09 uniform circular motion
Download as PPT, PDF11 likes3,595 views
This document discusses uniform circular motion and centripetal force. It defines key terms like centripetal acceleration, frequency, period, and centripetal force. It also discusses examples of calculating centripetal acceleration for objects moving in circular motion, like a revolving ball or the moon orbiting Earth. Additionally, it covers banked tracks and how banking an angle of a curved road can help cars move around the curve without skidding.
09 uniform circular motion
- 1. Uniform Circular Motion Topic 6
- 2. Lecture Outline Acceleration in a Circle Centripetal Force Banked Track
- 3. Object move in a straight The net force acted on the object is in the direction on the motion or net force is zero Object will move in a curved path The net force acted at a certain angle to the motion Object will move in a circular path The net force acted toward a certain point Example – Moon circling the Earth
- 4. Uniform circular motion Object move in a circle at constant speed Magnitude of the velocity is constant Direction of the velocity continuously changing Uniform circular motion: motion in a circle of constant radius at constant speed Instantaneous velocity is always tangent to the circle.
- 5. Acceleration in a Circle Acceleration is define as the rate of change of velocity Object moving in uniform circular motion has an acceleration, centripetal acceleration (“center pointing acceleration”) This acceleration is points toward the center of the circle.
- 6. An object moving in a circle of radius r at constant speed v has an acceleration whose direction is toward the center of the circle and whose magnitude is
- 7. Frequency, f of the circular motion The number of revolution per second Period, T Time required for one complete revolution Circumference = 2 π r
- 8. Example 5-8: Acceleration of a revolving ball. A 150-g ball at the end of a string is revolving uniformly in a horizontal circle of radius 0.600 m. The ball makes 2.00 revolutions in a second. What is its centripetal acceleration?
- 9. Example 5-9: Moon’s centripetal acceleration. The Moon’s nearly circular orbit about the Earth has a radius of about 384,000 km and a period T of 27.3 days. Determine the acceleration of the Moon toward the Earth.
- 10. Centripetal Force Newton’s second law Accelerating object has a net force acting on it F = ma Object moving in circle, there is a net force applied to the object to maintain that circular motion Centripetal Force,
- 11. The direction of the force is same as centripetal acceleration Toward the center of the circle We can see that the force must be inward by thinking about a ball on a string. Strings only pull; they never push.
- 12. Example 5-11: Force on revolving ball (horizontal). Estimate the force a person must exert on a string attached to a 0.150-kg ball to make the ball revolve in a horizontal circle of radius 0.600 m. The ball makes 2.00 revolutions per second. Ignore the string’s mass.
- 13. Example 5-12: Revolving ball (vertical circle). A 0.150-kg ball on the end of a 1.10-m-long cord (negligible mass) is swung in a vertical circle. Determine the minimum speed the ball must have at the top of its arc so that the ball continues moving in a circle. Calculate the tension in the cord at the bottom of the arc, assuming the ball is moving at twice the speed of part (a).
- 14. Banked Track When a car goes around a curve, there must be a net force toward the center of the circle of which the curve is an arc. If the road is flat, that force is supplied by friction.
- 15. If the frictional force is insufficient, the car will tend to move more nearly in a straight line, as the skid marks show.
- 16. As long as the tires do not slip, the friction is static. If the tires do start to slip, the friction is kinetic, which is bad in two ways: The kinetic frictional force is smaller than the static. The static frictional force can point toward the center of the circle, but the kinetic frictional force opposes the direction of motion, making it very difficult to regain control of the car and continue around the curve.
- 17. Example 5-14: Skidding on a curve. A 1000-kg car rounds a curve on a flat road of radius 50 m at a speed of 15 m/s (54 km/h). Will the car follow the curve, or will it skid? Assume: (a) the pavement is dry and the coefficient of static friction is μ s = 0.60; (b) the pavement is icy and μ s = 0.25.
- 18. Banking the curve can help keep cars from skidding. In fact, for every banked curve, there is one speed at which the entire centripetal force is supplied by the horizontal component of the normal force, and no friction is required. This occurs when:
- 19. Example 5-15: Banking angle. For a car traveling with speed v around a curve of radius r , determine a formula for the angle at which a road should be banked so that no friction is required. What is this angle for an expressway off-ramp curve of radius 50 m at a design speed of 50 km/h?
Editor's Notes
- #9: Figure 5-10. Caption: A small object moving in a circle, showing how the velocity changes. At each point, the instantaneous velocity is in a direction tangent to the circular path. Answer: a = v 2 /r; we can find v from the radius and frequency. v = 7.54 m/s, so a = 94.7 m/s 2 .
- #10: Answer: Again, find v from r and the period; first convert r and T into meters and seconds, respectively. Then a = 2.72 x 10 -3 m/s 2 = 2.78 x 10 -4 g.
- #12: Figure 5-15. Caption: Swinging a ball on the end of a string.
- #13: Figure 5-17. Answer: Ignoring the weight of the ball, so F T is essentially horizontal, we find F T = 14 N.
- #14: Figure 5-18. Caption: Example 5–12. Freebody diagrams for positions 1 and 2. Solution: See the freebody diagrams. The minimum speed occurs when the tension is zero at the top; v = 3.283 m/s. Substitute to find F T2 = 7.35 N.
- #16: Figure 5-22. Caption: Race car heading into a curve. From the tire marks we see that most cars experienced a sufficient friction force to give them the needed centripetal acceleration for rounding the curve safely. But, we also see tire tracks of cars on which there was not sufficient force—and which unfortunately followed more nearly straight-line paths.
- #18: Figure 5-23. Caption: Example 5–14. Forces on a car rounding a curve on a flat road. (a) Front view, (b) top view. Solution: The normal force equals the weight, and the centripetal force is provided by the frictional force (if sufficient). The required centripetal force is 4500 N. The maximum frictional force is 5880 N, so the car follows the curve. The maximum frictional force is 2450 N, so the car will skid.
- #19: Figure 5-24. Caption: Normal force on a car rounding a banked curve, resolved into its horizontal and vertical components. The centripetal acceleration is horizontal ( not parallel to the sloping road). The friction force on the tires, not shown, could point up or down along the slope, depending on the car’s speed. The friction force will be zero for one particular speed.
- #20: Answer: a. Set F N = mg in previous equation. Find tan θ = v 2 /rg. b. Tan θ = 0.40, so θ = 22°.