1.1. Counting jails and prisons, approximately how many citizens a.docx

1.
1. Counting jails and prisons, approximately how many citizens
are incarcerated?
2.
2. Which important scholar argued that criminals and their
punishment are functional in society, help to define norms and
expectations for conformity?
3.
3. Political liberals and _______________ encouraged reform of
the prison system during the Enlightenment Period.
4.
4. Lex talionis embodies which of the following principles?
5.
5. The Penitentiary Act was based upon four core principles
where prisoners were confined in solitary cells and labored
silently in common rooms. They include
6.
6. How was the existing system of justice altered during the
Enlightenment?
7.
7. The __________ was a penitentiary system developed in
Pennsylvania in which each inmate was held in isolation from
other inmates.
8.
8. During the Progressive Reform Era, two main strategies were
implemented. They included improving conditions in social
environments and ______________.

9.
9. The Military Commissions Act (MCA) __________ the
ability of “unlawful enemy combatants” to file a writ of habeas
corpus.
10.
10. Which court decision held the basic elements of procedural
due process must be present when decisions are made
concerning the disciplining of an inmate?
11.
11. Which case allowed inmates to sue state officials for
brutality, inadequate medical care and nutrition, theft of
personal property and the denial of basic rights:
12.
12. In Boumediene v. Bush, the Court ruled the detainees at
Guantanamo Bay are entitled to:
13.
13. According to the Supreme Court, the term “totality of
conditions” may be legally interpreted as:
14.
14. The right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment is
found in which Amendment?
15.
15. Experts usually cite _________ as reasons wrongful
convictions occur.
16.
16. Probationary sentences emphasize guidance and
______________ in the community.

17.
17. In the Booker decision, the justices said that sentencing
guidelines are:
18.
18. Restorative justice sees crime as a violation against which
of the following?
19.
19. Which of the following is an argument for a centralized
probation authority?
20.
20. Which of the following was not an innovation initially
developed by John Augustus?
21.
21. Between 1200 and 1827, English law:
22.
22. Recognizance was first used in court to recognize a formally
recorded ___________to perform some act entered by a judge to
permit an offender to live in the community.
23.
23. Judges may use a range of ________________ sanctions
from those exerting a low level of control to those exerting a
high level of control.
24.
24. The concept of community corrections is best understood as
a goal. That goal clearly is to:
25.
25. The new movement that seeks to establish correctional
programs falling between standard probation and prison is

called:
26.
26. A major criticism of probation, as traditionally practiced, is
that:
27.
27. Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a
probation officer with a limited caseload is known as:
28.
28. According to your text, jail suicides are primarily caused
by:
29.
29. By far the most successful pretrial release program is:
30.
30. __________ is a drug that inhibits drinking.
31.
31. America’s oldest prison was built in 1798. This prison was
located in what city in New Jersey:
32.
32. The prison design most often used for female and juvenile
inmates is:
33.
33. The __________ model was dominant in the 1960s and early
1970s.
34.
34. At present, the focus of corrections has shifted to:
35.

35. Most prisons employ a __________ model.
36.
36. According to sociologists, the “big house” image of the
American prison has:
37.
37. A majority of all state prisoners throughout the country are
housed in __________ prisons.
38.
38. With the correctional focus shifting to crime control, some
believe offenders have had it too soft, resulting in:
39.
39. Responsibility of housing federal pretrial detainees belongs
to:
40.
40. Prisons designed to hold the “toughest of the tough” are
called:
41.
41. In prison, gangs are organized primarily to:
42.
42. A set of rules of conduct that reflect the values and norms
of the prison social system and help to define for inmates the
characteristics associated with the model prisoner is known as
the:
43.
43. The adaptive role within prison where inmates see the
period in prison as a temporary break in their criminal careers is
known as: When an inmate views his/her incarceration as a
temporary break in their criminal career, their adaptive role is

known as:
44.
44. Because inmates are not allowed to carry any currency, the
primary method of exchange in prison is:
45.
45. Correctional leaders have found the best way to weaken
prison gangs is to:
46.
46. Which of the following is not a purpose of gangs in prison?
47.
47. Inmates who fall victim to sexual violence while
incarcerated tend to be:
48.
48. In prison terminology the “fish” is a(n):
49.
49. A principal feature in prison society which reinforces the
norms and roles of the social system and influences the nature
of interpersonal relationships is known as:
50.
50. In 2003 the Prison Rape Elimination Act was created in
order to:
Ecological Services
In a 2-3 page paper, using APA-style formatting, define and
discuss the concept of ecological services. Then, review the
“Ecological Services of Rivers” outlined in Mini Lecture: Water
Resources and Water Pollution. From the list, identify two
services you believe are the most important and cite at least 3

reasons why. Also, choose two services that you think are most
likely to decline due to human influence and cite at least 3
examples of the result of decline of those services.
Grading Criteria Assignments
Maximum Points
Meets or exceeds established assignment criteria
0-50
Demonstrates an understanding of lesson concepts
0-20
Clearly present well-reasoned ideas and concepts
0-30
Mechanics, punctuation, sentence structure, spelling that affects
clarity, APA formatting.
Up to -10
Total
100
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[removed][removed]

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