human computer interface
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This document discusses human-computer interfaces (HCI). It defines HCI as the process of information transfer between users and machines, and how users see and interact with computer systems. The document outlines different types of interfaces like command line, menu driven, and graphical user interfaces. It also discusses advances in HCI including wearable, wireless, and virtual devices. Multimodal interfaces that combine multiple input modes are presented as beneficial for disabled users.
human computer interface
- 1. Human Computer Interface(HCI) D.Sowmya 10135A1204 Information Technology 18/03/2013 1
- 2. Outline Introduction What is HCI? Types of interfaces Existing technologies Advances in HCI Architecture Applications Advantages and Disadvantages Conclusion References 18/03/2013 2
- 3. Introduction Human • The end-user • The members of an organization Computer • Hardware • Software Interface • A point where two objects meet. • A point where the human can tell the computer what to do. • A point where the computer displays the requested information. 18/03/2013 3
- 4. What is HCI? • A process of information transfer User to Machine Machine to User • HCI is also referred to as Man Machine Interaction. • HCI is what the user sees and includes: The physical controls What the system looks like? How the system accepts input from the user? How the system responds to user input? How the system outputs the results of processing? 18/03/2013 4
- 5. Types of Interfaces • Command Line Interface (CLI) A CLI displays a prompt, the user types a command on the keyboard, the computer executes the command and provides textual output. • Menu Driven Interface The user has a list of items to choose from, and can make selections by highlighting one. Graphical User Interface (GUI) Uses windows, icons, menus and pointers (WIMP) which can be manipulated by a mouse (and often to an extent by a keyboard as well). Natural Language Interface Can range from simple command systems to voice activated text processing. Commands are spoken in “normal” language. 18/03/2013 5
- 6. Existing Technologies • The existing interfaces differ in the degree of complexity both because of degree of functionality or usability. • The user activity has three different levels: Physical Cognitive Affective The existing physical technologies for HCI basically can be categorized by human senses. • These devices are basically relying on three human senses: vision, audio, and touch. 18/03/2013 6
- 7. Advances in HCI • The new advances in HCI can be categorized in 3 sections: wearable devices, wireless devices, and virtual devices • Examples: GPS Navigation Systems Military super-soldier enhancing devices PDA Canesta Keyboard(QWERTY pattern) 18/03/2013 7
- 8. Contd.. • Recent advances of research in HCI are in these areas: Intelligent and Adaptive interfaces Ubiquitous computing(UbiComp) • These interfaces involve different levels of user activity: physical, cognitive, and affective. • Intelligent and Adaptive Interface: Intelligent HCI designs are interfaces that incorporate at least some kind of intelligence in perception from and/or response to users. Ex: Speech enabled interfaces that use natural language to interact with users and devices 18/03/2013 8
- 9. Contd.. Adaptive HCI designs, on the other hand, may not use intelligence in the creation of interface but use it to interact with users. Ex: A website using regular GUI for selling various products Intelligent and adaptive interfaces are active interfaces Non-Intelligent interfaces are passive in nature Tablet PC is an example that uses both intelligent and adaptive interfaces and it has handwriting recognition ability. • Ubiquitous Computing: The idea of ubiquitous computing was to embed computers everywhere in the environment and everyday objects so that people could interact with many computers 18/03/2013 9
- 12. Architecture • Architecture of any HCI systems is identified by: Number of inputs and outputs in the system Diversity of inputs and outputs in terms of modality Workings of these diverse input and output for interaction purpose • Based on different configuration and design of interface, HCI systems can be divided into: Unimodal HCI system Multimodal HCI system 18/03/2013 12
- 13. Unimodal HCI System • An interface mainly relies on number and diversity of its inputs and outputs which are communication channels that enable users to interact with computer via this interface. • A system that is based on only one modality is called unimodal. • Based on the nature of different modalities, they can be divided into three categories: Audio-Based Sensor-Based Visual-Based 18/03/2013 13
- 14. Audio Based HCI It deals with information acquired by different audio signals. The information gathered from audio signals can be more trustable, helpful and in some cases unique providers of information. Key components: Microphone ASR(automated speech recognition) and NLU(natural language understanding) software The main research areas of Audio based HCI are divided into: Speech Recognition Speaker Recognition Auditory Emotion Analysis Human-Made Noise/Sign Detections Musical Interaction18/03/2013 14
- 15. Sensor Based HCI It has the wide range of applications in our day-to-day life. The common feature in every application is that at least one physical sensor is used between machine and human to provide interaction. Some of the sensors range from being very sophisticated to primitive : Pen-Based Interaction Motion Tracking Sensors/Digitizers Haptic Sensors Pressure Sensors Keyboard, Mouse, Joysticks 18/03/2013 15
- 16. Visual Based HCI It is also called as machine vision which is the observation of an environment using cameras. In this, different aspects of human responses can be recognised visual signals. Detection, identification and tracking of a real life entity and its translation into meaningful machine/computer input. The main research areas of visual based HCI are: Facial Expression Analysis Body Movement tracking and Gesture recognition Gaze Detection Sixth Sense is one of the Visual based HCI technologies which is a wearable “Gesture Based” device. 18/03/2013 16
- 17. Sixth Sense A small projector-a pendant prototype to be worn around the neck Connected to the mobile computing device in the user‟s pocket Components: Camera, Projector, Mirror, Mobile Component, Colour Markers 18/03/2013 17
- 19. Sixth Sense 18/03/2013 19 Application ◦ Take pictures
- 20. Limitations of Unimodal HCI • Not a natural way of human interaction • Usually designed for the „average‟ user • Fails to cater to the needs of a diverse category of people • Difficult to use by disabled, illiterate and untrained people • Cannot provide universal interface 18/03/2013 20
- 21. Multimodal HCI System Combination of multiple modalities, or usage of more than one independent channel signals for the interaction between a user and a machine is termed as multimodal human computer interaction system (MMHCI). A multimodal interface acts as a facilitator of human-computer interaction via two or more modes of input. It is easy to use by disabled, illiterate people. A classic example of a multimodal system is the “Put That There” demonstration system. 18/03/2013 21
- 23. Bharati - A Multimodal Web Interface 18/03/2013 23 A internet user interface for both language and computer illiterate people: text, speech, icon
- 24. Bharati Chitra Iconic module for the people unable to read/write in their mother tongue. 18/03/2013 24
- 25. Bharati Dhwani Speech based module for those who can speak but not reading/writing ability in their mother tongue. 18/03/2013 25
- 26. Bharati Akshar Text based module for the user unable to use English. 18/03/2013 26
- 28. Applications Intelligent Homes/Offices Driver Monitoring Intelligent Games E-Commerce Helping People with Disabilities 18/03/2013 28
- 29. Helping People with Disabilities • A good application of multimodal systems is to address and assist disabled people. • In this system users can interact with machine using voice and head movements. • Two modalities are used and both are active continuously: speech and head movements. • Speech provides the needed information about the meaning of the action that must be performed with an object selected by the cursor. • The head position indicates the coordinates of the cursor on the screen at the current moment. 18/03/2013 29
- 31. Command Line Interface Advantages ◦ Very flexible with the use of “switches” (options) ◦ Good for “expert” users - can quickly access commands ◦ Uses the fewest system resources Disadvantages ◦ Requires the user to learn “complex” commands or language ◦ “Hidden” features i.e. if the command is unknown we cannot make use of that feature ◦ Not very good for novice users 18/03/2013 31
- 32. Menu Driven Interface Advantages ◦ No need to learn complex commands/language ◦ Easier for a novice to learn/use ◦ Ideal when there are a limited number of options (efficient) Disadvantages ◦ Can be frustrating for experienced users i.e. the command they want to use is buried 5 levels deep. ◦ User interface may be limited by screen space and number of options available. 18/03/2013 32
- 33. Graphical User Interface Advantages ◦ Most suitable interface for inexperienced or novice users ◦ Many generic packages for a GUI will share common features Disadvantages ◦ GUIs use more system resources than other types of interface 18/03/2013 33
- 34. Natural Language Interface Advantages ◦ No training required ◦ Can be quicker than keyboard entry ◦ Hands-free ◦ Can be used by the disabled Disadvantages ◦ Emerging technology – still contains “bugs” ◦ Difficulty in dealing with homonyms ◦ Difficult to recognise all the different ways of saying things (and regional dialects) ◦ Artificial languages are often more precise 18/03/2013 34
- 35. Conclusion Quality of system depends on how it is represented and used by user Therefore, enormous amount of attention has been paid to better designs of HCI. Virtual reality can be the common interface in future UbiComp is trying to embed the technology in the environment and make it invisible at the same time. Natural and Neural Interfaces are the future of Human-Computer input interfaces 18/03/2013 35
- 36. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Computer_Interface http://hci.stanford.edu/courses/cs547/ A. Chapanis, Man Machine Engineering, Wadsworth, Belmont http://ijcsms.com/journals/Volume%2011,%20Issue%2002,%20A ug%202011_Paper25.pdf D. Te‟eni, “Designs that fit: an overview of fit conceptualization in HCI”, in P. Zhang and D. Galletta (eds), Human-Computer Interaction and Management Information Systems: Foundations, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk 18/03/2013 36