1.computer generation
- 1. COMPUTER GENERATION S 1st G ( 1940-1956 ) - computer were huge, slow, expensive and often unreliable. 1941 – MARK 1 use mechanical switches. 1946 - two Americans, Presper Eckert and Willian Mauchly build the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). It use vacuum tube. A vacuum tube which is an electronic tube about the size of light bulbs, was used as the internal computer components. Thousands of them were used. 1951 – UNIVAC ( Universal Automatic Computer ) could calculate at rate 10,000 addition p/s Storage – Punched card and Magnetic tape. Magnetic tape was introduced in 1957. It was a faster and a more compact method of storing data. Using magnetic tape became more reliable and cost-effective. Problems • the vacuum tubes generated a great deal of heat causing many problems in temperature regulation and climate control • the tubes also burnt out frequently • people operating the computer did not know that the problem was in the programming machine 3rd G ( 1964-1971 ) - IBM 370 series were introduced in 1964. It came in several models and sizes.It was used for business and scientific programs. - CDC 7600 - B2500. *** Development of electronic circuit – silicone chip in 1961 *** Microchip replace magnetic Core memory *** First 256 bit RAM was introduced and as basis for 1 K bit RAM Advantanges : • Silicone chips were reliable, compact and cheaper. • Sold hardware and software separately which created the software industry. • customer service industry flourished (reservation and credit checks) 2nd G ( 1956 -1963 ) Use transistor - It was small devices use to transfer electronic signals across a resister. Advantages : • transistors were smaller than vacuum tubes • they needed no warm up time • consumed less energy • generated much less heat • faster and more reliable 4th G ( 1971 - present ) Comp models introduced : Apple Macintosh, IBM, DELL, ACER 1971- Intel created 1st microprocessor 1976 – 1st Apple comp introduced. 1981 – 1st IBM PC introduced. - Hardw tech invented– silicone chips, microprocessor ( for comp memory and logic , circuit that contained thousands of transistors) and storage devices. Advantages : -Comp became 100 times smaller than ENIAC - More speed, reliability and storage capability - Personal n softw industry boomed 5th G ( present & Beyond ) Inventions of new hardw tech such as----- - silicone chips, processor, robotics, virtual reality, Intelligent system, program translate language and expert system such as - Teleconferencing - Speech recognition system
- 2. GENERASI KOMPUTER 1 G (1940-1956) - komputer sangat besar, lambat, mahal dan sering tidak boleh dipercayai. 1941 - MARK 1 menggunakan switch mekanikal. 1946 - dua orang Amerika, Presper Eckert dan Mauchly Willian membina ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator dan Computer). Menggunakan tiub vakum. Sebuah tabung vakum yang merupakan tabung elektronik bersaiz bola lampu, digunakan sebagai komponen komputer dalaman. Ribuan dari mereka digunakan. 1951 - UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) boleh mengira kadar tambahan 10.000 p / s Simpanan - kad penekan dan pita magnetik. Pita magnetik diperkenalkan pada tahun 1957. Ini adalah lebih cepat dan kaedah yang lebih kompak menyimpan data. Magnetic tape menjadi lebih sesuai dan kos efektif Masalah • tabung vakum yang dihasilkan cepat panas menyebabkan banyak masalah dalam tatacara suhu dan kawalan iklim • tabung juga cepat terbakar • pengoperasi komputer tidak tahu bahawa masalah di mesin pengaturcaraan 3 G (1964-1971) - IBM siri 370 diperkenalkan pada tahun 1964. Itu datang dalam beberapa model dan saiz. Digunakan untuk program-program perniagaan dan sains. - 7600 CDC - B2500. *** Pembangunan litar elektronik - cip silikon pada tahun 1961 *** Microchip menukar memori magnetik Core *** RAM 256 bit pertama diperkenalkan dan sebagai asas untuk 1 K bit RAM Kelebihan: • silikon cip yang sesuai , kompak dan murah. • Penjualan peranti keras dan peranti perisian berasingan yang mencipta industri perisian. • pelanggan industri perkhidmatan berkembang (tempahan dan kredit cek) 2 G (1956 -1963) Gunakan transistor - Ini adalah peranti kecil untuk memindahkan isyarat elektronik di sebuah resister. Kelebihan: transistor • lebih kecil daripada tabung vakum • mereka memerlukan masa pemanasan • menggunakan sedikit tenaga • panas yang dihasilkan jauh lebih sedikit • lebih cepat dan sesuai 4 G (1971 - sekarang) Model Comp diperkenalkan: Apple Macintosh, IBM, DELL, ACER 1971 - Intel membuat mikropemproses yang pertama 1976 - memperkenalkan Apple 1 comp. 1981 - PC pertama IBM diperkenalkan. - Teknologi Hardware diciptakan-silikon cip, mikropemproses (untuk memori comp dan logik, litar yang mengandungi ribuan transistor) dan peranti simpanan. Kelebihan:-Comp menjadi 100 kali lebih kecil daripada ENIAC - Lebih laju, kebolehpercayaan dan kemampuan simpanan - Industri Computer Peribadi meletup 5 G (sekarang & Beyond) Penemuan teknologi peranti baru seperti ----- - Cip silikon, processor, robotik, virtual reality, sistem Cerdas, menterjemah program bahasa dan sistem pakar seperti - Teleconferencing - Sistem pengenalan Ucapan