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PRANOOSH.T
EEE
ROLL NO 25
REG NO:ETANPEE025

 What is satellite?
 What is satellite communication?
 Satellite Architecture.
 Elements for satellite communication.
 Orbits for satellite communication.
 Evolution of satellite communication.

 Services of satellite communication.
 Frequency Bands and Beams.
 Advantages of satellite communication.
 Applications of satellite communication.
 The future of satellite communication.
 Conclusion

 An artificial body placed in orbit around the
earth to collect information or for
communication.

 For example, Earth is a satellite because it
orbits the sun.

 A communications satellite is a radio relay
station in orbit above the earth.
 It receives, amplifies, and redirects analog and
digital signals carried on a specific radio
frequency.

 Satellite communications play a vital role in
the global telecommunications system.

 Two major elements of Satellite Communications
Systems are:
 Space Segment
 Ground Segment

 Space Segment includes:
 Satellite
 Means for launching satellite
 Electrical Power System
 Mechanical structure
 Communication transponders
 Communication Antennas
 Attitude and orbit control
system

 Satellite Control Centre function:
 Tracking of the satellite
 Receiving data
 Eclipse management of satellite

Conti…..
 Commanding the Satellite for station keeping.
 Determining Orbital parameters from Tracking
and Ranging data
 Switching ON/OFF of different subsystems as per
the operational requirements

 The ground segment consists of
 Earth Stations
 Rear Ward Communication links
 User terminals and interfaces
 Network control centre
 Transmit equipment.
 Receive equipment.
 Antenna system.

 The path a Satellite follows around a planet is
defined as an orbit.
 Satellite Orbits are classified in two broad
categories :
 Non-Geostationary Orbit (NGSO)
 Geo Stationary Orbit (GSO)

( )
 Early ventures with satellite communications used
satellites in Non-geostationary low earth orbits due to the
technical limitations of the launch vehicles in placing
satellites in higher orbits.

 Classification of NGSOs as per the orbital plane
are:
 Polar Orbit: In polar orbit the satellite moves from pole to pole
and the inclination is equal to 90 degrees.
 Equatorial Orbit: In equatorial orbit the orbital plane lies in the
equatorial plane of the earth and the inclination is zero or very
small.
 Inclined Orbit: All orbits other than polar orbit and equatorial
orbit are called inclined orbit.

Advantages of NGSO
 Less booster power required
 Less delay in transmission path
 Reduced problem of echo in voice communications
 Suitability for providing service at higher latitude
 Lower cost to build and launch satellites at NGSO

Disadvantages of NGSO
 Complex problem of transferring signal from one
satellite to another.
 Less expected life of satellites at NGSO
 Requires frequent replacement of satellites
compared to satellite in GSO.

Conti…..
 Problem of increasing space trash in the outer space.
 Requirement of a large number of orbiting satellites for
global coverage.
 As each low earth orbit satellite covers a small portion of
the earth’s surface for a short time.

 There is only one geostationary orbit
possible around the earth
 Lying on the earth’s equatorial plane.
 The satellite orbiting at the same speed as the
rotational speed of the earth on its axis.

 Advantages:
 Simple ground station tracking.
 Nearly constant range
 Very small frequency shift
 Disadvantages:
 Transmission delay of the order of 250 msec.
 Large free space loss
 No polar coverage

 Satellite orbits in terms
of the orbital height:
 According to distance from
earth:
 Geosynchronous Earth Orbit
(GEO)
 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
 Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

GEO: 35,786 km above the earth
MEO: 8,000-20,000 km above the earth
LEO: 500-2,000 km above the earth

All spacecraft systems rely directly on electrical
energy to activate and control them: Without
electrical power, a satellite becomes nothing more
than an inert piece of space junk

 During early 1950s, both passive and active satellites
were considered for the purpose of communications over
a large distance.
 Passive satellites though successfully used in the early
years of satellite communications, with the advancement
in technology active satellites have completely replaced
the passive satellites.

Passive Satellites
 A satellite that only reflects signals from one Earth
station to another, or from several Earth stations to
several others.
 It reflect the incident electromagnetic radiation without
any modification or amplification.
 It can't generate power, they simply reflect the incident
power.

Passive Satellites
 The first artificial passive satellite Echo-I of NASA was
launched in August 1960.

Disadvantages
 Earth Stations required high power to transmit signals.
 Large Earth Stations with tracking facilities were expensive.
 A global system would have required a large number of passive
satellites accessed randomly by different users.
 Control of satellites not possible from ground.
 The large attenuation of the signal while traveling the large
distance between the transmitter and the receiver via the
satellite was one of the most serious problems.

Active Satellites
 In active satellites, it amplify or modify and retransmit the
signal from the earth.
 Satellites which can transmit power are called active satellite.
 Have several advantages over the passive satellites.
 Require lower power earth station.
 Less costly.
 Not open to random use.
 Directly controlled by operators from ground.

 World’s first active satellite was SCORE (Satellite
Communication by Orbiting Relay Equipment)
 Launched by US Air force in 1958.
 At orbital height of 110 to 900 miles.
 The first fully active satellite was Courier
 Launched into an orbit of 600 - 700 mile,
 By Department of Defense in 1960.

Disadvantages
 Requirement of larger and powerful rockets to launch
heavier satellites in orbit.
 Requirement of on-board power supply.
 Interruption of service due to failure of electronics
components

 One-way satellite services are:
 Broadcast Satellite Service: Radio, TV, Data
broadcasting.
 Safety services : Search & Rescue, Disaster Warning
 Radio Determination Satellite Service(Position location)
 Standard frequency and time signal satellite service
 Space Research Service.
 Space operations service.
 Earth Exploration Satellite Service.

 Two-way satellite services are:
 Fixed Satellite Service: Telephone, fax, high bit rate
data etc.
 Mobile Satellite Service: Land mobile, Marine time
mobile, Aero-mobile, personal communications.
 Satellite News Gathering.
 Inter Satellite Service.

 Universal: Satellite communications are
available virtually everywhere.
 Versatile: Satellites can support all of today's
communications needs .

Conti…..
 RELIABLE: Satellite is a proven medium for
supporting a company's communications needs.
 SEAMLESS: Satellite's inherent strength as a
broadcast medium makes it perfect.
 FAST: Since satellite networks can be set up quickly,
companies can be fast-to-market with new services.

Conti…..
 Flexible
 Expandable
 High Quality
 Quick Provision of Services
 Mobile and Emergency Communication
 Suitable for both Digital and Analog Transmission

 Telephone
 Television
 Digital cinema
 Radio
 Internet access
 Military
 Mapping
 Weather
 Navigation
 Earth Observation
(Agriculture, Forestry, Geology, Risk management,
Environment)

 SMART GRID
 LOCAL BREAKER BACKUP IN TRANSMISSION LINE
 ABOVE 1000MW GENERATON PLANT USE VSAT
COMMUNICATION FOR PROTECTION AND
GENARATION
 CLIMATE CHANGE STUDY FOR WIND/TIDAL/SOLAR
POWER PLANTS
 SCADA ,RTU
 FAULT FINDING IN HVDC/HVAC TRANSMISSION LINE
USING GPS
 SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING FOR ASSESSMENT OF
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS ENVIRONMENT

Sources of emitted and reflected radiation
in thermal remote sensing of rivers

 Future communication satellites will have
 more onboard processing capabilities,
 more power, and
 larger-aperture antennas
that will enable satellites to handle more bandwidth.
 The demand for more bandwidth will ensure the long-
term viability of the commercial satellite industry well
into the 21st century.

 In addition, other technical innovations such as low-cost
reusable launch vehicles are in development.
 Further improvements in satellites’ propulsion and power systems
will increase their service life to 20–30 years from the current 10–15
years.
 LASER Communications

 By going through the above slides we came to know
that satellite is mostly responsible for:
 Telecommunication transmission
 Reception of television signals
 Whether forecasting
 Electrical power systems
 Which is very important in our daily life.

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Editor's Notes