02 Construction Projects

Construction Management
By
Akash Padole
Department of Civil Engineering
Construction Projects
1

Contains
2.1 Role of Construction industry in economic
development of country
2.2 Unique features of construction industry.
2.3 Construction projects- Classification,
Characteristics, Project life cycle etc.
2.4 Roles and responsibilities of various agencies
associated with a Construction project.
2.5 Pre-requisites of commencing construction work
such as sanctions, Approvals to be sought, and
feasibility studies.
2.6 Site layout, organizing & mobilizing the site
Akash Padole 2

Role of Industry in the Economic Development
• The industries in India can be classified into :
– Organized industries
– Unorganized industries
• Both type of industries are important for large
country with a huge size of population and plays an
important role in the economy of the country.
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❖Examples of organized and un organized industries:
• The Organized industries include: Steel and
Petroleum industry Textiles, Cement, fertilizer
industry, Tea, Sugar industry, Plywood industry, etc.
• The Unorganized industries include: The small and
cottage industry, etc.
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Role of Construction industry
• The role the construction industry plays in socio-
economic development of a nation.
• The industry is a distinct sector of the economy
which makes its direct contribution to economic
growth like all the other sectors such as agriculture,
manufacturing and services.
• It also provides the basis upon which the other
sectors can grow, by constructing the physical
facilities required for the production and distribution
of goods and services.
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• What if I said construction is the 2nd largest economic
activity in the country next to agriculture?
• Around 25% of nation’s working population depends
on construction and its allied activities for their
livelihood.
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• Just imagine the investments made in construction
industry which is very much required for economic
development of our nation.
• These investments increase opportunities.
• When opportunities increase, GDP of the nation
automatically increases.
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• The infrastructure required by any industry is
provided by construction industry.
• So, construction industry is an evergreen industry
which helps in developing our nation.
• The main thing to be noticed here is: “The output
from construction industry becomes an asset of the
nation.”
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• There should be many more opportunities in
Construction field so that many families in our
country get benefited and there will be economic
growth in our country.
• Good mode of transport and connectivity also
provides in economic growth as it makes it
economical both in terms of money and labor.
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Unique features of Construction Industry
1. Complexity
• Construction projects, today, are high-tech, highly
mechanized, and complex.
• A typical construction project is characterized by the
consumption of numerous types of materials, variety
of tools, equipment, plants and machinery working in
tandem, several different contracting agencies, big
and small, sub-contractors, participating with
complex interactions, working in cooperation,
sometimes even at cross purposes.
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• In addition to this highly interactive and complex
environment at a construction site, thousands of
activities each of different nature are arranged
simultaneously.
• Thus, the construction project is much more complex
than any other production process, manufacturing,
or service industry.
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2. Multiplicity of Agencies
• Another typical characteristic of the construction
industry is the presence of multiple regulatory
agencies controlling the constructional site.
• Every one of these regulatory agencies is
independent of others.
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• Many Government, and Semi-government agencies
like Municipal Committees, Corporations, Area
Development Authorities, Urban and Rural Planning,
Mining Department, Forest Department and various
other Public Departments and a similar never-ending
plethora of controlling authorities required to issuing
clearance certificates, controlling various aspects of
construction at each project site.
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3. Involvement of the several people on ad-hoc basis
4. Limited set of resources
5. High Cost
6. A time frame for the completion
7. High risk of failure
8. No practice or rehearsal
9. High level of sub contracting
10. Uncertainty exist
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Classification of Construction Projects
A. Based on Nature of Work
i. Building:
• Residential buildings,
• Commercial buildings,
• Educational buildings,
• Recreational buildings,
• Hospitals and hotels,
• Warehouse and marketing facilities, etc.
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ii. Infrastructure Project:
• Highways and expressways,
• Dams and canals,
• Airports,
• Railways,
• Bridges
• Oil/gas pipe lines,
• Large water supply and sewerage networks,
• Docks and harbors,
• Nuclear and thermal power plants, etc.
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iii. Industrial:
• Construction of steel plants,
• Petroleum refineries,
• Chemical and Fertilizer plants,
• Consumer goods factories,
• Automobile and aircraft industry, etc.
iv. Special Purpose Project:
• Environmental works,
• Emergencies,
• Remedial works,
• Installation and commissioning of equipment, etc.
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B. Based on Plant And Equipment
i. Light Construction:
• Residential buildings
• Educational buildings
• Recreational buildings
• Commercial buildings, etc.
ii. Heavy Construction:
• Dams, barrages, tunnels
• Highways, railways, airports
• Harbours
• Multi span bridges with well/pile foundations
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C. Based on Completion Time
i. Long duration project:
• more than 5 years
ii. Medium duration project:
• 3 - 5 years
iii. Short duration project:
• 1 – 3 years
iv. Special short term projects:
• less than 1 year
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D. Based on Value of Project
i. Mega value projects
• (over Rs. 10000 million)
ii. Large value projects
• (Rs. 1000 million to Rs. 10000 million)
iii. Medium value projects
• (Rs. 10 million to Rs. 1000 million)
iv. Small value projects
• (less than Rs. 10 million)
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E. Based on Ownership
i. Private sector projects
ii. Public sector projects
iii. Joint Sector projects (PPP)
iv. Government sector projects
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Characteristics of a Construction Project
➢ Following are the characteristics of a construction
project:
• The project should have a specified target.
• The project should be unique.
• Construction projects involve a lot of uncertainties,
lack of information and variables.
• The construction project
should satisfy the owners
requirement and expectations
from the project.
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Project Life Cycle
• A project is “a temporary
endeavor undertaken to create a
unique product, service or result.”
• All projects vary in complexity but they all follow
similar life cycles.
• All projects have deliverables (meaning they always
produce something).
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• Project life cycle is a series of phases of a project
from initiation to completion.
• The life cycle gives a practical approach to problem
solving applied to all aspects of a project.
• Phases in a project life cycle encompasses sequential
and overlapping phases.
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• A project life cycle typically has a four major phases:
- Initiation Phase
- Planning Phase
- Execution Phase
- Closure Phase
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Initiation Phase
• The first phase explores the project concept.
• Scope is defined during this phase.
• Feasibility studies are made in order to identify if
there is a business need and justification to pursue
the project.
• Project charter is developed for approval.
• This is the phase that the project team is assembled
and the project manager is identified.
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Planning Phase
• This phase further details the scope of the project.
• Tasks and resources are identified and assigned
during this phase.
• Project manager coordinates the preparation of the
schedule and project budget.
• Risks are identified ahead to anticipate any project
threats.
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• Quality plan is developed to maintain proper
standards throughout project.
• Communications plan is created in order to ensure
everyone is constantly informed of project status.
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Implementation Phase
• This phase is where the work outlined in the project
plan is performed.
• This phase consumes the most resources and energy.
• Constant and close monitoring of the work should be
done to ensure efficiency of the project execution.
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• Status reports are important for all stakeholders
involved.
• Deliverables are measured against the set metrics to
ensure quality is acceptable.
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Closure Phase
• This is the last phase of the project life cycle and
involves handing over final deliverable to the
customer.
• Contracts are properly terminated for equipment,
vendors and staff.
• All stakeholders are to be informed of project
closure.
• This phase is when the team reviews the overall
project and identify lessons learned for future
projects.
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• This graphic is a representation of when these
processes typically occur over the project life cycle.
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• Going by the above definition, you might think that
each stage is a distinct.
• That once a stage gets over, the next one starts with
no interaction with the earlier stage.
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• That’s not true of course. Project stages don’t exist in
isolation.
• In actual projects, there is no hard line dividing
stages.
• Activities, resources, and even objectives often bleed
over from stage to stage.
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Roles & Responsibilities of different agencies
involved in Construction Project
• No matter a building project’s level of complexity, the
construction process will require diligent oversight by
a team of qualified professionals.
• This oversight can come in many forms, as owner,
architect, and contractor can serve in variable
capacities.
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Different agencies involved in
Construction Project
A construction project requires many different
people with different skill sets to execute it.
✓ Owner
✓ Construction Contractor
✓ Construction Management Consultant/ Consulting
Engineer
✓ Architect
✓ Suppliers
Akash Padole 38

Owner
• An owner is the person who owns the project and
has full authority to control the whole project.
• He is mainly involved in the process for supporting
the financial matter for the construction project to
go through easily.
• He has to pay for fees and charges associated with
the work.
• Besides, he has to work together with architect and
other consultants to achieve the goal of the
construction project.
Akash Padole 39

Construction Contractor
• A general contractor is responsible for providing all
of the material, labor, equipment (such as
engineering vehicles and tools) and services
necessary for the construction of the project.
• A General Contractor often hires specialized
subcontractors to perform all or portions of the
construction work.
Akash Padole 40

• The construction contractor must develop a schedule
for all construction activities in accordance with the
contract documents.
• It should include procurement and delivery of
materials to the job, coordination of labor and
equipment on the job, and interface the work of all
sub-contractors.
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Construction Management Consultant/
Consulting Engineer
• The main purpose of employing them is to indirectly
support the project’s robustness and expectations of
the clients.
• Their help is appreciated in every stage of a project.
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▪ Coordinate functional perspectives from within and
outside project teams.
▪ Manage projects and related specific activities within
given constraints of time, budget and quality.
▪ Ensure scope, schedule and costs are reasonable and
achievable.
▪ Allocate work among team members and provide
guidance regularly.
▪ Conduct periodic and post-project reviews to ensure
project is on track.
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Architect
• An architect is a skilled professional who plans and
designs buildings and generally plays a key role in
their construction.
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• Architects are highly trained in the art and science of
building design.
• Since they bear responsibility for the safety of their
buildings' occupants, architects must be
professionally licensed.
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• Architect monitors the construction of the project to
assure that construction is in accordance with the
plans and specifications prepared by the architect
and approved by the Owner and Contractor.
• The responsibility of an architect is to prepare
construction drawings and specifications.
• He acts as the leader of the rest of the design team
to the client’s requirements design.
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Suppliers
• Suppliers are groups that provides all materials and
services that needed for construction projects.
• As such their responsibilities varies from project to
project.
• Depending upon the project, materials and
equipment's plays big role in the construction project.
• Suppliers offer it for sale or rent.
• The best suppliers are reliable, efficient and result,
they have great relationship with their clients.
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Sanctions/ Approval required
for Construction Activity
• The builder requires to have the approval or
sanctions from the concerned authority for the
construction of a building.
• The building constructed without sanctions or
deviated more than 5 percent from approved plan
levies penalty and authorities has right to demolish
the building without any prior notice.
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• Following include the list of Approvals or Sanctions
required by builder for engaging in any construction
activity:
✓ Building Plan
✓ Layout Approval
✓ Basic Amenities
✓ No Objection Certificate (NOC)
✓ Completion Certificate
✓ Approval for Conversion of land
Akash Padole 49

Building Plan
• A builder should submit building plan before starting
the construction activities.
• Building plans are a graphical representation of what
a building will look like after construction.
• Building plan ensures that building complies with
building laws.
• Once the building plan is approved, the builder
should commence construction work within two
years and there should be no deviation from the
sanctioned plan.
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Layout Approval
• The builder has to get approval of layout plan from
concerned authorities before starting construction of
residential or commercial building.
• Constructing building in unapproved layout will not
be given permission to be occupied or such layout
plots will be treated as unlawful and exemplary
penalties will be levied as per Municipal Laws.
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• Land which is sub-divided into plots without
permission from competent authority is considered
illegal or unapproved layout.
• No facilities such as roads, drainage, street lighting
will be extended in such areas.
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Basic Amenities
• The builder should get approval from concerned
authorities for electricity, water for potable and non-
potable use.
• The building should comply with building laws for
sanction or approval of basic amenities.
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No Objection Certificate (NOC)
• The builder has to get NOC from pollution board on
the project. It is essential for the approval for sewer
or water supply.
• It is also important to get NOC from the neighboring
properties to prove that builder is not encroaching
any neighborhood property.
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• Builder has to get NOC from municipality or
respective authority for digging bore well.
• Digging bore well without NOC or approval will be
levied penalty and material used for digging bore
wells would be seized.
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Completion Certificate
• Completion certificate is mandatory for building
constructed before selling or occupied.
• Issuing of Completion Certificate will ensure that the
builder or owner has constructed the building as per
approved plan.
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Approval for Conversion of Land
• Some builders use agricultural land for constructing
building for residential or commercial purpose.
• In such case builder need to get approval form
concerned authority to convert agricultural land to
non-agricultural (NA) purpose.
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Concerned authorities for Sanctions/Approval
in Construction Projects
• The process for applying for sanction or approval is
almost similar all over the country.
• The concerned authority having right to give sanction
or approval may vary from state to sate or region to
region.
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❑ Mumbai:
• Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority
(MMRDA) is responsible for the development of
Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR).
• MMRDA was set up under the Mumbai Metropolitan
Region Development Authority Act, 1974.
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• Electricity supply in the city is managed by
Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd
(MAHADISCOM).
• BrihanMumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) is
providing Drinking Water Supply to Mumbai City and
suburbs.
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❑New Delhi:
• The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) is among the
largest municipal bodies in the world providing civic
services.
• For their convenience, the Municipal Corporation of
Delhi/Nagar Nigam has divided the city into twelve
different zones.
• The Delhi Jal Board is responsible for the Production and
Distribution of potable water after treating raw water
from various sources like river Yamuna, Upper Ganga
Canal & Groundwater and provides treatment and
disposal of waste water.Akash Padole 61

❑Bangalore:
• The builder has to approach Bangalore Development
Authority (BDA) for approval of layout plan and building
plan.
• The Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) is
designated as the Planning Authority under the
Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act, 1961.
• Electricity supply in the city is managed by Bangalore
Electricity Supply Company Ltd (BESCOM).
• The builder has to get NOC from pollution board for his
project to get new water connection from Bangalore
Water Sanitary and Sewage board (BWSSB)
Akash Padole 62

Feasibility Study
• A feasibility study is a multidimensional set of actions
which aims to analyze and evaluate a project in
order to determine if its construction is feasible.
Akash Padole 63

• Feasibility study is related to analyze the viability of
the identified project to support decision making of
investment.
• As its name implies, it is a study to decide whether
the identified project is attractive enough to go for
implementation.
• The study needs inputs from many professional
disciplines for various areas of the study.
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Feasibility Analysis: A Schematic Diagram
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Why Feasibility Study?
• To find if there is adequate demand for the project’s
output.
• To find if there is availability of suitable technology
and inputs.
• To find the best options.
• To answer if the project meets the environmental
regulations and priority of the nations.
• To examine the project’s financial and economic
viability.
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Site Layout
• Site layout planning is an important task that involves
identification of the Temporary Facilities (TFs) which
will be needed to support construction operations.
• Site layout planning is about determining the size and
shape of the TFs.
• Management must appropriately position all the
temporary facilities within the boundaries of a
construction site.
• Proper site layout planning will improve site safety
for workforce and public.
Akash Padole 74

• Construction site layout involves identifying, sizing,
and placing temporary facilities (TFs) within the
boundaries of construction site.
• Required temporary facilities and their areas are
depending in many factors including project type,
scale, design, location, and organization of
construction work.
Akash Padole 75

• Site planning in particular, has been the most
neglected aspect in the construction industry and the
attitude of the engineers has been that it will be
done as the project progress.
• It is important to realize that the site planning will be
the conditions that site personnel will live with for
the total duration of the construction period.
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• Failure to plan the site layout in advance is a prime
cause of operational inefficiency, and can increase
the overall cost of a project substantially.
• In the absence of a precise site layout plan, the
following problems may occur:
– Material stacks wrongly located
– Plant and equipment wrongly located
– Inadequate space allowed
– Site huts wrongly located in relation to their
effective use
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• In fact, site layout planning is one of the preplanning
tasks to be accomplished in a construction project.
• This task has an interactive relationship with the
other planning tasks such as scheduling, selection of
construction method, procurement and material
planning, manpower and equipment planning, and
financial planning.
• So, it becomes a task as important as other tasks that
project managers have to accomplish.
Akash Padole 78

Site Layout Planning Elements:
• The following points should be considered in good
site layout:
✓ Safety
✓ Site Accessibility
✓ Information Signs
✓ Security
✓ Accommodation
✓ Offices
✓ Water Supply and
Sanitation
✓ Storage and site cleaning
Akash Padole 79

A list of Temporary Facilities
• Job office
• Owner representatives
office
• Subcontractors office
• First aid office
• Information and guard
house
• Toilet on site
• Staff/Engineer
dormitory
• Staff/Engineer family
dormitory
• Labor dormitory
• Labor family dormitory
• Bathroom for labor
• Restroom for labor
• Equipment
maintenance shop
• Parking lot for
mechanics
• Prefabricated rebar
storage yard
• Rebar fabrication yard
• Fabricated rebar
storage yard
• Carpentry shop
• Cement warehouse
• Batch-plant and
aggregate storage
• Craft change-house
• Sampling / Testing lab
• Pipe jointing yard
• Pipe storage yard
• Welding shop
• Parking lot
• Tank
• Long term laydown
storage
• Machine room
• Electrical shop
• Steel fabrication shop
• Painting shop
• Scaffold storage yard
• Material warehouse
Akash Padole 80

Site layout design
Akash Padole 81

Site Organisation for Construction
• Site organization is a detailed and well thought out
process which ensures a healthy and safe
construction site throughout its build.
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• What is to be done by whom, at what time and how
is to be done is the starting point of site organization.
• In simple terms site organization means how to
organize the construction activity on site.
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Site Mobilization
• Mobilization refers to the initial stage of a
construction project where preparations occur onsite
prior to the commencement of any work.
• It is a preparatory stage during which the majority of
activities are managed by the construction manager.
• At this point in a project, the contractor has been
selected and building plans have typically been
approved by the governing municipality.
Akash Padole 85

• Take all the necessary preparation steps to start the
work by,
✓ Taking approvals from authorities
✓ Develop management plan for traffic flow during
construction of civil works.
✓ Providing of barricades, signs, cones & flaggers to do
all the necessary precautions.
✓ Notification of neighbors
✓ Display all required work permits on site as per
municipal requirements
Akash Padole 86

02 Construction Projects

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