1. hardware basics
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This document provides an overview of CPU hardware, including: - A CPU contains many transistors and acts as the miniature calculator of a computer using a very fast clock. - There are two main CPU architectures: RISC and CISC. RISC includes ARM and MIPS, while CISC includes x86 and VAX. - CPUs use caches, have either little-endian or big-endian instruction ordering, can support multiple threads, and come in 32-bit or 64-bit varieties.
![1 - Hardware
Marian Marinov Borislav Varadinov
CEO of 1H Ltd. System Administrator
mm@1h.com bobi [ at ] itp.bg](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-hardware-basics-130306133347-phpapp02/85/1-hardware-basics-1-320.jpg)
1. hardware basics
- 1. 1 - Hardware Marian Marinov Borislav Varadinov CEO of 1H Ltd. System Administrator mm@1h.com bobi [ at ] itp.bg
- 2. What is a CPU? ➢A miniature calculator ➢A lot of transistors ➢A very fast clock
- 3. CPU Architectures ➢Reduced Instruction Set Computing - RISC ➢MIPS, SPARC, Alpha, ARM, AVR, PowerPC, PA-RISC ➢Complex Instruction Set Computing - CISC ➢x86, x86-64, VAX, m68k, System /360/370/Z ➢ Caches ➢ Little/Big Endian ➢ Threading model ➢ 32/64bit
- 4. CPU Instruction Sets ➢ LOAD ➢ STORE ➢ ADD ➢ MOVE ➢ PUSH ➢ POP ➢ Single operand instruction sets ➢ Multiple operand instruction sets
- 5. CPU Endianness 149 in binary ➢ Big Endian ➢ Most significant bit is last – 03 E8 ➢ SPARC, PowerPC ➢ Little Endian ➢ Least significant bit is last – E8 03 ➢ Intel x84 / x64 ➢ Bi-endian – ARM (little by default)
- 6. CPU Caches
- 7. CPU Caches
- 8. CPU Threads ➢ Thread is a chain of instructions in the CPU ➢ Multithreading ➢ Hyperthreading
- 9. CPU 32/64bit ➢ A 32-bit register can store 2 32 different values ➢ 0 through 4,294,967,295 unsigned integers ➢ A 64-bit register can store 2 64 ➢ Actual memory addresses that can be accessed by a single CPU thread
- 10. Memory ➢ Volatile memory – SRAM/DRAM ➢ System memory ➢ Non-volatile memory – NVRAM/FLASH/ROM ➢ BIOS ➢ Firmware chips ➢ Solid State Drives
- 11. Mainboard Power connector Memory Sockets CPU Socket IDE/PATA connectors NORTHBRIDGE SOUTHBRIDGE
- 12. Storage ➢ Controller ➢ RAID ➢ Devices ➢ IDE/PATA ➢ SCSI ➢ SATA ➢ SAS ➢ SSD
- 13. PATA / IDE
- 14. PATA / IDE
- 16. SCSI
- 17. Serial ATA
- 18. Serial ATA
- 22. From: 2.5GB To: 2TB 1980-2012
- 23. From: 2.5GB To: 2TB 1980-2012
- 24. From: 2.5GB To: 2TB 1980-2012
- 27. Hard drive SSD drive
- 28. Input/Output ➢ Keyboard ➢ Mouse ➢ Serial devices ➢ Parallel devices ➢ GPIO ➢ I2C
- 29. System on a Chip (SoC)
- 30. Network ➢ Cabels ➢ LAN Cards ➢ Layer 1 ➢ LAN card, Repeater, HUB, Transceiver ➢ Layer 2 ➢ LAN card, Bridge, Switch ➢ Layer 3 ➢ Router
- 33. Free Trainings @ Telerik Academy C# Programming @ Telerik Academy csharpfundamentals.telerik.com Telerik Software Academy academy.telerik.com Telerik Academy @ Facebook facebook.com/TelerikAcademy Telerik Software Academy Forums forums.academy.telerik.com