1-intro - Copy (2).ppt
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This document provides an overview of an operating systems course. It introduces operating systems as the code that manages hardware resources and provides users with logical abstractions. It discusses the resources that operating systems manage like the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. The document also outlines the major components of an operating system and how operating systems have evolved from simple batch systems to modern distributed and parallel systems.
![1/24/2023 5
The OS is Everywhere
main(int argc, char **argv)
{ int fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);
if (fd < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, “Failed to openn”);
exit(-1);
}
while (1) {
if (read(fd, &c, sizeof c) != 1)
exit(-1);
putc( c )
}
}
• Edit
• Compile
• Run/Create Process
• Invoke main
• Open file
– check access
– cache
– read character
• Write character
• Terminate process on EOF or Err
% cc main.c
% ./a.out /tmp/foo.bar](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-intro-copy2-230124142838-b093a89f/85/1-intro-Copy-2-ppt-5-320.jpg)
1-intro - Copy (2).ppt
- 1. Operating Systems CSE451 Spring 2000 Instructor: Gary Kimura Slides courtesy of Hank Levy
- 2. 1/24/2023 2 What is an Operating System? • “all the code that you didn’t write” • the code that manages physical (hardware) resources • provides users with “logical” well-behaved environment • O.S. defines a set of logical resources (objects) and a set of well-defined operations on those objects (i.e., an interface to use those objects) • provides mechanisms and policies for the control of objects/resources • controls how different users and programs interact • without an O.S. there would be a lot more work to write and run programs
- 3. 1/24/2023 3 What resources need to be managed? • the CPU (computation) • primary memory • secondary memory devices (disks, tapes, etc) • networks • input devices (keyboard, mouse) • various I/O devices (printers, display, cameras, speakers)
- 4. 1/24/2023 4 What’s in an OS? Machine Dependent Services Interrupts, Cache, Physical Memory, TLB, Hardware Devices Generic I/O File System Memory Management Process Management Virtual Memory Networking Naming Access Control Windowing & graphics Windowing & Gfx Machine Independent Services Application Services SYSTEM CALL API MD API Device Drivers Shells System Utils Quake Sql Server Logical OS Structure
- 5. 1/24/2023 5 The OS is Everywhere main(int argc, char **argv) { int fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY); if (fd < 0) { fprintf(stderr, “Failed to openn”); exit(-1); } while (1) { if (read(fd, &c, sizeof c) != 1) exit(-1); putc( c ) } } • Edit • Compile • Run/Create Process • Invoke main • Open file – check access – cache – read character • Write character • Terminate process on EOF or Err % cc main.c % ./a.out /tmp/foo.bar
- 6. 1/24/2023 6 Major issues in Operating Systems • structure -- how is an operating system organized? • sharing -- how are resources shared among users • naming -- how are resources named (by users or programs) • protection -- how is one user/program protected from another • security -- how to restrict the flow of information • performance -- why is it so slow? • reliability and fault tolerance -- when something goes wrong • extensibility -- how do we add new features? • communication -- how and with whom can we communicate (exchange information)
- 7. 1/24/2023 7 Major issues in OS (2) • concurrency -- how are parallel activities created and controlled? • scale and growth -- what happens as demands or resources increase? • persistence -- how to make data last longer than programs • compatibility -- can we ever do anything new? • distribution -- accessing the world of information • accounting -- who pays the bills, and how do we control resource usage?
- 8. 1/24/2023 8 A brief history of operating systems • “in the beginning”, the OS was just code to which you linked your program, loaded the whole thing into memory, and ran your program; basically, just a run-time library • simple batch systems were first real operating systems: • os was stored in part of primary memory • it loaded a single job (from card reader) into memory • ran that job (printed its output, etc.) • loaded the next job... • control cards in the input file told the os what to do • Spooling and buffering allowed jobs to be read ahead of time onto tape/disk or into memory.
- 9. 1/24/2023 9 Multiprogramming • Multiprogramming systems provided increased utilization • keeps multiple runnable jobs loaded in memory • overlaps I/O processing of a job with computes of another • benefits from I/O devices that can operate asynchronously • requires the use of interrupts and DMA • tries to optimize throughput at the cost of response time
- 10. 1/24/2023 10 Timesharing • Timesharing supported interactive use of • each user feels as if he/she has the entire machine (at least late at night!) • timesharing tries to optimize response time at the cost of throughput • based on time-slicing -- dividing CPU equally among the users • permitted active viewing, editing, debugging, participation of users in the execution process • MIT Multics system (mid-late 1960s) was first large timesharing system
- 11. 1/24/2023 11 Distributed Operating Systems • distributed systems facilitate use of geographically distributed resources – machines connected by wires • supports communication between parts of a job or different jobs – interprocess communication • sharing of distributed resources, hardware and software – resource utilization and access • permits some parallelism, but speedup is not the issue
- 12. 1/24/2023 12 Parallel Operating Systems • Support parallel applications wishing to get speedup of computationally complex tasks • Needs basic primitives for dividing one task into multiple parallel activities • Supports efficient communication between those activities • Supports synchronization of activities to coordinate sharing of information • It’s common now to use networks of high-performance PCs/workstations as a parallel computer
- 13. 1/24/2023 13 Embedded Operating Systems • The decreased cost of processing makes computers ubiquitous. Each “embedded” application needs its own OS or control software: – cell phones – PDAs (Palm Pilot, etc.) – “network terminals” (internet interfaces) • In the future, your house will have 100s of these things in it (if it doesn’t already)
- 14. 1/24/2023 14 CSE 451 • In this class we will learn: • what are the parts of an O.S. • how is the o.s. and each sub-part structured • what are the important interfaces • what are the important policies • what algorithms are typically used • We will do this through reading, lectures, and a project. • You will need to keep up with all three of these.