07 Quality Control

Construction Management
By
Akash Padole
Department of Civil Engineering
Quality Control

Contains
7.1 Concept of Quality, quality control check list in
quality control etc.
7.2 Role of inspection in quality control,
7.3 Quality manual, Quality assurance, statistical
quality control
7.4 ISO 14000
Akash Padole 2

Quality in Construction
➢ Quality:-
• The International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) defines quality as: “the totality of
characteristics of an entity that bears on its ability to
satisfy stated or implied needs.”
• Quality is the fulfillment of project responsibilities in
the delivery of products and services in a manner
that meets or exceeds the stated requirements and
expectations of the owner, design professional, and
constructor.
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➢ Responsibilities:
• The term refer to the tasks that a participant is
expected to perform to accomplish the project
activities as specified by contractual agreement and
applicable laws and licensing requirements, codes,
prevailing industry standards, and guidelines.
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• A common definition of quality:
– It is mainly related to the manufacturing,
processes, and service industries:
✓Meeting the customer’s need
✓Fitness for use
✓Conforming to requirements
• Another definition of Construction Project Quality is
the fulfillment of the owner’s needs as per defined
scope of works within a budget and specified
schedule to satisfy the owner’s/user’s requirements.
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Dimensions of Quality
• Durability: How long that the product can perform
well without substantial repair or replacement of
parts?
• Serviceability: How easily, cheaply and speedily can
the product be repaired and serviced?
• Reliability: How much is the probability of
breakdowns, for adjustments, replacement of parts
etc. in the product?
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Quality Control
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• Quality control is the process employed to
consistently meet standards.
• The control process involves observing actual
performances, comparing it with some standards,
and then taking action if observed performance is
significantly different from the standard.
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• In other words we can say that the designers,
manufacturers and contractors must ensure that
minimum quality standards are met and maintained.
• They must make sure that the building will perform
as required and expected by its owners and
occupiers.
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• Construction manager is fully responsible for
management of Quality control.
• They are also responsible in all areas of material
testing as defined in quality assurance program.
• The main outputs of quality control are
– acceptance decisions
– rework
– process adjustments
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➢ Here are 6 steps to develop a Quality Control Process:
1. Set your quality standards.
2. Decide which quality standards to focus on.
3. Create operational processes to deliver quality.
4. Review your results.
5. Get feedback.
6. Make improvements.
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• The following are the most commonly used quality
control tools for a variety of applications to improve
the quality process:
✓ Cause-and-effect
diagram
✓ Check sheet
✓ Control chart
✓ Data collection
✓ Flow chart
✓ Histogram
✓ Pie chart
✓ Run chart
✓ Scatter diagram
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Quality Control Checklist
• A Quality Control Checklist is basically a written guide
for your products contents, packaging, colour,
barcodes, appearance, possible defects, functions
and special requirements.
• It's also sometimes called an “Inspection Criteria
Sheet” or “Inspection Checklist.”
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• A construction checklist is a guide of the items that
you need to have ready for a construction or a list of
procedures and processes that you need to do to
finish the construction of certain infrastructure.
• Such a checklist will help you check on not missing
important things that need to be mentioned in the
plan.
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Quality Control Inspectors
• A Quality Inspector monitors the quality of incoming
and outgoing products or materials for a company.
Also known as a Quality Control Inspector.
• All construction processes, procedures, and
workmanship must be inspected by Quality
Inspectors.
• Inspection should include the observations,
measurements, and documentation specified in
contractor’s Method Statement and the Contract
Documents.
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Role of inspection in Quality Control
❖Quality Control Inspectors have the following role:
• Read blueprints and specifications.
• Monitor operations to ensure that they meet quality
standards.
• Provide acceptance or rejection for compliance to
established standards and processes.
• Inspects and approves incoming materials by
confirming specifications, conducting visual and
measurement tests, and rejecting and returning
unacceptable materials.
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• Maintains safe and healthy work environment by
following standards and procedures, and complying
with legal regulations.
• Accomplishes quality and organization mission by
completing related results as needed.
• Updates job knowledge by participating in
educational opportunities and reading technical
publications.
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Importance of Inspection in Quality Control
• Inspection is one of the most important parts of
quality control.
• Inspection involves measuring, examining and testing
products, process and services against specified
requirements to determine conformity.
• An inspection determines if the material or item is in
proper quantity and condition.
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• If inspection is done properly, it helps to a great
extent in ensuring proper control on quality of the
materials and products.
• Inspection is generally divided into three categories:
1) Receiving inspection,
2) In-process inspection,
3) Final inspection.
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• In 1911, Fredrick W. Taylor put forward some
concepts.
• One of the Taylors concepts was “clearly defined
tasks performed under standard conditions”.
• Inspection was one of these tasks and was intended
to ensure that no faulty product left the factory or
workshop, Focuses on the product and the detection
of problems in the product, involves testing every
item to ensure that it complies with product
specifications, is carried out at the end of the
production process and relies on specially trained
inspectors. Akash Padole 24

• This movement led to the emergence of a separate
inspection department.
• An important new idea that emerged from this new
department was defect prevention, which led to
quality control.
Akash Padole 25

Quality Manual
Definition:-
• A Quality Manual is the main, top-level document
which establishes the quality policies and objectives
of an organization.
• A Quality Manual is a document that was first
required by the ISO 9001 standard for Quality
Management Systems.
• The quality manual is a document that describes the
Quality Management System of an organization.
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❖Contents of Quality manual:-
• Quality Manual should contain:
– the Quality Policy (which provides direction and a
vision for an organization),
– the Scope of the QMS (what parts of the
organization does the QMS cover or not cover),
– the Management responsivities (who are Senior
Management and what is their involvement with
the QMS).
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Quality Assurance
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• Quality assurance includes all the activities related to
satisfying the relevant quality standards for a project.
• Another goal of quality assurance is continuous
quality improvement.
• Benchmarking can be used to generate ideas for
quality improvements.
• Quality audits help identify lessons learned that can
improve performance on current or future projects.
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• According to ISO 9000, Quality Assurance is those
planned and systematic actions necessary to provide
adequate confidence that product or service will
satisfy given requirements for quality.
• QA is focused on planning, documenting and
agreeing on a set of guidelines that are necessary to
assure quality.
• The purpose of QA is to prevent defects from
entering into the solution in the first place.
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• In other words, QA is a pro-active management
practice that is used to assure a stated level of
quality.
• Quality assurance in construction projects covers all
activities performed by the design team, contractor
and quality controller/auditor (supervision staff) to
meet owners’ objectives as specified and to ensure
that the project is fully functional to the satisfaction
of the owners/end users.
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Statistical Quality Control
• Statistical quality control is the use of statistical
methods in the monitoring and maintaining of the
quality of products and services.
1. One method, referred to as Acceptance Sampling,
can be used when a decision must be made to
accept or reject a group of parts or items based on
the quality found in a sample.
– In other words we can say that, Acceptance
sampling involves batch sampling by inspection.
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2. A second method, referred to as Statistical Process
Control, uses graphical displays known as Control
Charts to determine whether a process should be
continued or should be adjusted to achieve the
desired quality.
– In other word we can say that, Statistical process
control involves inspect random sample of output
from process of characteristics.
• All the tools of statistical quality control are helpful in
evaluating the quality of the services.
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ISO 9000
• The ISO 9000 family of standards is related to
Quality Management Systems and designed to help
organizations ensure that they meet the needs of
customers and other stakeholder.
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• ISO 9000 deals with the fundamentals of quality
management systems, including the eight
management principles on which the family of
standards is based.
• The Eight quality management principles are:
✓ Customer focus
✓ Leadership
✓ Involvement of people
✓ Process approach
✓ System approach to the
management
✓ Continual improvement
✓ Factual approach to
decision making
✓ Mutually beneficial
supplier relationships
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• International standards promote international trade
by providing one consistent set of requirements
recognized around the world.
• ISO 9000 can help a company satisfy its customers,
meet regulatory requirements and achieve continual
improvement.
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• Originally published in 1987 by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO), a specialized
international agency for standardization composed
of the national standards bodies of 90 countries.
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Advantages of ISO 9000
• Quality is maintained,
• ISO registration also has a significant bearing on
market credibility as well,
• Opportunity to compete with larger companies,
• More time spent on customer focus,
• Confirmation that your company is committed
to quality,
• May facilitate trade and increased market
opportunities,
• Can increase customer confidence and satisfaction
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ISO 14000
• ISO 14000 is a series of Environmental Management
Standards developed and published by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
• The ISO 14000 standards provide a guideline or
framework for organizations that need to systematize
and improve their environmental management
efforts.
Akash Padole 40

Why ISO 14000?
✓ Reduces environmental liability
✓ Enhances public image and reputation
✓ Assures customers
✓ Satisfies investor criteria
✓ Reduces your consumption of materials and energy
✓ Facilitates permits & authorizations
✓ Reduces the cost
✓ Improve Industry-government relations
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ISO 14000 Policy
✓ Prevention of pollution.
✓ Continual Environmental Improvement.
✓ Commitment to comply with Environmental Laws and
Regulations
✓ Establish framework for setting and reviewing
objectives and targets
✓ Documented, implemented, maintained, and
communicated to employees.
✓ Available to the public
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Six Key elements of ISO 14000
Fig. Six Key elements of ISO 14000
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Procedure of ISO 14000
1. Top management is responsible to establish
environmental objectives on an annual basis.
2. Department managers involve operation staff in
developing environmental objectives for
improvement in environmental performance.
3. Each department manager is responsible to provide
inputs and evaluate potential impacts in specific
functions.
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4. Manager makes preliminary evaluation of its
environmental performance, and enlists primary
objectives.
5. Progress towards the objectives/targets is reviewed
at management review meetings and
communicated to operational staff via bulletin
boards.
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Difference between ISO 9000 & ISO 14000
1. Encourage organizations to
institute quality assurance
management programs.
2. The major system
requirements are defined
by customers
3. Includes evaluation of
suppliers and review of
customer contracts.
4. The goals of a quality
system are generally quite
clear
ISO 9000 ISO 14000
1. Deals with the management
of the environmental effects
of an organization
2. Customers as well as many
additional stakeholders
3. Include methods of evaluating
environmental impacts and
systems
4. The situation for
environmental systems is not
so straight forward
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Advantages of ISO 14000
• Helps organizations meet and maintain regulatory
and legislative requirements.
• Minimizes the environmental impact of products,
activities, and resources.
• Better conformance to environmental regulations
• Greater marketability
• Better use of resources
• Higher quality goods and services
• Increased levels of safety,
• Improved image and Increased profits
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07 Quality Control

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