Optical Computing
- 1. WELCOME
- 3. Introduction With the growth of computing technology the need of high performance computers (HPC) has significantly increased. Optical computing was a hot research area in 1980’s.But the work tapered off due to materials limitations. Using light, instead of electric power, for performing computations. This choice is motivated by several features that light has: • It is very fast. Actually the fastest thing that we know, and speed is exactly what we need for our computers. • It can be easily manipulated (divided, transported, delayed, split, etc). • It is very well suited for parallelization. Optical computing technology is, in general, developing in two directions. One approach is to build computers that have the same architecture as present day computers but using optics that is Electro optical hybrids. Another approach is to generate a completely new kind of computer, which can perform all functional operations in optical mode.
- 4. Why we Use Optics for Computing? So to make computers faster, their components must be smaller and there by decrease the distance between them. This has resulted in the development of very large scale integration (VLSI) technology But they are limited not only by the speed of electrons in matter but also by the increasing density of interconnections necessary to link the electronic gates on microchips. One of the theoretical limits on how fast a computer can function is given by Einstein’s principle that signal cannot propagate faster than speed of light. The optical computing comes as a solution of miniaturization problem.
- 5. Features of optical computing Optical interconnections and optical integrated circuits have several advantageous over their electronic counterparts. And free from electrical short circuits. Optical data processing can perform several operations in parallel much faster and easier than electrons. They are compact, lightweight, and inexpensive to Manufacture Computing is that optical data processing can be done much easier and less expensive Optics has a higher bandwidth capacity over electronics, which enables more information to be carried
- 6. OPTICAL COMPUTER An optical computer (also called a photonic computer) is a device thatuses the PHOTONS in visible light or infrared ( IR ) beams,rather than electric current, to perform digital computations. An optical computer, besides being much faster than an electronic one, might also be smaller. Bright flashes of laser light can be sent hundreds of miles along fine strands of specially made glass or plastic called OPTICAL FIBERS . Instead of transistors, such a computer will have TRANSPHASORS These are switches that are activated by beams of light rather than by pulses of electricity. And unlike transistors, transphasors can be built to handle several incoming signals at once. Beams of light can crisscross and overlap without becoming mixed up, whereas crossed electric currents would get hopelessly confused. Also, the arrangement of connections and switches would not have to be flat, as in an electronic computer. It could be placed in any direction in space, allowing totally new designs in information processing.
- 7. Optic Fiber cables made of glass or plastic
- 8. Silicon Machines… … versus Optical Computers
- 9. SOME KEY OPTICAL COMPONENTS FOR COMPUTING The major components are: 1. VCSEL (VERTICAL CAVITY SURFACE EMITTING LASER) VCSEL (pronounced ‘vixel’) is a semiconductor vertical cavity surface emitting laser diode that emits light in a cylindrical beam vertically from the surface of a fabricated wafer There are two special semiconductor materials sandwiching an active layer where all the action takes place. But rather than reflective ends, in a VCSEL there are several layers of partially reflective mirrors above and below the active layer. Layers of semiconductors with differing compositions create these mirrors, and each mirror reflects a narrow range of wavelengths back in to the cavity in order to cause light emission at just one wavelength.
- 10. Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser
- 11. 2. SMART PIXEL TECHNOLOGY Smart pixel technology is a relatively new approach to integrating electronic circuitry and optoelectronic devices in a common framework. Here, the electronic circuitry provides complex functionality and programmability. While the optoelectronic devices provide high-speed switching and compatibility with existing optical media. Arrays of these smart pixels leverage the parallelism of optics for interconnections as well as computation. A smart pixel device, a light emitting diode under the control of a field effect transistor can now be made entirely out of organic materials on the same substrate for the first time. In general, the benefit of organic over conventional semiconductor electronics is that they should lead to cheaper, lighter, circuitry that can be printed rather than etched.
- 12. 3. WDM (WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING ) Wavelength division multiplexing is a method of sending many different wavelengths down the same optical fiber. Using this technology, modern networks in which individual lasers can transmit at 10 gigabits per second through the same fiber at the same time. WDM can transmit up to 32 wavelengths through a single fiber, but cannot meet the bandwidth requirements of the present day communication systems. So nowadays DWDM (Dense wavelength division multiplexing) is used. This can transmit up to 1000 wavelengths through a single fiber. That is by using this we can improve the bandwidth efficiency. 4. ADVANCES IN PHOTONIC SWITCHES Logic gates are the building blocks of any digital system. An optical logic gate is a switch that controls one light beam by another; it is ON when the device transmits light and it is OFF when it blocks the light.
- 13. MERITS Optical computing is at least 1000 to 100000 times faster than today’s silicon machines. Optical storage will provide an extremely optimized way to store data, with space requirements far lesser than today’s silicon chips. Super fast searches through databases. No short circuits, light beam can cross each other without interfering with each other’s data. Higher performance Higher parallelism Less heat is released Less noise More Flexible in layout Less loss in communication
- 14. DRAWBACKS Today’s materials require much high power to work in consumer products, coming up with the right materials may take five years or more. Optical computing using a coherent source is simple to compute and understand, but it has many drawbacks like any imperfections or dust on the optical components will create unwanted interference pattern due to scattering effects. Optical components and their production is still expensive New expensive high-tech factories have to be built
- 15. FUTURE TRENDS The Ministry of Information Technology has initiated a photonic development program. Under this program some funded projects are continuing in fiber optic high-speed network systems. Research is going on for developing new laser diodes, photo detectors, and nonlinear material studies for faster switches.
- 17. CONCLUSION Research in optical computing has opened up new possibilities in several fields related to high performance computing, high-speed communications. To design algorithms that execute applications faster ,the specific properties of optics must be considered, such as their ability to exploit massive parallelism, and global interconnections. As optoelectronic and smart pixel devices mature, software development will have a major impact in the future and the ground rules for the computing may have to be rewritten.