1.1_ INTRODUCTION - URBAN THEORY AND HISTORY.pdf
- 1. Topic review 1. Personality Introduction and Class Policy 2. Brief discussion about Urban Design and Community Architecture. 3. Appreciate the course
- 2. PLANNING 2 URBAN DESIGN Lesson 1.1: Historical background and Theories
- 3. I. History of Urban Design Five things that made the city: 1. Basic needs: self-preservation 2. Culture 3. Geography and Climate 4. Technology 5. Religion and Power
- 4. Cities grown in two ways Natural way – according to Alexander (1964) people are simple starting to build for their own “basic needs”, specifically for shelter.
- 5. Cities grown in two ways Artificial way – master plan is prepared, streets, squares, and urban blocks. The “sense of order” (Stanislawski, 1947)
- 6. II. Urban transformations “Evolution of Cities” A. Neolithic settlements B. Classical Planning - Urban Beginning C. Medieval Planning (The Dark Ages) D. Medieval planning (European recovery) E. Renaissance Cities F. Industrial Cities G. Early 20th Century
- 7. A. Neolithic settlements Proto-City - lack of planning and centralized rule.
- 9. Catal Huyuk – a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, Turkey.
- 13. Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylon between 1126 and 1105 BC straight streets, meeting at right angles.
- 14. A. Neolithic settlements True Cities (3,500 BC)
- 15. The old city of Damascus Considered to be among the oldest continually inhabited cities in the world. Inhabited as early as 8,000 to 10,000 BC.
- 16. Cities in the Nile Valley (3,000 BC) • Thebes and Memphis – cities
- 17. Cities of the Indus Valley (Pakistan) Mohenjo-Daro and Harrapa – administrative-religious centers with 40,000 inhabitants. Advanced civilizations, variations of housing, sanitary and sewage systems.
- 18. https://nsms6thgradesocialstudies.weebly.com/ Unlike the other three river valley civilizations, the civilization that began along one of China’s river systems continues to thrive today. • Anyang – ancient city of Yin; the capital of China
- 19. B. Classical Planning Urban Beginnings
- 20. Priene was an ancient Greek city of Ionia or Anatolia today Hippodamus of Miletus (479 BC) – ancient Greek architect. His plan called “Hippodamian grid.”
- 21. Sparta and Athens – largest cities in Greece. 40,000 citizens plus 100,000 slaves/foreigners. o Athens –largest city state.
- 25. Topography affects the Urban design In its broadest sense, may mean the general terrain or contour of the surface of the entire country. • Mountain regions - building should appear to grow out of its surroundings. The buildings should be 'informal’. • Level country - 'Formal' or balanced scheme is more satisfactory.
- 26. Urban design of Roman cities follows clear laws for the development of public and military services. These urban rules were developed during nearly 10 centuries in order to create the different cities. ✓ Rectangular plan and resembled a roman military camp with two major roads.
- 27. C. Medieval Planning The Dark Ages Since few cities developed very much during Europe’s Dark Ages, almost Islamic cities were Irregular, particularly to the layout of housing.
- 28. https://www.pinterest.ph/L2DesignLLC/ Irregularities in planning: 1. Nature of sites. 2. Defensive purposes. 3. They just follow the nature’s contours’ 4. Narrower streets because mules were used for transportation before.
- 29. D. Medieval Planning European recovery Focal point of radial city growth was the cathedral, retained the walled city from Roman practice.
- 30. https://www.pinterest.ph/L2DesignLLC/ Protected by high walls; streets were narrow and unpaved. Sienna and Constantinople – rise of the Church. Focal point of radial city growth was the cathedral, retained the walled city from Roman practice. But enclosure of cities posed problems because of growing populations, limited resources, epidemics and unhealthy environment.
- 31. E. Renaissance Cities Arts and architecture became a major element of town planning and urban design.
- 32. St. Peter’s Basilica, Formal piazzas squares fostered by Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Axis style of City design became prominent in this era.
- 33. Ideal city of Sforzinda – the first ideal city plan of the Renaissance by Filarete. Planned a pointed star within a circular moat. Starshaped Fortress – the ideal Renaissance city
- 34. City of Palmanove “star-shaped city” It is effectively in the shape of nine-pointed star, it has recently become part of the Unesco World Heritage Site.
- 35. Georges-Eugene Haussmann ▪ Renovated the Paris. ▪ Paris the best planned city and its design is still used for other developments. ▪ The Arc de Triomphe became the center of twelve avenues, radiating outward, connecting to the city.
- 37. Baroque • Reigning monarchs of the western world. • Marked by monumentalism and grandeur, huge open spaces were created in cities with majestic boulevards. • Versailles – landscape architecture showcased palaces and gardens.
- 38. F. Industrial Cities The beginning of Industrial revolution. “Machine age”
- 39. Industrial City design by Tony Garnier He was a French architect and city planner. His basic idea included the separation of spaces by function through zoning into several categories. First produced plan for the ideal industrial town in 1904.
- 40. Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud o JJP Oud (Dutch Architect) adopted the Industrial City design by Tony Garnier. o In 1918 Oud was appointed housing architect to the city of Rotterdam, in which post he was required to supply sorely needed mass housing for workers. Kiefhoek Housing Development
- 41. The Spangen municipal housing project According to JJP, The town plan is generally dominated by two elements: the street and the square. The street as a string of houses; the square as a focus of streets.
- 42. G. Early 20th Century Historical concept of urban planning from art to technics. The artistic grandeur of earlier times and more to do with the technician’s approach to the city as a functional entity.
- 43. By 1910, the US population tripled from 31.4 million to 91.9 million residents. Overall urban ugliness at alongside corrupt government structures set the tone for social unrest, labor strikes and disease.
- 44. Architect and Urban Designer, Daniel Burnham, and Landscape Architect, Fredrick Law-Olmsted recognized the dismal state of American urban affairs and hoped to reverse these conditions. “City Beautiful movement” encourage civic pride and engagement.
- 45. Takes inspiration from the seductive grand plazas, wide avenues, symmetrical design and monuments that adorn the French Beaux-Arts style of architecture. For the people to respect their environment and in turn become loyal, dignified citizens.
- 46. Burnham’s Manila plan drew its influences mainly from his plans for Chicago, San Francisco, and Washington. Common characteristics like wide radial avenues, landscaped promenades, and, most importantly, a civic core that is envisioned to be the center of the city.
- 48. The capital of Pakistan designed by Constantine Doxiadis • Separates cars and people • Allow easy and affordable access to public transport. • No losing the human scale of “Communities”
- 49. Designed in the 1920s by Le Corbusier, one of Modernism’s most influential architects, the “Radiant City” was to be a linear and ordered metropolis of the future.
- 50. Building blocks Vertical architecture and leave plenty of shared open space in between for people to use and enjoy. Horizontal areas would serve as traffic corridors as well as public landscapes with lush greenery. Streets: Transportation and people Pedestrians, cyclists, drivers and public transportation users were given dedicated routes to get around.
- 51. Brasilia designed by Lucio Costa (Brazilian architect and urban planner) 1957 master plan for Brasilia, the new capital of Brazil and The simple concept behind the plan form was an aero plane.
- 52. Topic review How the cities grown in two ways?
- 53. Cities grown in two ways Natural way – according to Alexander (1964) people are simple starting to build for their own “basic needs”, specifically for shelter.
- 54. Cities grown in two ways Artificial way – master plan is prepared, streets, squares, and urban blocks. The “sense of order” (Stanislawski, 1947)