1 introduction
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The document provides an overview of database systems, defining a database as a collection of related data that supports the activities of an enterprise. It discusses the role of Database Management Systems (DBMS), which facilitate data organization, retrieval, and management while overcoming challenges in traditional file systems. The content also covers various data models, the three-schema architecture, and the development process of database systems, emphasizing the need for flexibility and independence between data and schema.
1 introduction
- 1. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 1 Database Systems Introduction Dr P Sreenivasa Kumar Professor CS&E Department I I T Madras
- 2. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 2 Introduction What is a Database? A collection of related pieces of data: Representing/capturing the information about a real-world enterprise or part of an enterprise. Collected and maintained to serve specific data management needs of the enterprise. Activities of the enterprise are supported by the database and continually update the database.
- 3. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 3 University Database: Data about students, faculty, courses, research- laboratories, course registration/enrollment etc. Reflects the state of affairs of the academic aspects of the university. Purpose: To keep an accurate track of the academic activities of the university. An Example
- 4. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 4 Database Management System (DBMS) A general purpose software system enabling: Creation of large disk-resident databases. Posing of data retrieval queries in a standard manner. Retrieval of query results efficiently. Concurrent use of the system by a large number of users in a consistent manner. Guaranteed availability of data irrespective of system failures.
- 5. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 5 OS File System Storage Based Approach • Files of records – used for data storage • data redundancy – wastage of space • maintaining consistency becomes difficult • Record structures – hard coded into the programs • structure modifications – hard to perform • Each different data access request (a query) • performed by a separate program • difficult to anticipate all such requests • Creating the system • requires a lot of effort • Managing concurrent access and failure recovery are difficult
- 6. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 6 DBMS Approach DBMS • separation of data and metadata • flexibility of changing metadata • program-data independence Data access language • standardized – SQL • ad-hoc query formulation – easy System development • less effort required • concentration on logical level design is enough • components to organize data storage process queries, manage concurrent access, recovery from failures, manage access control are all available
- 7. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 7 Collection of conceptual tools to describe the database at a certain level of abstraction. Conceptual Data Model a high level description useful for requirements understanding. Representational Data Model describing the logical representation of data without giving details of physical representation. Physical Data Model description giving details about record formats, file structures etc. Data Model
- 8. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 8 A conceptual level data model. Provides the concepts of entities, relationships and attributes. The University Database Context Entities: student, faculty member, course, departments etc. Relationships: enrollment relationship between student & course, employment relationship between faculty member, department etc. Attributes: name, rollNumber, address etc., of student entity, name, empNumber, phoneNumber etc., of faculty entity etc. More details will be given in the E/R Model Module. E/R (Entity/Relationship) Model
- 9. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 9 Representational Level Data Model Relational Model : Provides the concept of a relation. In the context of university database: Relation scheme: Attribute names of the relation. Relation data/instance: set of data tuples. More details will be given in Relational Data Model Module. SName RollNumber JoiningYear BirthDate Program Dept Sriram CS04B123 2004 15Aug1982 BTech CS …. …. …. …. …. …. Data tuple student Relation name Attributes
- 10. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 10 Data versus Schema or Meta-Data DBMS is generic in nature not tied to a single database capable of managing several databases at a time Data and schema are stored separately. In RDBMS context: Schema – table names, attribute names with their data types for each table and constraints etc. Database definition – setting up the skeleton structure Database Loading/populating – storing data
- 11. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 11 Abstraction Levels in a DBMS: Three-Schema Architecture V1 V3 Vm R1 R2 Rn F1 F2 Fp V2 VL ⇔ LL mapping LL ⇔ PL mapping View Level(VL) scheme Set of views Set of relations … … … Logical Level(LL) scheme Physical Level(PL) Scheme Data: set of files/index files PDI LDI
- 12. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 12 View Level Schema Each view describes an aspect of the database relevant to a particular group of users. For instance, in the context of a library database: Books Purchase Section Issue/Returns Management Section Users Management Section Each section views/uses a portion of the entire data. Views can be set up for each section of users. Three-schema Architecture(1/2)
- 13. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 13 Logical Level Schema Describes the logical structure of the entire database. No physical level details are given. Physical Level Schema Describes the physical structure of data in terms of record formats, file structures, indexes etc. Remarks • Views are optional - Can be set up if the DB system is very large and if easily identifiable user-groups exist • The logical scheme is essential • Modern RDBMS’s hide details of the physical layer Three-schema Architecture(2/2)
- 14. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 14 The ability to modify physical level schema without affecting the logical or view level schema. Performance tuning – modification at physical level creating a new index etc. Physical Data Independence – modification is localized achieved by suitably modifying PL-LL mapping. a very important feature of modern DBMS. Physical Data Independence Three Schema ArchThree Schema Arch
- 15. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 15 Logical Data Independence The ability to change the logical level scheme without affecting the view level schemes or application programs Adding a new attribute to some relation • no need to change the programs or views that don’t require to use the new attribute Deleting an attribute • no need to change the programs or views that use the remaining data • view definitions in VL-LL mapping only need to be changed for views that use the deleted attribute Three-schema Architecture
- 16. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 16 Development Process of a Database System (1/2) Step 1. Requirements collection Data model requirements various pieces of data to be stored and the interrelationships. presented using a conceptual data model such as E/R model. Functional requirements various operations that need to be performed as part of running the enterprise. acquiring a new book, enrolling a new user, issuing a book to the user, recording the return of a book etc.
- 17. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 17 Step 2. Convert the data model into a representational level model typically relational data model. choose an RDBMS system and create the database. Step 3. Convert the functional requirements into application programs programs in a high-level language that use embedded SQL to interact with the database and carry out the required tasks. Development process of a database system (2/2)
- 18. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 18 Architecture of an RDBMS system Compiled Appln pgms Appln Pgm compiler Query compiler DDL and other command processor Query optimizer RDBMS Run Time System Trans Manager Buffer Manager Recovery Manager Meta data data Log Disk Storage DDL Commands Control Commands (DBA) Ad-hoc queries (Analyst) GUI/parameter values Application programs
- 19. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 19 Architecture Details (1/3) Disk Storage: Meta-data – schema - table definition, view definitions, mappings Data – relation instances, index structures statistics about data Log – record of database update operations essential for failure recovery DDL and other command processor: Commands for relation scheme creation Constraints setting Commands for handling authorization and data access control
- 20. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 20 Architecture Details (2/3) Query compiler SQL adhoc queries Compiles update / delete commands Query optimizers Selects a near optimal plan for executing a query - relation properties and index structures are utilized Application Program Compiler Preprocess to separate embedded SQL commands Use host language compiler to compile rest of the program Integrate the compiled program with the libraries for SQL commands supplied by RDBMS
- 21. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 21 Architecture Details (3/3) RDBMS Run Time System: Executes Compiled queries, Compiled application programs Interacts with Transaction Manager, Buffer Manager Transaction Manager: Keeps track of start, end of each transaction Enforces concurrency control protocols Buffer Manager: Manages disk space Implements paging mechanism Recovery Manager: Takes control as restart after a failure Brings the system to a consistent state before it can be resumed
- 22. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 22 Roles for people in an Info System Management (1/2) Naive users / Data entry operators • Use the GUI provided by an application program • Feed-in the data and invoke an operation - e.g., person at the train reservation counter, person at library issue / return counter • No deep knowledge of the IS required Application Programmers • Embed SQL in a high-level language and develop programs to handle functional requirements of an IS • Should thoroughly understand the logical schema or relevant views • Meticulous testing of programs - necessary
- 23. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 23 Roles for people in an Info System management (2/2) Sophisticated user / data analyst: Uses SQL to generate answers for complex queries DBA (Database Administrator) Designing the logical scheme Creating the structure of the entire database Monitor usage and create necessary index structures to speed up query execution Grant / Revoke data access permissions to other users etc.
- 24. Prof P Sreenivasa Kumar Department of CS&E, IITM 24 Text Books Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, 3rd Edition, Addison Wesley, 2000. Raghu Ramakrishnan and Johannes Gehrke, Database Management Systems, 3rd Edition, McGraw Hill, 2003. A Silberschatz, H F Korth and S Sudarshan, Database System Concepts, 5th Edition, 2006. H Garcia-Molina, J D Ullman, and Jennifer Widom, Database Systems-The Complete Book, Pearson Education, 2004.