases productivity
 Robust and secure execution environmentRobust and secure execution environment

.NET Framework and CLR.NET Framework and CLR
CLR Execution ModelCLR Execution Model
VBVBSourceSource
codecode
CompilerCompiler
C++C++C#C#
CompilerCompilerCompilerCompiler
AssemblyAssembly
IL CodeIL Code
AssemblyAssembly
IL CodeIL Code
AssemblyAssembly
IL CodeIL Code
Operating System ServicesOperating System Services
JIT CompilerJIT Compiler
Native CodeNative Code
ManagedManaged
codecode
UnmanagedUnmanaged
ComponentComponent

.NET Framework Services.NET Framework Services
VBVB C++C++ C#C#
and Web Formsand Web Forms
WindowsWindows
FormsForms

.NET Framework Services.NET Framework Services
 ASP.NETASP.NET
 Separation of code and presentationSeparation of code and presentation
 CompiledCompiled
 Web FormsWeb Forms
 Web ServicesWeb Services
 WindowsWindows®®
FormsForms
 Framework for building rich clientsFramework for building rich clients
 ADO.NET, Evolution of ADOADO.NET, Evolution of ADO
 New objects (e.g., DataSets)New objects (e.g., DataSets)
 XML support throughoutXML support throughout

Design Goals of C#Design Goals of C#
The Big IdeasThe Big Ideas
 The firstThe first “C“Componentomponent OOrientedriented””
language in the C/C++ familylanguage in the C/C++ family
 Everything really is an objectEverything really is an object
 Next generation robust andNext generation robust and
durable softwaredurable software
 Preserving your investmentPreserving your investment

A Component Oriented LanguageA Component Oriented Language
 C# is the first “Component Oriented”C# is the first “Component Oriented”
language in the C/C++ familylanguage in the C/C++ family
 Component concepts are first classComponent concepts are first class
 Properties, methods, eventsProperties, methods, events
 Design-time and run-time attributesDesign-time and run-time attributes
 Integrated documentation using XMLIntegrated documentation using XML
 Enables one-stop programmingEnables one-stop programming
 NoNo external files likeexternal files like header files, IDL, etc.header files, IDL, etc.
 Can be embedded in ASP pagesCan be embedded in ASP pages

Everything Really Is an ObjectEverything Really Is an Object
 Traditional viewsTraditional views
 C++, JavaC++, Java™™
: Primitive types are “magic”: Primitive types are “magic”
and do not interoperate with objectsand do not interoperate with objects
 Smalltalk, Lisp: Primitive types areSmalltalk, Lisp: Primitive types are
objects, but at great performance costobjects, but at great performance cost
 C# unifies with no performance costC# unifies with no performance cost
 Deep simplicity throughout systemDeep simplicity throughout system
 Improved extensibility and reusabilityImproved extensibility and reusability
 New primitive types: Decimal, SQL…New primitive types: Decimal, SQL…
 Collections, etc., work for all typesCollections, etc., work for all types

Robust and Durable SoftwareRobust and Durable Software
 Garbage collectionGarbage collection
 No memory leaks and stray pointersNo memory leaks and stray pointers
 ExceptionsExceptions
 Error handling is not an afterthoughtError handling is not an afterthought
 Type-safetyType-safety
 No uninitialized variables, unsafe castsNo uninitialized variables, unsafe casts
 VersioningVersioning
 Pervasive versioning considerations in allPervasive versioning considerations in all
aspects of language designaspects of language design

Preserving Your InvestmentPreserving Your Investment
 C++ HeritageC++ Heritage
 Namespaces,Namespaces, enums,enums, pointers (in unsafepointers (in unsafe
code), unsigned types, etc.code), unsigned types, etc.
 No unnecessary sacrificesNo unnecessary sacrifices
 Real-world useful constructsReal-world useful constructs
 foreach, using, switch on stringforeach, using, switch on string
 decimal type for financial applicationsdecimal type for financial applications
 ref and out parametersref and out parameters
 Millions of lines of C# code in .NETMillions of lines of C# code in .NET
 Short learning curveShort learning curve
 Increased productivityIncreased productivity

InteroperabilityInteroperability
C#C#
VB.NETVB.NET
MC++MC++
JScriptJScript
......
.NET Languages.NET Languages
COMCOM
OLE AutomationOLE Automation
XML/SOAPXML/SOAP
Dynamic Link LibrariesDynamic Link Libraries
P/Invoke and unsafe codeP/Invoke and unsafe code

Language FeaturesLanguage Features
Program StructureProgram Structure
 NamespacesNamespaces
 Contain types and other namespacesContain types and other namespaces
 Type declarationsType declarations
 Classes, structs, interfaces, enums,Classes, structs, interfaces, enums,
and delegatesand delegates
 MembersMembers
 Constants, fields, methods, properties, indexers,Constants, fields, methods, properties, indexers,
events, operators, constructors, destructorsevents, operators, constructors, destructors
 OrganizationOrganization
 No header files, code written “in-line”No header files, code written “in-line”
 No declaration order dependenceNo declaration order dependence

Program StructureProgram Structure
using System;using System;
namespace System.Collectionsnamespace System.Collections
{{
public class Stackpublic class Stack
{{
Entry top;Entry top;
public void Push(object data) {public void Push(object data) {
top = new Entry(top, data);top = new Entry(top, data);
}}
public object Pop() {public object Pop() {
if (top == null) throw new InvalidOperationException();if (top == null) throw new InvalidOperationException();
object result = top.data;object result = top.data;
top = top.next;top = top.next;
return result;return result;
}}
}}
}}

Type SystemType System
 Value typesValue types
 Directly contain dataDirectly contain data
 Cannot be nullCannot be null
 Reference typesReference types
 Contain references to objectsContain references to objects
 May be nullMay be null
int i = 123;int i = 123;
string s = "Hello world";string s = "Hello world";
123123ii
ss "Hello world""Hello world"

Type SystemType System
 Value typesValue types
 PrimitivesPrimitives int i;int i;
 EnumsEnums enum State { Off, On }enum State { Off, On }
 StructsStructs struct Point { int x, y; }struct Point { int x, y; }
 Reference typesReference types
 ClassesClasses class Foo: Bar, IFoo {...}class Foo: Bar, IFoo {...}
 InterfacesInterfaces interface IFoo: IBar {...}interface IFoo: IBar {...}
 ArraysArrays string[] a = new string[10];string[] a = new string[10];
 DelegatesDelegates delegate void Empty();delegate void Empty();

Predefined TypesPredefined Types
 C# predefined typesC# predefined types
 ReferenceReference object, stringobject, string
 SignedSigned sbyte, short, int, longsbyte, short, int, long
 UnsignedUnsigned byte, ushort, uint, ulongbyte, ushort, uint, ulong
 CharacterCharacter charchar
 Floating-pointFloating-point float, double, decimalfloat, double, decimal
 LogicalLogical boolbool
 Predefined types are simply aliases forPredefined types are simply aliases for
system-provided typessystem-provided types
 For example, int = System.Int32For example, int = System.Int32

ClassesClasses
 Single inheritanceSingle inheritance
 Multiple interface implementationMultiple interface implementation
 Class membersClass members
 Constants, fields, methods,Constants, fields, methods,
properties, indexers, events,properties, indexers, events,
operators, constructors, destructorsoperators, constructors, destructors
 Static and instance membersStatic and instance members
 Nested typesNested types
 Member accessMember access
 Public, protected, internal, privatePublic, protected, internal, private

StructsStructs
 Like classes, exceptLike classes, except
 Stored in-line, not heap allocatedStored in-line, not heap allocated
 Assignment copies data, not referenceAssignment copies data, not reference
 No inheritanceNo inheritance
 Ideal for light weight objectsIdeal for light weight objects
 Complex, point, rectangle, colorComplex, point, rectangle, color
 int, float, double, etc., are all structsint, float, double, etc., are all structs
 BenefitsBenefits
 No heap allocation, less GC pressureNo heap allocation, less GC pressure
 More efficient use of memoryMore efficient use of memory

Classes and StructsClasses and Structs
struct SPoint { int x, y; ... }struct SPoint { int x, y; ... }
class CPoint { int x, y; ... }class CPoint { int x, y; ... }
SPoint sp = new SPoint(10, 20);SPoint sp = new SPoint(10, 20);
CPoint cp = new CPoint(10, 20);CPoint cp = new CPoint(10, 20);
1010
2020
spsp
cpcp
1010
2020
CPointCPoint

InterfacesInterfaces
 Multiple inheritanceMultiple inheritance
 Can contain methods, properties,Can contain methods, properties,
indexers and eventsindexers and events
 Private interface implementationsPrivate interface implementations
interface IDataBoundinterface IDataBound
{{
void Bind(IDataBinder binder);void Bind(IDataBinder binder);
}}
class EditBox: Control, IDataBoundclass EditBox: Control, IDataBound
{{
void IDataBound.Bind(IDataBinder binder) {...}void IDataBound.Bind(IDataBinder binder) {...}
}}

EnumsEnums
 Strongly typedStrongly typed
 No implicit conversions to/from intNo implicit conversions to/from int
 Operators: +, -, ++, --, &, |, ^, ~Operators: +, -, ++, --, &, |, ^, ~
 Can specify underlying typeCan specify underlying type
 Byte, short, int, longByte, short, int, long
enum Color: byteenum Color: byte
{{
Red = 1,Red = 1,
Green = 2,Green = 2,
Blue = 4,Blue = 4,
Black = 0,Black = 0,
White = Red | Green | Blue,White = Red | Green | Blue,
}}

DelegatesDelegates
 Object oriented function pointersObject oriented function pointers
 Multiple receiversMultiple receivers
 Each delegate has an invocation listEach delegate has an invocation list
 Thread-safe + and - operationsThread-safe + and - operations
 Foundation for framework eventsFoundation for framework events
delegate void MouseEvent(int x, int y);delegate void MouseEvent(int x, int y);
delegate double Func(double x);delegate double Func(double x);
Func func = new Func(Math.Sin);Func func = new Func(Math.Sin);
double x = func(1.0);double x = func(1.0);

Unified Type SystemUnified Type System
 Everything is an objectEverything is an object
 All types ultimately inherit from objectAll types ultimately inherit from object
 Any piece of data can be stored,Any piece of data can be stored,
transported, and manipulated with notransported, and manipulated with no
extra workextra work
StreamStream
MemoryStreamMemoryStream FileStreamFileStream
HashtableHashtable doubledoubleintint
objectobject

 BoxingBoxing
 Allocates box, copies value into itAllocates box, copies value into it
 UnboxingUnboxing
 Checks type of box, copies value outChecks type of box, copies value out
int i = 123;int i = 123;
object o = i;object o = i;
int j = (int)o;int j = (int)o;
123123i
o
123123
System.Int32System.Int32
123123j

 BenefitsBenefits
 Eliminates “wrapper classes”Eliminates “wrapper classes”
 Collection classes work with all typesCollection classes work with all types
 Replaces OLE Automation's VariantReplaces OLE Automation's Variant
 Lots of examples in .NET frameworkLots of examples in .NET framework
string s = string.Format(string s = string.Format(
"Your total was {0} on {1}", total, date);"Your total was {0} on {1}", total, date);
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.Add( new Customer() );al.Add( new Customer() );
al.Add( 1 );al.Add( 1 );
al.Add( "test" );al.Add( "test" );

Component DevelopmentComponent Development
 What defines a component?What defines a component?
 Properties, methods, eventsProperties, methods, events
 Integrated help and documentationIntegrated help and documentation
 Design-time informationDesign-time information
 C# has first class supportC# has first class support
 Not naming patterns, adapters, etc.Not naming patterns, adapters, etc.
 Not external filesNot external files
 Components are easy to build andComponents are easy to build and
to consumeto consume

PropertiesProperties
 Properties Are “Smart Fields”Properties Are “Smart Fields”
 Natural syntax, accessors, inliningNatural syntax, accessors, inlining
public class Button: Controlpublic class Button: Control
{{
private string caption;private string caption;
public string Caption {public string Caption {
get {get {
return caption;return caption;
}}
set {set {
caption = value;caption = value;
Repaint();Repaint();
}}
}}
}}
Button b = new Button();Button b = new Button();
b.Caption = "OK";b.Caption = "OK";
String s = b.Caption;String s = b.Caption;

IndexersIndexers
 Indexers are “smart arrays”Indexers are “smart arrays”
 Can be overloadedCan be overloaded
public class ListBox: Controlpublic class ListBox: Control
{{
private string[] items;private string[] items;
public string this[intpublic string this[int
index] {index] {
get {get {
return items[index];return items[index];
}}
set {set {
items[index] = value;items[index] = value;
Repaint();Repaint();
}}
}}
}}
ListBox listBox = newListBox listBox = new
ListBox();ListBox();
listBox[0] = "hello";listBox[0] = "hello";
Console.WriteLine(listBox[0]);Console.WriteLine(listBox[0]);

Creating and Firing an EventCreating and Firing an Event
 Define the Event signatureDefine the Event signature
 Define the Event and firing logicDefine the Event and firing logic
public delegate void EventHandler(object sender,public delegate void EventHandler(object sender,
EventArgs e);EventArgs e);
public class Buttonpublic class Button
{{
public event EventHandler Click;public event EventHandler Click;
protected void OnClick(EventArgs e) {protected void OnClick(EventArgs e) {
if (Click != null) Click(this, e);if (Click != null) Click(this, e);
}}
}}

Handling an EventHandling an Event
 Define and register Event HandlerDefine and register Event Handler
public class MyForm: Formpublic class MyForm: Form
{{
Button okButton;Button okButton;
public MyForm() {public MyForm() {
okButton = new Button(...);okButton = new Button(...);
okButton.Caption = "OK";okButton.Caption = "OK";
okButton.Click +=okButton.Click += new EventHandler(OkButtonClick);new EventHandler(OkButtonClick);
}}
void OkButtonClick(object sender, EventArgs e) {void OkButtonClick(object sender, EventArgs e) {
ShowMessage("You pressed the OK button");ShowMessage("You pressed the OK button");
}}
}}

DEMO 2: Creating an Event HandlerDEMO 2: Creating an Event Handler
 Define an Event Handler for a button in aDefine an Event Handler for a button in a
Windows Forms applicationWindows Forms application

AttributesAttributes
 Associate information with typesAssociate information with types
and membersand members
 Documentation URL for a classDocumentation URL for a class
 Transaction context for a methodTransaction context for a method
 XML persistence mappingXML persistence mapping
 Traditional solutionsTraditional solutions
 Add keywords or pragmas to languageAdd keywords or pragmas to language
 Use external files, e.g., .IDL, .DEFUse external files, e.g., .IDL, .DEF
 C# solution: AttributesC# solution: Attributes

public class OrderProcessorpublic class OrderProcessor
{{
[WebMethod][WebMethod]
public void SubmitOrder(PurchaseOrder order) {...}public void SubmitOrder(PurchaseOrder order) {...}
}}
[XmlRoot("Order", Namespace="urn:acme.b2b-schema.v1")][XmlRoot("Order", Namespace="urn:acme.b2b-schema.v1")]
public class PurchaseOrderpublic class PurchaseOrder
{{
[XmlElement("shipTo")] public Address ShipTo;[XmlElement("shipTo")] public Address ShipTo;
[XmlElement("billTo")] public Address BillTo;[XmlElement("billTo")] public Address BillTo;
[XmlElement("comment")] public string Comment;[XmlElement("comment")] public string Comment;
[XmlElement("items")] public Item[] Items;[XmlElement("items")] public Item[] Items;
[XmlAttribute("date")] public DateTime OrderDate;[XmlAttribute("date")] public DateTime OrderDate;
}}
public class Address {...}public class Address {...}
public class Item {...}public class Item {...}

 Attributes can beAttributes can be
 Attached to types and membersAttached to types and members
 Examined at run-time using reflectionExamined at run-time using reflection
 Completely extensibleCompletely extensible
 Simply a class that inherits from System.AttributeSimply a class that inherits from System.Attribute
 Type-safeType-safe
 Arguments checked at compile-timeArguments checked at compile-time
 Extensive use in .NET frameworkExtensive use in .NET framework
 XML, Web Services, security, serialization,XML, Web Services, security, serialization,
component model, COM and P/Invoke interop,component model, COM and P/Invoke interop,
code configuration…code configuration…

What Is A Web Service?What Is A Web Service?
 HTML = user-to-machineHTML = user-to-machine
 XML/SOAP = machine-to-machineXML/SOAP = machine-to-machine
 Leveraging the WebLeveraging the Web
 Same infrastructureSame infrastructure
 Same programming modelSame programming model
 Anyone can playAnyone can play
 Truly scalable distributed applicationsTruly scalable distributed applications
 Stateless and loosely coupledStateless and loosely coupled
 Both Internet and intranetBoth Internet and intranet

DiscoveryDiscovery
Let’s talk (SOAP)Let’s talk (SOAP)
How Does It Work?How Does It Work?
http://myservice.comhttp://myservice.com
HTML or XML with link to WSDLHTML or XML with link to WSDL
How do we talk? (WSDL)How do we talk? (WSDL)
http://myservice.com?wsdlhttp://myservice.com?wsdl
XML with service descriptionsXML with service descriptions
http://myservice.com/svc1http://myservice.com/svc1
XML/SOAP BODYXML/SOAP BODY
WebWeb
ServiceService
WebWeb
ServiceService
ConsumerConsumer
UDDIUDDI
Find a ServiceFind a Service
http://www.uddi.orghttp://www.uddi.org
Link to DISCO or WSDL documentLink to DISCO or WSDL document

Web Services With .NETWeb Services With .NET
ProgramsPrograms
ObjectsObjects
ClassesClasses
MethodsMethods
CallsCalls
WebWeb
XMLXML
XSDXSD
WSDLWSDL
SOAPSOAP
DataData
SchemaSchema
ServicesServices
InvocationInvocation
ApplicationApplication
ConceptsConcepts
The .NET framework providesThe .NET framework provides
a bi-directional mappinga bi-directional mapping

Web Services With .NETWeb Services With .NET
{{
}}
{{
public string ShipTo;public string ShipTo;
public string BillTo;public string BillTo;
public string Comment;public string Comment;
public Item[] Items;public Item[] Items;
public DateTime OrderDate;public DateTime OrderDate;
}}
{{
[WebMethod][WebMethod]
}}
[XmlRoot("Order", Namespace="urn:acme.b2b-schema.v1")][XmlRoot("Order", Namespace="urn:acme.b2b-schema.v1")]
{{
[XmlElement("shipTo")][XmlElement("shipTo")] public string ShipTo;public string ShipTo;
[XmlElement("billTo")][XmlElement("billTo")] public string BillTo;public string BillTo;
[XmlElement("comment")][XmlElement("comment")] public string Comment;public string Comment;
[XmlElement("items")][XmlElement("items")] public Item[] Items;public Item[] Items;
[XmlAttribute("date")][XmlAttribute("date")] public DateTime OrderDate;public DateTime OrderDate;
}}
PurchaseOrder po = new PurchaseOrder();PurchaseOrder po = new PurchaseOrder();
po.ShipTo = “Anders Hejlsberg";po.ShipTo = “Anders Hejlsberg";
po.BillTo = “Bill Gates";po.BillTo = “Bill Gates";
po.OrderDate = DateTime.Today;po.OrderDate = DateTime.Today;
……
OrderProcessor.SubmitOrder(po);OrderProcessor.SubmitOrder(po);
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<soap:Envelope><soap:Envelope>
<soap:Body><soap:Body>
<SubmitOrder><SubmitOrder>
<Order date=“20010703"><Order date=“20010703">
<shipTo>Anders Hejlsberg</shipTo><shipTo>Anders Hejlsberg</shipTo>
<billTo>Bill Gates</billTo><billTo>Bill Gates</billTo>
<comment>Overnight delivery</comment><comment>Overnight delivery</comment>
<items><items>
<productId>17748933</productId><productId>17748933</productId>
<description>Dom Perignon</description><description>Dom Perignon</description>
</items></items>
</Order></Order>
</SubmitOrder></SubmitOrder>
</soap:Body></soap:Body>
</soap:Envelope></soap:Envelope>

DEMO 3: AttributesDEMO 3: Attributes
 Create a Web service by using theCreate a Web service by using the
[[WWebebMMethod] attributeethod] attribute

XML CommentsXML Comments
class XmlElementclass XmlElement
{{
/// <summary>/// <summary>
/// Returns the attribute with the given name and/// Returns the attribute with the given name and
/// namespace</summary>/// namespace</summary>
/// <param name="name">/// <param name="name">
/// The name of the attribute</param>/// The name of the attribute</param>
/// <param name="ns">/// <param name="ns">
/// The namespace of the attribute, or null if/// The namespace of the attribute, or null if
/// the attribute has no namespace</param>/// the attribute has no namespace</param>
/// <return>/// <return>
/// The attribute value, or null if the attribute/// The attribute value, or null if the attribute
/// does not exist</return>/// does not exist</return>
/// <seealso cref="GetAttr(string)"/>/// <seealso cref="GetAttr(string)"/>
//////
public string GetAttr(string name, string ns) {public string GetAttr(string name, string ns) {
......
}}
}}

DEMO 4: XML CommentsDEMO 4: XML Comments
 Show how the compiler can auto generateShow how the compiler can auto generate
documentation from the source code usingdocumentation from the source code using
XML commentsXML comments

Statements and ExpressionsStatements and Expressions
 High C++ fidelityHigh C++ fidelity
 if, while, do require bool conditionif, while, do require bool condition
 Switch statementSwitch statement
 No fall-through, “goto case” or “goto default”No fall-through, “goto case” or “goto default”
 Goto can’t jump into blocksGoto can’t jump into blocks
 Foreach statementForeach statement
 Checked andChecked and
uncheckedunchecked
statementsstatements
 ExpressionExpression
statementsstatements
must do workmust do work
void Foo() {void Foo() {
i == 1;i == 1; // error// error
i + j;i + j; // error// error
}}
switch( arg )switch( arg )
{{
case 0:case 0:
case 1:case 1:
Console.WriteLine(“Low”);Console.WriteLine(“Low”);
case 2:case 2:
Console.WriteLine(“Med”);Console.WriteLine(“Med”);
break;break;
default:default:
Console.WriteLine(“High”);Console.WriteLine(“High”);
}}
{{
case 0:case 0:
case 1:case 1:
break;break;
case 2:case 2:
break;break;
default:default:
}}
{{
case 0:case 0:
case 1:case 1:
goto case 2;goto case 2;
case 2:case 2:
break;break;
default:default:
}}
int i;int i;
if ( i ) //if ( i ) // errorerror
if ( i>0 )if ( i>0 )
FileClass file;FileClass file;
if ( file = OpenFile() ) //if ( file = OpenFile() ) // errorerror
if ( (file = OpenFile()) != NULL )if ( (file = OpenFile()) != NULL )
foreach ( string word in myArray.words )foreach ( string word in myArray.words )
{{
Console.WriteLine(“{0}”, word)Console.WriteLine(“{0}”, word)
}}
static short x = 32767; // Max shortstatic short x = 32767; // Max short
static short y = 32767;static short y = 32767;
trytry
{{
z =z = checkedchecked((short)(x + y));((short)(x + y));
}}
catch (OverflowException e)catch (OverflowException e)
{{
Console.WriteLine(e.ToString());Console.WriteLine(e.ToString());
}}
goto in_label;goto in_label;
while ( i<100 )while ( i<100 )
{{
in_label:in_label:
i++;i++;
}}
while ( i<100 )while ( i<100 )
{{
if ( j>50 )if ( j>50 )
goto out_label;goto out_label;
}}
out_label:out_label:

For Each StatementFor Each Statement
 Iteration of arraysIteration of arrays
 Iteration of user-defined collectionsIteration of user-defined collections
foreach (Customer c in customers.OrderBy("name")) {foreach (Customer c in customers.OrderBy("name")) {
if (c.Orders.Count != 0) {if (c.Orders.Count != 0) {
......
}}
}}
public static void Main(string[] args) {public static void Main(string[] args) {
foreach (string s in args) Console.WriteLine(s);foreach (string s in args) Console.WriteLine(s);
}}

Parameter ArraysParameter Arrays
 Can write “printf” style methodsCan write “printf” style methods
 Type-safe, unlike C++Type-safe, unlike C++
void printf(string fmt, params object[] args) {void printf(string fmt, params object[] args) {
foreach (object x in args) {foreach (object x in args) {
......
}}
}}
printf("%s %i %i", str, int1, int2);printf("%s %i %i", str, int1, int2);
object[] args = new object[3];object[] args = new object[3];
args[0] = str;args[0] = str;
args[1] = int1;args[1] = int1;
Args[2] = int2;Args[2] = int2;
printf("%s %i %i", args);printf("%s %i %i", args);

Operator OverloadingOperator Overloading
 First class user-defined data typesFirst class user-defined data types
 Used in base class libraryUsed in base class library
 Decimal, DateTime, TimeSpanDecimal, DateTime, TimeSpan
 Used in the frameworkUsed in the framework
 Unit, point, rectangleUnit, point, rectangle
 Used in SQL integrationUsed in SQL integration
 SQLString, SQLInt16, SQLInt32,SQLString, SQLInt16, SQLInt32,
SQLInt64, SQLBool, SQLMoney,SQLInt64, SQLBool, SQLMoney,
SQLNumeric, SQLFloat…SQLNumeric, SQLFloat…

Operator OverloadingOperator Overloading
public struct DBIntpublic struct DBInt
{{
public static readonly DBInt Null = new DBInt();public static readonly DBInt Null = new DBInt();
private int value;private int value;
private bool defined;private bool defined;
public bool IsNull { get { return !defined; } }public bool IsNull { get { return !defined; } }
public static DBInt operator +(DBInt x, DBInt y)public static DBInt operator +(DBInt x, DBInt y)
{...}{...}
public static implicit operator DBInt(int x) {...}public static implicit operator DBInt(int x) {...}
public static explicit operator int(DBInt x) {...}public static explicit operator int(DBInt x) {...}
}}
DBInt x = 123;DBInt x = 123;
DBInt y = DBInt.Null;DBInt y = DBInt.Null;
DBInt z = x + y;DBInt z = x + y;

VersioningVersioning
 Overlooked in most languagesOverlooked in most languages
 C++ and Java produce fragile base classesC++ and Java produce fragile base classes
 Users unable to express versioning intentUsers unable to express versioning intent
 C# allows intent to be expressedC# allows intent to be expressed
 Methods are not virtual by defaultMethods are not virtual by default
 C# keywords “virtual”, “override” andC# keywords “virtual”, “override” and
“new” provide context“new” provide context
 C# can't guarantee versioningC# can't guarantee versioning
 Can enable (e.g., explicit override)Can enable (e.g., explicit override)
 Can encourage (e.g., smart defaults)Can encourage (e.g., smart defaults)

class Derived: Baseclass Derived: Base // version 1// version 1
{{
public virtual void Foo() {public virtual void Foo() {
Console.WriteLine("Derived.Foo");Console.WriteLine("Derived.Foo");
}}
}}
class Derived: Baseclass Derived: Base // version 2a// version 2a
{{
new public virtual void Foo() {new public virtual void Foo() {
}}
}}
class Derived: Baseclass Derived: Base // version 2b// version 2b
{{
public override void Foo() {public override void Foo() {
base.Foo();base.Foo();
}}
}}
class Baseclass Base // version 1// version 1
{{
}}
class Baseclass Base // version 2// version 2
{{
public virtual void Foo() {public virtual void Foo() {
Console.WriteLine("Base.Foo");Console.WriteLine("Base.Foo");
}}
}}
VersioningVersioning

Conditional CompilationConditional Compilation
 #define, #undef#define, #undef
 #if, #elif, #else, #endif#if, #elif, #else, #endif
 Simple boolean logicSimple boolean logic
 Conditional methodsConditional methods
public class Debugpublic class Debug
{{
[Conditional("Debug")][Conditional("Debug")]
public static void Assert(bool cond, String s) {public static void Assert(bool cond, String s) {
if (!cond) {if (!cond) {
throw new AssertionException(s);throw new AssertionException(s);
}}
}}
}}

Unsafe CodeUnsafe Code
 COM integration, P/invoke cover most casesCOM integration, P/invoke cover most cases
 Unsafe codeUnsafe code
 Low-level code without leaving the boxLow-level code without leaving the box
 Enables unsafe casts, pointer arithmeticEnables unsafe casts, pointer arithmetic
 Declarative pinningDeclarative pinning
 Fixed statementFixed statement
 Basically “inline C”Basically “inline C”
unsafe void Foo() {unsafe void Foo() {
char* buf = stackalloc char[256];char* buf = stackalloc char[256];
for (char* p = buf; p < buf + 256; p++) *p = 0;for (char* p = buf; p < buf + 256; p++) *p = 0;
......
}}

Unsafe CodeUnsafe Code
class FileStream: Streamclass FileStream: Stream
{{
int handle;int handle;
publicpublic unsafeunsafe int Read(byte[] buffer, int index, intint Read(byte[] buffer, int index, int
count) {count) {
int n = 0;int n = 0;
fixedfixed (byte* p = buffer) {(byte* p = buffer) {
ReadFile(handle, p + index, count, &n, null);ReadFile(handle, p + index, count, &n, null);
}}
return n;return n;
}}
[[dllimportdllimport("kernel32", SetLastError=true)]("kernel32", SetLastError=true)]
static externstatic extern unsafeunsafe bool ReadFile(int hFile,bool ReadFile(int hFile,
void* lpBuffer, int nBytesToRead,void* lpBuffer, int nBytesToRead,
int* nBytesRead, Overlapped* lpOverlapped);int* nBytesRead, Overlapped* lpOverlapped);
}}

COM SupportCOM Support
 .Net framework provides great.Net framework provides great
COM supportCOM support
 TLBIMP imports existing COM classesTLBIMP imports existing COM classes
 TLBEXP exports .NET typesTLBEXP exports .NET types
 Most users will have aMost users will have a
seamless experienceseamless experience

COM SupportCOM Support
 Sometimes you need more controlSometimes you need more control
 Methods with complicated structuresMethods with complicated structures
as argumentsas arguments
 Large TLB – only using a few classesLarge TLB – only using a few classes
 System.Runtime.InteropservicesSystem.Runtime.Interopservices
 COM object identificationCOM object identification
 Parameter and return value marshallingParameter and return value marshalling
 HRESULT behaviorHRESULT behavior

DEMO 5: COM and C#DEMO 5: COM and C#
Call a COM component from C#Call a COM component from C#

DEMO 6: Visual Studio .NETDEMO 6: Visual Studio .NET
Windows programming with C#Windows programming with C#

C# And CLI StandardizationC# And CLI Standardization
 Work begun in September 2000Work begun in September 2000
 Submitted to ECMA (www.ecma.ch)Submitted to ECMA (www.ecma.ch)
 Active involvement by Intel, HP, IBM,Active involvement by Intel, HP, IBM,
Fujitsu, Plum Hall, …Fujitsu, Plum Hall, …
 Since December 2001Since December 2001
 ““C# Language Specification”C# Language Specification”
 ““Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)”Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)”

More ResourcesMore Resources
 http://msdn.microsoft.com/http://msdn.microsoft.com/
 C# language specificationC# language specification
 C# newsgroupsC# newsgroups
 microsoft.public.dotnet.languages.csharpmicrosoft.public.dotnet.languages.csharp

Introduction to c_sharp

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