Operating system lecture1
- 2. 2 Introduction What is an operating system? Early Operating Systems Simple Batch Systems Multiprogrammed Batch Systems Time-sharing Systems Personal Computer Systems Parallel and Distributed Systems Real-time Systems
- 4. 4 What is an Operating System? An OS is a program that acts an intermediary between the user of a computer and computer hardware. Major cost of general purpose computing is software. OS simplifies and manages the complexity of running application programs efficiently.
- 5. 5 Goals of an Operating System Simplify the execution of user programs and make solving user problems easier. Use computer hardware efficiently. Allow sharing of hardware and software resources. Make application software portable and versatile. Provide isolation, security and protection among user programs. Improve overall system reliability error confinement, fault tolerance, reconfiguration.
- 6. 6 Why should I study Operating Systems? Need to understand interaction between the hardware and applications New applications, new hardware.. Inherent aspect of society today Need to understand basic principles in the design of computer systems efficient resource management, security, flexibility Increasing need for specialized operating systems e.g. embedded operating systems for devices - cell phones, sensors and controllers real-time operating systems - aircraft control, multimedia services
- 9. Software Complexity Increases 9 From MIT’s 6.033 course
- 10. 10 Computer System Components Hardware Provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices). Operating System Controls and coordinates the use of hardware among application programs. Application Programs Solve computing problems of users (compilers, database systems, video games, business programs such as banking software). Users People, machines, other computers
- 11. 11 Abstract View of System System and Application ProgramsSystem and Application Programs Operating SystemOperating System Computer Hardware Computer Hardware User 1 User 1 User 2 User 2 User 3 User 3 User n User n compiler assembler Text editor Database system ...
- 12. 12 Operating System Views Resource allocator to allocate resources (software and hardware) of the computer system and manage them efficiently. Control program Controls execution of user programs and operation of I/O devices. Kernel The program that executes forever (everything else is an application with respect to the kernel).
- 13. 13 Operating System Spectrum Monitors and Small Kernels special purpose and embedded systems, real-time systems Batch and multiprogramming Timesharing workstations, servers, minicomputers, timeframes Transaction systems Personal Computing Systems Mobile Platforms, devices (of all sizes)
- 14. People-to-Computer Ratio Over Time From David Culler (Berkeley) 14
- 15. 15 Early Systems - Bare Machine (1950s) Structure Large machines run from console Single user system • Programmer/User as operator Paper tape or punched cards Early software Assemblers, compilers, linkers, loaders, device drivers, libraries of common subroutines. Secure execution Inefficient use of expensive resources Low CPU utilization, high setup time. From John Ousterhout slides Hardware – expensive ; Human – cheap
- 16. Simple Batch Systems (1960’s) Reduce setup time by batching jobs with similar requirements. Add a card reader, Hire an operator User is NOT the operator Automatic job sequencing Forms a rudimentary OS. Resident Monitor Holds initial control, control transfers to job and then back to monitor. Problem Need to distinguish job from job and data from program. 16 From John Ousterhout slides
- 17. 17 Supervisor/Operator Control Secure monitor that controls job processing Special cards indicate what to do. User program prevented from performing I/O Separate user from computer User submits card deck cards put on tape tape processed by operator output written to tape tape printed on printer Problems Long turnaround time - up to 2 DAYS!!! Low CPU utilization • I/O and CPU could not overlap; slow mechanical devices. IBM 7094 From John Ousterhout slides
- 18. 18 Batch Systems - Issues Solutions to speed up I/O: Offline Processing load jobs into memory from tapes, card reading and line printing are done offline. Spooling Use disk (random access device) as large storage for reading as many input files as possible and storing output files until output devices are ready to accept them. Allows overlap - I/O of one job with computation of another. Introduces notion of a job pool that allows OS choose next job to run so as to increase CPU utilization.
- 20. 20 Batch Systems - I/O completion How do we know that I/O is complete? Polling: Device sets a flag when it is busy. Program tests the flag in a loop waiting for completion of I/O. Interrupts: On completion of I/O, device forces CPU to jump to a specific instruction address that contains the interrupt service routine. After the interrupt has been processed, CPU returns to code it was executing prior to servicing the interrupt.
- 21. 21 Multiprogramming Use interrupts to run multiple programs simultaneously When a program performs I/O, instead of polling, execute another program till interrupt is received. Requires secure memory, I/O for each program. Requires intervention if program loops indefinitely. Requires CPU scheduling to choose the next job to run.
- 22. 22 Timesharing Programs queued for execution in FIFO order. Like multiprogramming, but timer device interrupts after a quantum (timeslice). Interrupted program is returned to end of FIFO Next program is taken from head of FIFO Control card interpreter replaced by command language interpreter. Hardware – getting cheaper; Human – getting expensive
- 23. 23 Timesharing (cont.) Interactive (action/response) when OS finishes execution of one command, it seeks the next control statement from user. File systems online filesystem is required for users to access data and code. Virtual memory Job is swapped in and out of memory to disk.
- 24. 24 Personal Computing Systems Single user systems, portable. I/O devices - keyboards, mice, display screens, small printers. Laptops and palmtops, Smart cards, Wireless devices. Single user systems may not need advanced CPU utilization or protection features. Advantages: user convenience, responsiveness, ubiquitous Hardware – cheap ; Human – expensive
- 25. 25 Parallel Systems Multiprocessor systems with more than one CPU in close communication. Improved Throughput, economical, increased reliability. Kinds: • Vector and pipelined • Symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessing • Distributed memory vs. shared memory Programming models: • Tightly coupled vs. loosely coupled ,message-based vs. shared variable
- 26. Parallel Computing Systems 26 Climate modeling, earthquake simulations, genome analysis, protein folding, nuclear fusion research, ….. ILLIAC 2 (UIllinois) Connection Machine (MIT) IBM Blue Gene Tianhe-1(China) K-computer(Japan)
- 27. 27 Distributed Systems Distribute computation among many processors. Loosely coupled - • no shared memory, various communication lines client/server architectures Advantages: • resource sharing • computation speed-up • reliability • communication - e.g. email Applications - digital libraries, digital multimedia Hardware – very cheap ; Human – very expensive
- 28. Distributed Computing Systems 28 Globus Grid Computing Toolkit Cloud Computing Offerings PlanetLab Gnutella P2P Network
- 29. Societal Scale Information Systems Scalable, Reliable, Secure Services MEMS for Sensor Nets Internet Connectivity Databases Information Collection Remote Storage Online Games Commerce … The world is a large distributed system Microprocessors in everything Vast infrastructure behind them Clusters Massive Cluster Gigabit Ethernet Clusters Massive Cluster Gigabit Ethernet From Ion Stoica OS course slides29
- 30. 30 Real-time systems Correct system function depends on timeliness Feedback/control loops Sensors and actuators Hard real-time systems - Failure if response time too long. Secondary storage is limited Soft real-time systems - Less accurate if response time is too long. Useful in applications such as multimedia, virtual reality.
- 31. 31 Summary of lecture What is an operating system? Early Operating Systems Simple Batch Systems Multiprogrammed Batch Systems Time-sharing Systems Personal Computer Systems Parallel and Distributed Systems Real-time Systems
Editor's Notes
- #30: Of the enormous variety of CITRIS projects going on at Berkeley, I will present one set that is tied together by this picture: the design, construction and use of MEMS devices, the sensor networks containing them, and making the information from these networks available to widely distributed users as scalable, reliable and secure services. The name we give to such an integrated system is a Societal Scale Information System, a name meant to evoke its scale – enormous - and purpose – benefiting people and the economy. I will leave the details of all the specific applications that Ruzena mentioned, be it to energy efficiency or education or disaster response the social sciences, and indeed most details, to later talks and posters.