Annotating & SummarizingSo that your reader can, like, underst.docx
- 1. Annotating & Summarizing So that your reader can, like, understand what you are talking about Structure of the Research Paper
- 2. Intro Sets up and develops the major (overall) claim of the paper Major claim: last few sentences of paragraph Body Paragraphs Topic sentences: sub-claims Uses evidence to support the sub-claim Conclusion Articulates the implications (or stakes) of the research Uses analysis to explain how the evidence supports the sub- claim Connects paragraphs to show how the major claim develops Connects the claim to a larger context
- 3. Can ask new questions or suggest ideas for further research Body Paragraphs Argument Summarize relevant research Analyze and interpret the research Annotating Scholarly Articles STEP 1: BEFORE YOU BEGIN
- 4. Establish your purpose Imagine the writing situation Skim and scan – headings, visuals, footnotes, references Pre-reading gives you a lot of information right off the bat! STEP 2: GET A TASTE OF THE ARGUMENT Read the abstract Read the first and last sentence of paragraphs Read the conclusion What have you learned about this article thus far? STEP 3: READ THE TEXT Annotate Read ACTIVELY Use your pen! Circle, underline, star Look up words Leave marginal comments
- 5. Have a conversation with the text! Step 4: After reading Annotation Matrix Write a summary Reflect: How will you write about this source strategically for the paper? Don’t assume you’ll remember later: leave yourself a trail of clues! Summary Definition A summary is an objective, condensed, accurate description of an original work (an article, essay, report, etc) Think of your audience! They know nothing and you know everything: teach them! Use your own words Main arguments, main supporting ideas, and main analyses The summary is specific and precise NO personal opinion
- 6. Be strategic: the summary precedes your analysis in the research paper USE YOUR OWN WORDS Copying and pasting the same words without citing them = Using just a few of the same words without citing them = Changing a few words and keeping the sentence structure in tact Changing every other word by replacing them with synonyms = Step 1 Read slowly and carefully, annotating as you read. main arguments main pieces of evidence main analyses how the writer develops their argument
- 7. stakes/implications keywords Step 2 Outline the text in a short, bullet-point list. USE YOUR OWN WORDS in the outline to prevent plagiarism Outline in chronological order: write out the main ideas in each paragraph, going in the order they were written Only write out the main, major, or central ideas, arguments, analyses, and pieces of evidence Make decisions about what’s most important to get across to your reader Step 3 Turn your outline into a narrative summary Write a first draft from your outline, without looking back at the text: this will help you USE YOUR OWN WORDS After writing the first draft, go back to the text and fact check: make sure you are accurately and precisely representing the author’s ideas, without your own opinion
- 8. First Sentence is Key In gender pronoun genre of text Title of Text capitalized and in quotes or italicized (date), author’s full name active verb main idea/argument. In her article “Birth, Belonging and Migrant Mothers: Narratives of Reproduction in Feminist Studies” (2009), Irene Gedalof argues that transnational and migration studies could benefit from feminist scholarship on motherhood and reproduction. Activate Active Verbs NO: “She says…” YES: “She argues…” WHY: Be specific about what KIND of statement you are describing. NO: “She goes on to say…” YES: “She demonstrates how…” WHY: Be specific about HOW the writer moves from one idea to the next.
- 9. Examples of verbs that describe argumentation: argues claims reveals proposes intervenesExamples of verbs that describe process: examines observes underlines studies explains investigates assumes accentuates Examples of verbs that describe analysis: critiques questions considers implies suggests concludesExamples of verbs that describe evidence or examples: demonstrates illustrates describes details listsExamples of verbs that describe rhetorical emphasis:
- 10. jokes emphasizes quips intones imagines The rest of the paragraph Provide details about the main arguments and main ideas of the work. Use the annotation matrix to fuel the writing. Represent the text accurately and precisely Use your own words NO personal opinion Set up your argument: how is this summary laying the foundation for your evidence and analysis? Last Notes No “I” voice or opinion NO: “I think this is critical because…” YES: “This is critical because…” Refer to author by full name or last name NO: “Irene argues that….”
- 11. YES: “Gedalof argues that…” Use the present tense NO: “Gedalof critiqued…” YES: “Gedalof critiques…” Write your own first sentence! Choose an article. Write the first sentence of a summary following this formula: In gender pronoun genre of text Title of Text capitalized and in quotes or italicized (date), author’s full name active verb main idea/argument. Use “quotation marks” for the title of an academic journal article, magazine article, newspaper article, essays within a book, article from a website, or report. Use italics for the title of a book.