Computer Hardware Basics (Components to be understand)
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The document provides an introduction to various components of computer hardware. It discusses the processor, RAM, motherboard, hard disk, video cards, ports, BIOS, and peripherals that comprise a basic computer system. It describes the function and features of each component as well as factors to consider for selection and configuration of the parts. The document is intended to educate users about the inner workings and optimization of their computer hardware.
Computer Hardware Basics (Components to be understand)
- 1. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 1 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Introduction to Computer Hardware
- 2. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 2 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Topics • Processor • RAM • Motherboard • HardDisk • Cards • Ports • BIOS • Peripherals • Cabinet • Troubleshooting
- 3. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 3 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Processor • Processor is the brain of your computer. • Some key concepts – Clock : In a computer, clock speed refers to the number of pulses per second that sets the tempo for the processor. – Cache ∗ A small but fast memory area. ∗ Levels of cache exists. – Bus (FSB and BSB) : Collection of wires connecting different devices. – Pipeline : Implementation technique where multiple instructions are ovelapped.
- 4. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 4 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Processor contd... • 32/64 bit processors – The amount of data a processor can process in a clock cycle. • Clock speed and overclocking – BUS SPEED x MULTIPLIER = CPU SPEED (Clock) • Which processor is faster? – 100MHz x 10.0 = 1000 MHz – 133MHz x 7.5 = 997.5 MHz
- 5. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 5 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Some commercially available processors • Pentium I-IV • Celeron • Athlon • Duron • Cyrix C3 • Itanium (64 bit) • Opteron (64 bit)
- 6. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 6 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Processor contd... • How do you pick a processor for your system? – Performance & Cost • How to measure performance? – Clock speed is one measure of computer “power”, but it is not always directly proportional to the performance level. – The type of microprocessor, the bus architecture, and the nature of the instruction set, all make a difference. ∗ examples : P4 3.06 GHz, P4 3.0B GHz, P4 3.0C GHz – Check for bus speed and cache size as well.
- 7. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 7 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Topics • Processor • RAM • Motherboard • HardDisk • Cards • Ports • BIOS • Peripherals • Cabinet • Troubleshooting
- 8. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 8 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit RAM • What is RAM? – Random Access Memory. – RAM is volatile. • Broadly classified as – Static RAM. – Dynamic RAM.
- 9. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 9 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit RAM contd... • Static RAM – Fast, has lower access time. – Typical access times 5-25 ns. – Expensive. – Cache memory is Static RAM. • Dynamic RAM – Slower, has higher access time than Static RAM. – Typical access times 60-120 ns. – Much cheaper than SRAM. – Main Memory is Dynamic RAM.
- 10. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 10 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit RAM contd... • Memory Bandwidth is proportional to System Bus speed. • Dynamic RAM are further classified as – EDORAM (Extended DataOut DRAM). – SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) : PC100, PC133. – DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM)- Allows activation of the output operation to occur on both rising and falling clock edge and hence doubles the speed of operation. – RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) - Developed by Rambus and Intel, can support very high bus speeds.
- 11. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 11 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit RAM contd... • Memory Slots/Sockets on Motherboard – SIMM (Single In-Line Memory Module) ∗ Smaller in length and capacity than DIMM. – DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module) ∗ Larger in length and capacity than SIMM. – SIMM and DIMM are just packaging types only and do not af- fect the performance.
- 12. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 12 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Topics • Processor • RAM • Motherboard • HardDisk • Cards • Ports • BIOS • Peripherals • Cabinet • Troubleshooting
- 13. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 13 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Motherboard • The main circuit board which connects all the device on a micro- computer; Also called main board or system board.
- 14. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 14 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Motherboard contd... • Chipset – The chipset controls the system and its capabilities. It is the hub of all data transfer. – Chipsets are integrated, and are not upgradable without buying a whole new motherboard. – Some of the items it dictates ∗ Memory controller ∗ Real-time clock ∗ Keyboard and mouse controller ∗ Secondary cache controller ∗ PCI bridge ∗ EIDE controller
- 15. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 15 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Motherboard contd... • Motherboards are designed for specific Processors. A single moth- erboard cannot be used with different types of Processors. • The different system bus speeds supported by the Motherboard should be of prime consideration.
- 16. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 16 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Motherboard contd... • Form Factors – The form factor is the physical size and dimensions of the moth- erboard. The form factor determines the general layout, size, and feature placement on a motherboard. ∗ Baby AT ∗ ATX ∗ Proprietary
- 17. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 17 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Motherboard contd... • Onboard devices - Video/Audio/LAN – Lower cost. – Lesser Flexibility. • Upgradability – Bus speeds supported. – Number of expansion slots. – Number and Types of IO ports available.
- 18. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 18 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Topics • Processor • RAM • Motherboard • HardDisk • Cards • Ports • BIOS • Peripherals • Cabinet • Troubleshooting
- 19. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 19 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Hard Disk • What is HardDisk? – Stores data in magnetic disk like medium • Non-volatile mass storage de- vice. • Has very high access time as compared to RAM (10-20 million ns). • Very cheap as compared to RAM and so large in capacity.
- 20. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 20 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Hard Disk contd... • Interface standards – IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) ∗ The hard disk drive includes the drive controller circuitry and hence known as IDE. ∗ It can support atmost 4 devices. ∗ 16 bit interface standard; 40 pin/80 pin connector. ∗ ATA-33/66
- 21. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 21 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Hard Disk contd... • Interface standards contd... – SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) ∗ General pupose interface standard used for connecting many types of devices to the PC. ∗ Supports 7 to 15 different devices like hard disk, scanner, CD ROM etc. ∗ 32 bit interface standard and more expensive than IDE. ∗ Allows simultanous access for faster data transfer.
- 22. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 22 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Hard Disk contd... • Connecting Multiple IDE Harddisks/CD-Roms – Primary/Secondary and Master/Slave settings – Jumper settings • Performance parameters – Rotation speed. – Average seek time.
- 23. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 23 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Topics • Processor • RAM • Motherboard • HardDisk • Cards • Ports • BIOS • Peripherals • Cabinet • Troubleshooting
- 24. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 24 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Video Card • What’s a Graphics Card? – A modern graphics card is a circuit board with memory and a dedicated processor. – Converts digital information into the pixels to display it on the monitor. • Frame Buffers – The card simply holds a frame of information that is sent to the screen. – Pixel updates are done by the microprocessor. – Slow.
- 25. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 25 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Video Card contd... • Graphics accelerators with GPU – Pixel updates are done by the GPU. – GPU is optimised for graphics operations. – Reduces load on the main processor.
- 26. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 26 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Bus Interfaces PCI • Peripheral Components Interconnect
- 27. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 27 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Bus Interfaces AGP • Accelerated Graphics Port
- 28. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 28 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit On board Graphics Accelerator • On board graphics accelerators share system memory.
- 29. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 29 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Video Card contd... • Wide range of cards – 3D Accelration. – Video Memory. • Modern day Graphics cards are more powerful than Pen- tium processor! • Expensive component of your Computer.
- 30. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 30 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Video Card contd... • Choosing a Graphic card – PCI or AGP. – Integrated or Add-on card. – Non-Accelrated or 3D accelrated. – Cost.
- 31. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 31 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Sound Card • Converts digital data (bits) into analog sound wave and vice-versa. • Has Digital Signal Processor, RAM, ADC and DAC. • Has jacks for speaker, microphone, line in, line out and joysticks.
- 32. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 32 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Sound Card contd... • Choosing a soundcard – Integrated or External add-on card. – CPU Utilization. – Sound reproduction capabilities (dolby, 5.1 channels etc.). – Cost.
- 33. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 33 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Network Interface Card • Connects PC to LAN (Local Area Network). • Ethernet, Token Ring. • Speeds – 10Mbps – 100Mbps • Onboard or Add-on Card?
- 34. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 34 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Topics • Processor • RAM • Motherboard • HardDisk • Cards • Ports • BIOS • Peripherals • Cabinet • Troubleshooting
- 35. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 35 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Ports • Serial – Serial port “serializes” data. – Mouse, Modems etc use Serial port. • Parallel – Bits transmitted in parallel. – Used primaraly for Printers. • PS/2 – Used to interface keyboards and pointing devices. – Frees the serial port for other devices.
- 36. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 36 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Ports contd... • USB – Data transfer rate 12Mbps/480Mbps. – Multiple devices supported on the bus (127). – Hot pluggable, Plug-and-play. – Provide power through the cable. – Host based.
- 37. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 37 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Ports contd... • Firewire (IEEE 1394) – Originally created by Apple and standardized in 1995. – Fast transfer of data (up to 400 Mbps/800Mbps). – Multiple devices supported on the bus (63). – Hot pluggable, Plug-and-play. – Provide power through the cable. – Peer to peer. – Supports synchronous devices.
- 38. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 38 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Topics • Processor • RAM • Motherboard • HardDisk • Cards • Ports • BIOS • Peripherals • Cabinet • Troubleshooting
- 39. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 39 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit BIOS • What is it? - Basic Input Output System • Why is it necessary? – boot up • Important Functions – Check CMOS Set-up. – POST - Power On Self Test. – Display system setting. – Initiate bootstrap sequence.
- 40. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 40 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Configuring BIOS • System Time/Date. • Boot Sequence. • Plug and Play. • Drive Configuration. • Security. • Power Management.
- 41. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 41 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Topics • Processor • RAM • Motherboard • HardDisk • Cards • Ports • BIOS • Peripherals • Cabinet • Troubleshooting
- 42. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 42 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Keyboard • Switching action. • No. of keys. • Control, Functional, Special, Alpha-Numeric Keys. • Connects to PC using PS/2 connector. Mouse • Different shapes and size. • 2 and 3 buttons mouse. • Scroll mouse. • Connects to PC using PS/2 connector.
- 43. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 43 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Monitor • Cathode Ray Tube Monitor. • Size - 15” to 21”. • Resolution. – CGA : 320 X 200 (4) – EGA : 640 X 350 (16) – VGA : 640 X 480 (256) – SVGA : 1280 X 1024 (16.7 million) • Display Quality - Refresh rate. • Interlaced/Non-interlaced. • Flat panel - LCD and Plasma.
- 44. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 44 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit CD ROM/Writable • Speed - 12x, 24x, 48x, 52x etc. • Sturdier, Unaffected by magnetic fields.
- 45. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 45 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Printer • Impact Printer - Dot matrix – Selection : Speed, Unidirectional / Bidirectional. – Adv. : Inexpensive, Multi-copy forms. – Disadv. : Slow, Loud, Graphics of low Quality • Non-impact Printer – Inkjet – Thermal – Laser – Adv. : Quiet, Can handle graphics, Varieties of fonts. – Disadv. : Expensive.
- 46. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 46 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Modem • Speed - 56k, 33.6k, 28.8k • Internal Modem – Resides on the expansion board on the slot of the motherboard. – Does not require separate power adapter. – Cheaper than external modem. – Has natural protection inside PC cab- inet.
- 47. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 47 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Modem contd... • External Modem – Resides on a self-contained box out- side the PC. – Requires external power adapter. – Connected to PC’s serial port via the cable. – Easy to install and troubleshoot such as resetting the modem. – Expensive than internal modems.
- 48. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 48 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Topics • Processor • RAM • Motherboard • HardDisk • Cards • Ports • BIOS • Peripherals • Cabinet • Troubleshooting
- 49. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 49 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Cabinet • Form Factor • AT Cases • ATX Cases
- 50. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 50 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit AT Cases • Older Motherboards (pre-pentium) • Advantages – Well Established standard make. – Easy and cheap design. • Disadvantages – Inefficient cooling. – CPU socket location. – Not suitable for P-II (& higher).
- 51. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 51 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit ATX Cases • Newer Motherboards (Pentium based m/c) • Advantages – Efficient cooling. – Easy accessibility for upgades. – I/O are fixed onboard.
- 52. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 52 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Topics • Processor • RAM • Motherboard • HardDisk • Cards • Ports • BIOS • Peripherals • Cabinet • Troubleshooting
- 53. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 53 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Troubleshooting • You are not the first one to face the trouble. • Some simple solutions. – Check connections. – Ensure that cards are inserted properly. – Clean the devices. – Check if minimum things needed to boot are present - mother- board, processor, a full bank of memory, videocard and a drive to boot.
- 54. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 54 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Troubleshooting contd... • The PC doesn’t start at all – Count the number of beeps. – No beeps - possible problem with BIOS or motherboard. • The PC starts - partially – No signal on the monitior. – Video signal present with error mesage. – OS starts. – OS does not start - Hard-disk problem.
- 55. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 55 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Troubleshooting contd... • Video – No video at all. – Snow on the screen. – The picture is horrible. Bad colors, dots, and streaks. – Random, changing characters on the screen. – The screen rolls upward or to the side.
- 56. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 56 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit Troubleshooting contd... • Hard Drive – Not bootable : A Hard Drive must be formatted and partitioned before it can be used. – Not detected by the BIOS - Check on a different m/c. ∗ It works fine. ∗ It does not work. • Others – System forgets time/settings
- 57. Organized by KReSIT and IIT Bombay Prabhat Home Title Page Previous Page 57 of 57 Full Screen Close Quit