01_Lecture_presntation.pptx 1 lecture presentation
- 1. BIOTECHNOLOGY DOÇ. DR. SONGÜL GÜREL
- 2. BIOTECHNOLOGY: Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms. Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop micro- organisms for specific uses. • Biotecnology is based on the idea that all organisims have somethings in common with one another. DNA
- 3. BIOTECHNOLOGY: Manipulation of genes is called genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology. Genetic engineering involves taking one or more genes from a location in one organism and either. Transferring them to another organism. Putting them back into the original organism in different combinations.
- 4. Goals of Biotechnology To understand more about the processes of inheritance and gene expression. To provide better understanding & treatment of various diseases, particularly genetic disorders. To generate economic benefits, including improved plants and animals for agriculture and efficient production of valuable biological molecules. Example: Vitamin A fortified engineered rice.
- 5. Biotechnology Development Ancient biotechnology- early history as related to food and shelter; Includes domestication. Classical biotechnology- built on ancient biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food production, and medicine. Modern biotechnology- manipulates genetic information in organism; Genetic engineering.
- 6. HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY The earliest example of biotechnology is the domestication of plants and animals. Domestication began over 10,000 years ago when our ancestors started keeping plants as a reliable source of food. Rice, barley and wheat were among the first domesticated plants. Wild animals were tamed to provide milk or meat or help with ploughing or guarding the farm. The dog, sheep and goat are thought to be among the first animals that were domesticated.
- 7. HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY • CLASSICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Our ancient ancestors used two classic biotechnology techniques: • Fermentation – use of microorganisms to make food and beverages. • Selective Breeding – breeding of animals and plants with desirable traits. • FERMENTATION • Fermentation is the process that many microorganisms (yeasts, moulds and bacteria) use to convert sugars into energy. • Existence of micro-organisms & their role in contaminating food are recent discoveries, dating back 200 years ago. • Bread baking (fermented dough probably discovered by accident). • Cheese, yoğurt and vinegar, beer making
- 8. HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY • SELECTIVE BREEDING • Animals were selectively bred (British white cattle ) • Plants were selected. • Superior seeds, cuttings, & tubers have been selected. • Evolutionary changes in corn from 5,000 BC to 1,500 AD in Mexico • People have been selectively breeding plants and animals for thousands of years. None of our food crops look anything like their wild ancestors. Cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sprouts, and kale all were bred from one species of wild mustard. • CLASSICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Classical biotechnology took advantage of natural microbial processes or artificially selected phenotypes. Genetics of these selected organisms proceeded naturally.
- 9. MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY Advances in genetics & molecular biology led to innovations & new applications in biotechnology. Modern biotechnology uses - Genetic Engineering - Gene Cloning • Genetic Engineering - Ability to manipulate DNA of an organism. • Manipulation due to Recombinant DNA Technology. • Recombinant DNA technology combines DNA from different sources. • Gene Cloning –The ability to identify and reproduce a gene of interest. • Recombinant DNA technology has dominated modern biotechnology. Has led to: • Production of disease resistant plants. • Genetically engineered bacteria to degrade environmental pollutants & to produce antibiotics. • Advances in human healthcare through the Human Genome Project.
- 10. MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY • Gregor Mendel identified genes as the unit of inheritance in 1865. It took another 90 years of research before the structure of DNA was described in 1953. • This discovery was the beginning of modern biotechnology. • But we know nature does not have all of the traits we need • Here we see bean has many seedcoat colors and patterns in nature • Nature has a rich source of variation
- 11. MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY But nature does not contain all the genetic variation man desires Fruits with vaccines Grains with improved nutrition What controls this natural variation? Allelic differences at genes control a specific trait Gene - a piece of DNA that controls the expression of a trait Allele - the alternate forms of a gene
- 12. MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY • What is the difference between genes and alleles for Mendel’s Traits? Mendel’s Genes • Plant height • Seed shape • Tall Short Allele • Smooth Wrinkled Allele
- 13. MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY This Implies a Genetic Continuum. A direct relationship exists between the gene, its alleles, and the phenotypes (different forms ) of the trait Alleles must be: similar enough to control the same trait but different enough to create different phenotypes Allelic Differences for Mendel’s Genes Plant Height Gene Gene: gibberellin 3- hydroxylase Function: adds hydoxyl group to GA 20 to make GA 1 Role of GA 1 : regulates cell division and elongation Mutation in short allele: a single nucleotide converts an alanine to threonine in final protein Effect of mutation: mutant protein is 1/20 as active
- 17. Isolate somatic cells from tall plant with high grain production (P) Construct recombinant DNA with genes for short strong stems can be from any organism Transform cells of P and produce transgenic plants with short strong stems and high grain production.
- 18. Biotechnology is a science of many disciplines
- 20. Types of Biotechnology • Microbial Biotechnology • Agricultural Biotechnology • Animal Biotechnology • Forensic Biotechnology • Bioremediation • Aquatic Biotechnology • Medical Biotechnology • Regulatory Biotechnology
- 21. • Microbial Biotechnology – manipulation of microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria • Manipulated microbs are used to make • Enzymes • Vaccines • Antibiotics • İnsulin and growth hormone • Decontamination processes for industrial waste product removal • Used to clone and produce large amounts of important proteins used in human medicine Types of Biotechnology
- 22. • Agricultural Biotechnology • Genetically engineered, pest-resistant plants • Drought resistant/Cold tolerance • Mass propagation of plant clones • Bioinsecticide development • Foods with higher protein or vitamin content • Drugs developed and grown as plant products Plants have been used for molecular farming. Plants are bioengineered to produce recombinant proteins. Molecular farming is a new technology that uses plants to produce large quantities of pharmaceutical substances such as vaccines and antibodies. It relies on the same method used to produce genetically modified (GM) crops – the artificial introduction of genes into plants. Disadvantage: Gene transfer from engineered plants to non target plants in the environment has produced some super weeds
- 23. • Animal Biotechnology • Animals as a source of medically valuable proteins • Antibodies • Animals as important models in basic research • Gene “knockout” experiments • Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies • Animal cloning • Source of transplant organs Types of Biotechnology
- 24. • Forensic Biotechnology • DNA fingerprinting • Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion • Paternity cases • Identification of human remains • Endangered species • Tracking and confirmation of the spread of disease Types of Biotechnology
- 25. • Bioremediation • The use of biotechnology to process and degrade a variety of natural and manmade substances Particularly those that contribute to pollution • For example, bacteria that degrade components in crude oil 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska Types of Biotechnology
- 26. • Aquatic Biotechnology • To use living organisms (such as bacteria) or parts of living organisms (such as DNA) from a marine environment To create or improve a wide variety of products From pharmaceuticals to materials that fight pollution • Aquatic biotechnology scientists might develop and test drugs Made from marine organisms • Rich and valuable sources of new genes, proteins and metabolic processes with important applications for human benefits Marine plankton and snails found to be rich sources of antitumor and anticancer molecules Types of Biotechnology
- 27. • Medical Biotechnology • Involved with the whole spectrum of human medicine • Preventive medicine • Diagnosis of health and illness • Treatment of human diseases • New information from Human Genome Project • Gene therapy • Stem cell technologies Types of Biotechnology
- 28. Future of Medicine • Smart drugs for cancer and autoimmune diseases (arthritis, psoriasis, diabetes). • Gene-based diagnostics and therapies. • Pharmacogenomics and personalised medicine. • Stem cells and regenerative medicine. • Health and longevity.
- 29. • Medical Biotechnology Types of Biotechnology
- 30. • Regulatory Biotechnology • Quality Assurance (QA) • All activities involved in regulating the final quality of a product • Quality Control (QC) • Part of QA process that involves lab testing and monitoring of processes and applications to ensure consistent product standards Types of Biotechnology
- 31. Potential Agricultural Applications of Biotechnology PROBLEM 1. Improving the environmental adaptations of plants 2. Improving nutritional traits 3. Improving crops after harvest 4. Using plants as biorectors TECHNOLOGY/GENES 1. Genes for drought tolerance, salt tolerance 2. High lysine seeds; B-carotene in rice 3. Delay of fruit ripening; sweeter vegetables 4. Plastics, oils and drugs produced in plants
- 32. • Genetic Engineering the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms. • A restriction enzyme is a protein that recognizes a specific, short nucleotide sequence and cuts the DNA only at that specific site, which is known as restriction site or target sequence. • More than 400 restriction enzymes have been isolated from the bacteria that manufacture them.
- 33. PLASMID DNA • Plasmid DNA which is just a circular piece of DNA from a bacteria. • We can cut the plasmid by using a restriction enzyme and paste DNA to another organism.
- 35. DNA LEGASE • DNA ligases catalyze the formation of a phosphodiester bond between DNA single strands in the duplex form • In order to get the cut ends to stick eachother we need some glue that is a molecule called DNA legase. • We can attach DNA from two different organisms and make one big DNA molecule.
- 36. Making Recombinant DNA • This is new DNA and it has DNA from two different living organisms. • This new DNA is called Recombinant DNA. • Containing DNA from two organisms • Recombinant DNA refers to the creation of new combinations of DNA segments that are not found together in nature
- 37. Making Recombinant DNA Isolate DNA Cut with restriction enzymes Ligate into cloning vector Transform recombinant DNA molecule into host cell Each transformed cell will divide many, many times to form a colony of millions of cells, each of which carries the recombinant DNA molecule (DNA clone)
- 40. Transgenic plants and animals (gfp)
- 43. TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS • Transgenic means the movement or insertion of a gene into an organism that normally does not have a copy of that gene. • Making or Detecting Transgenic Organisms • PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) • Gel Electrophoresis • Southern Blot analysis • Northern Blot Analysis • Western Blot Analysis
- 44. PCR Technique for making copies, or amplifying, a specific sequence of DNA in a short period of time Thermocycler • Process • Thermocycler will take DNA through a series of reactions called a PCR cycle • Each cycle consists of three stages • Denaturation • Annealing (hybridization) • Extension (elongation) • At the end of one cycle, the amount of DNA has doubled • Cycles are repeated 20–30 times Advantage of PCR Ability to amplify millions of copies of target DNA from a very small amount of starting material in a short period of time
- 46. Cloned Gene. Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology
- 48. GEL ELECTROPHORESIS the bigger the DNA is the slower it moves
- 49. SOUTHERN BLOT Chromosome Location and Copy Number DNA Fragments are transferred onto a nylon or nitrocellulose filter (called blotting). Filter (blot) is incubated with a probe and exposed to film by autoradiography Number of bands on film represents gene copy number
- 50. NORTHERN BLOT RNA is used
- 51. WESTHERN BLOT Proteins are used
- 53. Fingerprints are unique. Everybody has their own set of DNA unless you have an identical twin
- 54. Proteins as Biotechnology Products • Proteins – large molecules that are required for the structure, function, and regulation of living cells • Recombinant DNA technology made it possible to produce specific proteins on demand • Enzymes – proteins that speed up chemical reactions • Hormones – spesific molecules that carry chemical messages • Antibodies – substances that protect the organism from disease
- 55. Proteins as Biotechnology Products Proteins that result from the expression of recombinant DNA within living cells are termed recombinant proteins. Once a Recombinant DNA is inserted into bacteria, these bacteria will make protein based on this rDNA. This protein is know as Recombinant Protein.
- 56. Proteins as Biotechnology Products • Applications of Proteins in Industry • Medical applications • Food processing • Textiles and leather goods • Detergents • Paper manufacturing and recycling • Adhesives: natural glues • Bioremediation: treating pollution with proteins
- 57. Medical applications of Proteins • Therapeutic proteins provide important therapies for a variety of diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, infectious diseases, hemophilia, and anemia. • Insulin (Diabetes) • Growth Hormone (Short Stature) • Erythropoietin (Epo; Stimulates production of red blood cells) • Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF; Stimulates production of a class of white blood cells) • Clotting Factor VIII, Factor IX (Hemophilia) • Interferon (Multiple Sclerosis) • Anti- Her2 monoclonal antibody (overexpressed EGF receptor in breast cancer)
- 58. • Hormones • Initially peptide and hormones used clinically were extracted and purified from animal or human source. • There were limitations on use due to scarcity, contamination with other peptides and in some cases ineffectiveness. • In 1982 first recombinant protein hormone , insulin was introduced in USA.
- 60. Bioremediation