History lecture notes s2004
- 1. Biorhythms, computers, music, and…
- 2. My Biorhythm
- 3. Lyman Briggs Lecture Series Emerging Issues in Abortion: Beyond Pro-life and Pro-choice Adrienne Asch TONIGHT! 7:30 PM, C-106 Holmes Hall
- 4. Group Question Get into a group of three people You have three minutes to come up with two answers and make an educated guess at a third
- 5. Discussion Questions What defines a computer: What is the simplest definition of a computer you can come up with? What defines a modern computer? What was the first computer? If you don’t know, make a guess
- 7. Definition of a Computer Information Processor Input and Output
- 8. Definition of Modern Computer Inputs, outputs, processes and stores information Physical: Keyboard, monitor, etc. – are these necessary components?
- 9. History of Computers - Long, Long Ago beads on rods to count and calculate still widely used in Asia! Abacus - 3000 BC
- 10. History of Computers - Way Back When Slide Rule 1630 based on Napier’s rules for logarithms used until 1970s Slide Rule
- 11. History of Computers - 19th Century first stored program - metal cards first computer manufacturing still in use today! Jacquard Loom - 1801
- 12. Charles Babbage - 1792-1871 Difference Engine c.1822 huge calculator, never finished Analytical Engine 1833 could store numbers calculating “mill” used punched metal cards for instructions powered by steam! accurate to six decimal places Analytical Engine
- 13. Discussion Question What was the biggest advance that led to modern computers? Electricity Transistor Microchip Data storage
- 14. Vacuum Tubes - 1941 - 1956 First Generation Electronic Computers used Vacuum Tubes Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with circuits inside. Vacuum tubes have no air inside of them, which protects the circuitry.
- 15. UNIVAC - 1951 first fully electronic digital computer built in the U.S. Created at the University of Pennsylvania ENIAC weighed 30 tons contained 18,000 vacuum tubes Cost a paltry $487,000
- 16. Grace Hopper Programmed UNIVAC Recipient of Computer Science’s first “Man of the Year Award”
- 17. First Computer Bug - 1945 Relay switches part of computers Grace Hopper found a moth stuck in a relay responsible for a malfunction Called it “debugging” a computer
- 18. First Transistor Uses Silicon developed in 1948 won a Nobel prize on-off switch Second Generation Computers used Transistors, starting in 1956
- 19. Second Generation – 1965-1963 1956 – Computers began to incorporate Transistors Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors
- 20. Integrated Circuits Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips). Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors integrated together into a single “chip”
- 21. Operating System Software – Instructions for Computer Operating system is set of instructions loaded each time a computer is started Program is instructions loaded when needed
- 22. Third Generation – 1964-1971 1964-1971 Integrated Circuit Operating System Getting smaller, cheaper
- 23. The First Microprocessor – 1971 The 4004 had 2,250 transistors four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s) 108Khz Called “Microchip” Intel 4004 Microprocessor
- 24. What is a Microchip? Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC) Transistors, resistors, and capacitors 4004 had 2,250 transistors Pentium IV has 42 MILLION transistors Each transistor 0.13 microns (10 -6 meters)
- 25. 4 th Generation – 1971-present MICROCHIPS! Getting smaller and smaller, but we are still using microchip technology
- 26. Birth of Personal Computers - 1975 256 byte memory (not Kilobytes or Megabytes) 2 MHz Intel 8080 chips Just a box with flashing lights cost $395 kit, $495 assembled. MITS Altair
- 27. Generations of Electronic Computers
- 28. Over the past 50 years, the Electronic Computer has evolved rapidly. Connections: Which evolved from the other, which was an entirely new creation vacuum tube integrated circuit transistor microchip
- 29. Evolution of Electronics Vacuum Tube Transistor Integrated Circuit Microchip (VLSIC)
- 30. Evolution of Electronics Vacuum Tube – a dinosaur without a modern lineage Transistor Integrated Circuit Microchip
- 31. IBM PC - 1981 IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture First wide-selling personal computer used in business 8088 Microchip - 29,000 transistors 4.77 Mhz processing speed 256 K RAM (Random Access Memory) standard One or two floppy disk drives
- 32. Apple Computers Founded 1977 Apple II released 1977 widely used in schools Macintosh (left) released in 1984, Motorola 68000 Microchip processor first commercial computer with graphical user interface (GUI) and pointing device (mouse)
- 34. 1990s: Pentiums and Power Macs Early 1990s began penetration of computers into every niche: every desk, most homes, etc. Faster, less expensive computers paved way for this Windows 95 was first decent GUI for “PCs” Macs became more PC compatible - easy file transfers Prices have plummeted $2000 for entry level to $500 $6000 for top of line to $1500
- 35. 21 st Century Computing Great increases in speed, storage, and memory Increased networking, speed in Internet Widespread use of CD-RW PDAs Cell Phone/PDA WIRELESS!!!
- 36. Evolution of Dr. U’s Computer .33x $750 $2250 Cost 1000x 1 GB MB 1 MB Memory 6000x 120 GB 20 MB Storage 125x 2 GHz 16 MHz Speed Factor 2004 1990
- 37. What’s next for computers? Use your imagination to come up with what the next century holds for computers. What can we expect in two years? What can we expect in twenty years?