5446 the computer generations
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The document outlines the evolution of computers through four generations defined by their underlying technology: the first generation used vacuum tubes, the second used transistors which were smaller and more reliable, the third used integrated circuits allowing for smaller and more powerful computers, and the fourth generation began using microprocessors allowing computers to become smaller, faster, and more widespread. Today's computers are classified as fourth generation and are ubiquitous, powerful devices used for work, education, entertainment and more.
5446 the computer generations
- 2. ZEROETH GENERATION • Man used his fingers, ropes, beads, bones, pebbles and other objects for counting. •Abacus, Pascaline, Difference & Anylitical engines •Electricity was not yet invented
- 3. FIRST GENERATION, 1951 – 1958: The Vacuum Tube • The first generation of computers, characterized by vacuum tubes, started in 1951 with the creation of - UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) – a tabulating machine which won the contest for the fastest machine which could count the US 1890 census. VACUUM TUBES – electronic tubes about the size of light bulbs.
- 4. DISADVANTAGES: • They generate more heat causing many problems in temperature regulation and climate control. • Tubes were subject to frequent burn-out.
- 5. SECOND GENERATION, 1959 – 1964: The Transistor The year 1959 marked the invention of transistors, which characterized the second generation of computers. TRANSISTOR – was a three-legged component which shrunk the size of the first generation computers. Occupied only 1/100th of the space occupied by a vacuum tube More reliable, had greater computational speed, required no warm-up time and consumed far less electricity.
- 6. THIRD GENERATION, 1965 – 1970: The Integrated Circuit Third generation computers arose in 1965 with the invention of smaller electronic circuits called integrated circuits (IC’S) INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – are square silicon chips containing circuitry that can perform the functions of hundreds of transistors.
- 7. ADVANTAGES: • RELIABILITY – Unlike vacuum tubes, silicon will not break down easily. It is very seldom that you will have to replace it. • LOW COST – Silicon chips are relatively cheap because of their small size and availability in the market. It also consumes less electricity.
- 8. FOURTH GENERATION, 1971 – present: The Microprocessor • Marked by the use of microprocessor • MICROPROCESSOR – is a silicon chip that contains the CPU – part of the computer where all processing takes place. 4004 chip – was the first microprocessor introduced by Intel Corporation.
- 9. TODAY’S COMPUTER • is classified as fourth generation computers. • faster, more powerful, tremendous data storage and processing capacity • new brands and models would come out the market almost every other month. • many clones or imitations of the IBM have become even more powerful and a lot cheaper.
- 10. • computers became more affordable • computers can now be found in homes, schools, offices etc. • there has been a tremendous improvement in software technology • different software applications to choose from: word processing, spreadsheets, database management, games and entertainment. • computer subjects are now being offered not just to college students but even to high school and elementary. • computers are now used as an aid in teaching math, science etc.