T cellppt
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T cells can be categorized into several subsets including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells. Helper T cells assist other immune cells, cytotoxic T cells destroy infected and tumor cells, memory T cells provide faster responses upon reexposure to pathogens, and regulatory T cells suppress immune activation and prevent autoimmunity. Understanding regulatory T cells in HIV-1 could lead to new immunotherapy or vaccine strategies, but their exact role in HIV-1 pathogenesis requires further study.
T cellppt
- 1. T cell subset & there function.
- 2. T cells T cells or T lymphocytes are a type of lymphocytes (itself a type of white blood cells) that play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on the cell surface. They do not have antigen-presenting They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus.
- 4. T Cell Subsets T Cell Helper T cells Cytotoxic T Memory T cells Regulatory T cells Th1 Th2 Tc Treg
- 5. There are two different kinds of helper T cells. Th1 and Th2. Th1 functions to empower macrophages so that they can destroy intravesicular pathogens (bacteria). This is done by two signals. Binding of CD40L from Th1 to CD40LR on the macrophage and by interferon gamma released from Th1. Th2 cells function to activate B cells. Normally it is insufficient for an antigen alone to stimulate the B cell to activation. The Th2 cell when activated will bind to the B cell (CD40L and CD40LR) and release cytokines Helper T cells
- 6. Functions • Helper T cell • T helper cell (TH cells) assist other white blood cells in immunologic processes, including maturation of B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells, and activation of cytotoxic T cells andmacrophages. These cells are also known as CD4+ T cells because they express the CD4 glycoprotein on their surface.
- 7. Cytotoxic T (or CD8) cells are activated in your lymph nodes by dendritic cells. Once activated they are sent out to the site of infection and they bind to the cells that express the MHC class I that are presenting the foreign antigen. They will then release perforin (punch holes in the infected cell) and granzymes (induces apoptosis). The infected cells are now destroyed. Cytotoxic T
- 8. • Cytotoxic • Cytotoxic T cells (TC cells, or CTLs) destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells, and are also implicated in transplant rejection. These cells are also known as CD8+ T cells since they express the CD8 glycoprotein at their surface. Functions
- 9. Memory T cells • Memory T cells are a subset of antigen-specific T cells that persist long-term after an infection has resolved. They quickly expand to large numbers of effector T cells upon re-exposure to their cognate antigen, thus providing the immune system with "memory" against past infections. Memory T cells comprise two subtypes: central memory T cells (TCM cells) and effector memory T cells (TEM cells). Memory cells may be either CD4+ or CD8+. Memory T cells typically express the cell surface protein CD45RO.
- 10. Memory T cells are a subset of infection- as well as potentially cancer- fighting T cells. Such T cells can recognize foreign invaders, such as bacteria or viruses, as well as cancer cells. memory T cells can reproduce to mount a faster and stronger immune response than the first time the immune system responded to the invader. Functions
- 11. Regulatory T cells • Regulatory • Regulatory T cells (Treg cells), formerly known as suppressor T cells, are crucial for the maintenance of immunological tolerance. Their major role is to shut down T cell-mediated immunity toward the end of an immune reaction and to suppress auto-reactive T cells that escaped the process of negative selection in the thymus. • Two major classes of CD4+ Treg cells have been described — naturally occurring Treg cells and adaptive Treg cells.
- 12. Functions To function properly, the immune system must discriminate between self and non-self. When self/non-self discrimination fails, the immune system destroys cells and tissues of the body and as a result causes autoimmune diseases. Regulatory T cells actively suppress activation of the immune system and prevent pathological self-reactivity, i.e. autoimmune disease.
- 13. New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals CD4+ Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potent immune modulators and serve an important function in human immune homeostasis. Depletion of Tregs has led to measurable increases in antigen-specific T cell responses in vaccine settings for cancer and infectious pathogens. However, their role in HIV-1 immuno- pathogenesis remains controversial, as they could either serve to suppress deleterious HIV-1-associated immune activation and thus slow HIV-1 disease progression or alternatively suppress HIV-1-specific immunity and thereby promote virus spread. Understanding and modulating Treg function in the context of HIV-1 could lead to potential new strategies for immunotherapy or HIV vaccines. However, important open questions remain on their role in the context of HIV-1 infection
- 14. Summary Name of T Cell Subset Functions Helper T Cell assist other white blood cells in immunologic processes. Cytotoxic T Cell destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells. Memory T Cell subset of infection- as well as potentially cancer-fighting T cells. Regulatory T Cell Regulatory T cells actively suppress activation of the immune system and prevent pathological self-reactivity.
- 15. Referenes • Angin, M., King, M., Addo, M. M. New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals. J. Vis. Exp. (75), e50244, doi:10.3791/50244 (2013). • Kuby, Immunology,6th edition , T cell & B cell Responses, Vol 245-265.