introduction to computer hardware
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This document provides an introduction to computer hardware components. It discusses the processor, RAM, motherboard, hard disk, video cards, ports, BIOS, peripherals, cabinet, and troubleshooting. For each topic, it describes the basic functions and key concepts. For example, it explains that the processor is the computer's brain, RAM is volatile memory, and the motherboard connects different devices. It also provides details on commercially available processors, types of RAM, motherboard components, hard disk specifications, and common troubleshooting steps.
introduction to computer hardware
- 2. Topics • Processor • RAM • Motherboard • Hard Disk • Cards • Ports • BIOS • Peripherals • Cabinet • Troubleshooting
- 3. Processor • Processor is the brain of your computer. • Some key concepts – Clock : In a computer, clock speed refers to the number of pulses per second that sets the tempo for the processor. – Cache A small but fast memory area. Levels of cache exists. – Bus (FSB and BSB) : Collection of wires connecting different devices. – Pipeline : Implementation technique where multiple instructions are ovelapped.
- 4. Some commercially available processors • Pentium Dual core • Celeron Dual core • Athlon • i-series (i3, i5, i7,i9) Intel
- 5. RAM What is RAM? – Random Access Memory. – RAM is volatile. • Broadly classified as – Static RAM. – Dynamic RAM.
- 6. RAM contd... • Static RAM – Fast, has lower access time. – Typical access times 5-25 ns. – Expensive. – Cache memory is Static RAM. • Dynamic RAM – Slower, has higher access time than Static RAM. – Typical access times 60-120 ns. – Much cheaper than SRAM. – Main Memory is Dynamic RAM.
- 7. Motherboard • The main circuit board which connects all the device on a microcomputer; Also called main board or system board.
- 8. Motherboard contd... • Chipset – The chipset controls the system and its capabilities. It is the hub of all data transfer. – Chipsets are integrated, and are not upgradable without buying a whole new motherboard. – Some of the items it dictates Memory controller Real-time clock Keyboard and mouse controller Secondary cache controller PCI bridge EIDE controller
- 9. Motherboard contd... Motherboards are designed for specific Processors. A single motherboard cannot be used with different types of Processors. • The different system bus speeds supported by the Motherboard should be of prime consideration.
- 10. Hard Disk What is HardDisk? – Stores data in magnetic disk like medium • Non-volatile mass storage device. • Has very high access time as compared to RAM (10-20 million ns). • Very cheap as compared to RAM and so large in capacity.
- 11. Hard Disk contd... Connecting Multiple IDE Harddisks/CD-Roms – Primary/Secondary and Master/Slave settings – Jumper Performance parameters – Rotation speed. – Average seek time.settings
- 12. Video Card contd... Graphics accelerators with GPU – Pixel updates are done by the GPU. – GPU is optimised for graphics operations. – Reduces load on the main processor.
- 13. On board Graphics Accelerator • On board graphics accelerators share system memory.
- 14. Video Card contd... Wide range of cards – 3D Accelration. – Video Memory. • Modern day Graphics cards are more powerful than Pentium processor! • Expensive component of your Computer.
- 15. Video Card contd... Choosing a Graphic card – PCI or AGP. – Integrated or Add-on card. – Non-Accelrated or 3D accelrated. – Cost.
- 16. Sound Card • Converts digital data (bits) into analog sound wave and vice-versa. Has Digital Signal Processor, RAM, ADC and DAC. • Has jacks for speaker, microphone, line in, line out and joysticks
- 17. Network Interface Card Connects PC to LAN (Local Area Network). • Ethernet, Token Ring. • Speeds – 10Mbps – 100Mbps • Onboard or Add-on Card?
- 18. Ports Serial – Serial port “serializes” data. – Mouse, Modems etc use Serial port. • Parallel – Bits transmitted in parallel. – Used primaraly for Printers. • PS/2 – Used to interface keyboards and pointing devices. – Frees the serial port for other devices.
- 19. Ports contd... USB – Data transfer rate 12Mbps/480Mbps. – Multiple devices supported on the bus (127). – Hot pluggable, Plug-and-play. – Provide power through the cable. – Host based.
- 20. BIOS What is it? - Basic Input Output System • Why is it necessary? – boot up • Important Functions – Check CMOS Set-up. – POST - Power On Self Test. – Display system setting. – Initiate bootstrap sequence.
- 21. Configuring BIOS System Time/Date. • Boot Sequence. • Plug and Play. • Drive Configuration. • Security. • Power Management.
- 22. Keyboard Switching action. • No. of keys. • Control, Functional, Special, Alpha-Numeric Keys. • Connects to PC using PS/2 connector
- 23. Mouse Different shapes and size. • 2 and 3 buttons mouse. • Scroll mouse. • Connects to PC using PS/2 connector
- 24. Monitor – VGA : 640 X 480 (256) – SVGA : 1280 X 1024 (16.7 million) • Display Quality - Refresh rate. • Interlaced/Non-interlaced. • Flat panel - LCD and Plasma.
- 25. CD ROM/Writable Speed - 12x, 24x, 48x, 52x etc. • Sturdier, Unaffected by magnetic fields.
- 26. Printer Impact Printer - Dot matrix – Selection : Speed, Unidirectional / Bidirectional. – Adv. : Inexpensive, Multi-copy forms. – Disadv. : Slow, Loud, Graphics of low Quality • Non-impact Printer – Inkjet – Thermal – Laser – Adv. : Quiet, Can handle graphics, Varieties of fonts. – Disadv. : Expensive.
- 27. Modem Speed - 56k, 33.6k, 28.8k • Internal Modem – Resides on the expansion board on the slot of the motherboard. – Does not require separate power adapter. – Cheaper than external modem. – Has natural protection inside PC cabinet
- 28. Modem contd... External Modem – Resides on a self-contained box outside the PC. – Requires external power adapter. – Connected to PC’s serial port via the cable. – Easy to install and troubleshoot such as resetting the modem. – Expensive than internal modems.
- 29. Cabinet
- 30. Cabinet Form Factor • AT Cases • ATX Cases
- 31. AT Cases Older Motherboards (pre-pentium) • Advantages – Well Established standard make. – Easy and cheap design. • Disadvantages – Inefficient cooling. – CPU socket location. – Not suitable for P-II (& higher).
- 32. ATX Cases Newer Motherboards (Pentium based m/c) • Advantages – Efficient cooling. – Easy accessibility for upgades. – I/O are fixed onboard.
- 33. Troubleshooting
- 34. Troubleshooting You are not the first one to face the trouble. • Some simple solutions. – Check connections. – Ensure that cards are inserted properly. – Clean the devices. – Check if minimum things needed to boot are present - motherboard, processor, a full bank of memory, videocard and a drive to boot.
- 35. Troubleshooting contd... The PC doesn’t start at all – Count the number of beeps. – No beeps - possible problem with BIOS or motherboard. • The PC starts - partially – No signal on the monitior. – Video signal present with error mesage. – OS starts. – OS does not start - Hard-disk problem.
- 36. Troubleshooting contd... Video – No video at all. – Snow on the screen. – The picture is horrible. Bad colors, dots, and streaks. – Random, changing characters on the screen. – The screen rolls upward or to the side.
- 37. Troubleshooting contd... Hard Drive – Not bootable : A Hard Drive must be formatted and partitioned before it can be used. – Not detected by the BIOS - Check on a different m/c. It works fine. It does not work. • Others – System forgets time/settings
- 38. THANK YOU