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2 STP (1) [Compatibility Mode] ppt stp.pdf
- 2. Types of contaminants in Sewage Types of contaminants in Sewage ORGANIC INORGANIC • Sugar • Milk Suspended Dissolved Suspended Dissolved • Vegetable matter • Food residue • Plastic bags • Cans • Fiber • clothes • Salt Biological treatment Primary treatment
- 3. Sl. No Contaminant Source Environmental significance 1 Suspended solids Domestic use, industrial wastes Cause sludge deposits and anaerobic condition in aquatic environment Important Waste Water Contaminants in aquatic environment 2 Biodegradable organic Domestic use , industrial wastes Cause biological degradation 3 Pathogens Domestic water Transmit communicable disease 4 nutrients Domestic and industrial waste Cause eutrophication 5 Refractory organics Industrial waste Cause taste and odour problems
- 4. Pollutants in sewage •BOD(Bio Chemical Oxygen demand) •COD(Chemical Oxygen demand) •COD(Chemical Oxygen demand) •TSS(Total Suspended Solids) •PH
- 5. BOD(Biochemical Oxygen demand) The BOD is an important measure of water quality .It is measure of the amount of oxygen needed by bacteria and other organisms to oxidize the organic matter present in a water sample over a period of 5 days at 20 degree C. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) COD Measures all organic carbon with the exception of some aeromatics (BENZENE,TOLUENE,PHENOL etc.) which are not completely oxidized in the reaction. COD is a chemical oxidation reaction Ammonia will not be oxidized. Total Suspended Solids Total suspended solids(TSS) include all particles suspended in water which will pass through a filter.
- 6. As levels of TSS increase, a water body begins to lose its ability to support a diversity of aquatic life. Suspended solids absorb heat from sunlight, which increases water temperature and subsequently decreases levels of dissolved oxygen(warmer water holds less oxygen than cooler water)
- 7. STANDARDS OF RAW/ TREATED SEWAGE Sr. No. Parameter Public Sewers Treated Effluent After secondary treatment After tertiary treatment 1 pH value 5.5 – 9.0 5.5 – 9.0 5.5-9.0 2 Oil and grease, mg/l max 20 10 2 3 Total residual chlorine, mg/l max – 1.0 0.5 4 Ammonical nitrogen (as N),mg/l, max 50 50 6 5 Total kjeldahl nitrogen (as N);mg/l, max. mg/l, max – 100 16 6 Free ammonia (as NH3), mg/l, max – 5.0 6 7 Biochemical oxygen demand (3 days at 27°C), mg/l, max 350 30 5 8 Chemical oxygen demand, mg/l, max – 250 50 9 Suspended solids mg/l, max 600 100 8.00
- 8. Components of Sewage Treatment Plants • Pumping of Sewage • Primary Treatment • Secondary treatment • Tertiary Treatment • Tertiary Treatment
- 9. Typical Flow Diagram of Sewage Treatment Plant Typical Flow Diagram of Sewage Treatment Plant FINE SCREENIN G GRIT REMOVAL GRIT RAW SEWAGE INLET CHAMBER RAW SEWAGE PUMPING COARSE SCREENIN G RAW SEWAGE PUMPING STATION PRIMARY TREATMENT AERATION TANK SECONDARY CLARIFIER TREATED WATER DISINFECTION CHLORINE SLUDGE RECIRCULATION AIR BLOWER RAW SEWAGE PUMPING STATION PRIMARY TREATMENT SECONDARY TREATMENT TERTIARY TREATMENT SLUDGE SUMP CENTRIFUGE SLUD GE SLUDGE DEWATERING SURPLUS SLUDGE CENTRA TE TO AT
- 10. Pumping Station Pumping Station • Receiving Chamber • Coarse Screening • Wet Well (Raw Sewage Sump) • Pump House • Raw Sewage Pumps
- 11. SELECTION OF PUMPS FOR RAW SEWAGE • FOR MAIN PUMPING STATION (MPS) I:S. 5600-2005 NUMBER OF PUMPS REQUIRED (INCLUDING STANBY) 2 No. of ½ DWF 2 No. of 1 DWF 1 No. of 3 DWF • FOR INTERMEDIATE PUMPING STATION (IPS) NUMBER OF PUMPS REQUIRED (INCLUDING STANBY) FOR CAPACITY OF PUMPING STATION UPTO 3 MLD UPTO 3 MLD 1 No. of 1 DWF 1 No. of 2 DWF 1 No. of 3 DWF NUMBER OF PUMPS REQUIRED (INCLUDING STANBY) FOR CAPACITY OF PUMPING STATION ABOVE 3 MLD 2 No. of ½ DWF 2 No. of 1 DWF 1 No. of 3 DWF
- 12. VELOCITY CONSIDERATION IN DESIGN OF PUMPING (RISING) MAIN FOR PUMPING SEWAGE • The size of Rising main should be designed after taking into consideration that: Maximum velocity at peak flow should not exceed 2.7 m/s. Minimum velocity at low flows should not be less than 1 m/s.
- 13. Pumping Station with submersible pump set Pumping Station with submersible pump set PUMP VALVE MANHO LE BYPASS GATE RECEIVIN G CHAMBER SCREENI NG WET WELL HOUSE SUBMERSI BLE PUMP CHAMB ER
- 14. Pumping Station with Centrifugal Pump set Pumping Station with Centrifugal Pump set PUMP HOUSE MANHO LE BYPASS GATE RECEIVIN G CHAMBER SCREENI NG WET WELL HOUSE SUBMERSI BLE PUMP CENTRIFUGAL HORIZONTAL PUMPS
- 15. Primary Treatment Primary Treatment • Fine Screening • Grit Removal • Primary Clarification
- 16. • Objective : Removal of coarse solids • Types of screens : Fine / medium / coarse • Cleaning of screens : Manual / mechanical Screening • Cleaning of screens : Manual / mechanical • Benefits : Protection of pumps • Coarse Screening : 20mm clear spacing in bars • Fine screening : 6mm clear spacing in bars
- 17. Screening
- 18. Screening
- 19. ARC BAR SCREEN
- 20. Grit Removal • Objective : Removal of inorganic solids eg. ebbles/ sand/ Silt to protect moving mechanical equipment • Principle : Gravity separation (a) effective size 0.15 Primary Treatment Primary Treatment mm (b) specific gravity – 2.65 • Types : Manual grit removal - Rectangular channel Mechanical grit removal - Circular tank • Grit removal Mechanism : Screw classifier / reciprocating classifier
- 21. MECHANICALLY CLEANED GRIT CHAMBER WITH ORGANIC WASHER
- 22. Grit Removal
- 23. GRIT CHAMBER WITH CLASSIFIER WASHER
- 24. Secondary Treatment Secondary Treatment Biological treatment
- 25. Sewage Treatment Method of Treatment-Aerobic, Anaerobic. • Aerobic-Sewage treatment in the presence of Oxygen-MBBR, SBR-where aerators/blowers are Oxygen-MBBR, SBR-where aerators/blowers are installed-generally no smell during treatment. • Anaerobic-Sewage treatment in the absence of Oxygen-UASB-No aerators/blowers are required-foul smell during treatment.
- 26. VARIOUS SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES • Activated Sludge Process (ASP) • Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB) • Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) • Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) • Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR)
- 27. AERATION SEDIMENTATION SLIDGE RECIRCULATION TREATED SEWAGE OUT SEWAGE IN Activated Sludge Process Activated Sludge Process - - ASP ASP EXCESS SLIDGE WITHDRAWL SLIDGE RECIRCULATION • Raw Effluent In • Aeration • Sedimentation • Treated water out • Sludge Recirculation • Sludge withdrawl
- 28. ASP ASP - - Flow Diagram Flow Diagram CHLORINE SCREENIN G GRIT REMOVAL GRIT PUMPED RAW SEWAGE PRIMARY CLARIFIER RAW SEWAGE INLET CHAMBER PC-AT-SC-CHL AERATION TANK SECONDARY CLARIFIER TREATED WATER DISINFECTION CHLORINE CENTRATE TO AT SLUDGE STABILISATION SLUDGE THICKNER SLUD GE
- 29. Activated Sludge Process (ASP) Technology • An activated sludge plant essentially consists of the following: 1) Aeration tank containing micro organisms in suspension in which reaction takes place. 2) Activated sludge recirculation system. 3) Excess sludge wasting and disposal facilities. 4) Aeration systems to transfer oxygen 4) Aeration systems to transfer oxygen 5) Secondary sedimentation tank to separate and thicken activated sludge.
- 30. ASP • Advantages – Can sustain seasonal variation – Less land requirement than UASB • Disadvantages – High energy consumption – Foaming, particularly in winter season, may adversely – Foaming, particularly in winter season, may adversely affect the oxygen transfer, and hence performance – Requires elaborate sludge digestion /drying/disposal arrangement – More land requirement than SBR MBBR – Nitrogen and Phosphorous removal requires additional anoxic tank and 3 times internal recirculation
- 31. ASP ASP
- 32. Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB) • The Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor (UASB) maintains a high concentration of biomass through formation of highly settleable microbial aggregates. The sewage flows upwards through a layer of sludge. • The sludge in the UASB is tested for pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), alkalinity, COD and SS. If the pH reduces while VFA increases, the sewage should not be allowed into the UASB until the pH and VFA sewage should not be allowed into the UASB until the pH and VFA stabilise. • The reactor may need to be emptied completely once in five years, while any floating material (scum) accumulated inside the gas collector channels may have to be removed every two years to ensure free flow of gas. • All V-notches must be cleaned in order to maintain the uniform withdrawal of UASB effluent coming out of each V-notch. The irregular flow from each V-notch results in the escape of more solids washout. Similarly, blocking of the V-notches of the effluent gutters will lead to uneven distribution of sewage in the reactor.
- 33. Up Up – – Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Rector (UASB) Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Rector (UASB) Flow Diagram Flow Diagram SCREENIN G GRIT GRIT RAW SEWAGE RAW SEWAGE INLET CHAMBER ELECTRICIT Y UASB-AT-SC-CHL AERATION TANK SECONDARY CLARIFIER TREATED WATER DISINFECTION CHLORINE GRIT REMOVAL INLET CHAMBER GAS HOLDER SLUDGE DEWATERING SYSTEM UASB GAS ENGINE
- 36. UASB Advantages • Requires less power than aerobic processes • Biogas generated can be used as fuel or electricity. Disadvantages Disadvantages • UASB alone does not treat the sewage to desirable limits, therefore downstream aerobic treatment is compulsory • Requires very large space due to post treatment • Recovery of biogas is not sufficient to produce substantial electricity in case of municipal sewage.
- 37. UASB + AL+FL UASB + AL+FL
- 38. MOVING BED BIO REACTOR (MBBR) PROCESS • Moving Bed Bio Reactor (MBBR) process is based on the bio-film of organisims developed on carrier elements. • This media is floating in the Aeration tank and kept floating by air from diffusers which are placed at the bottom of tank. • The process is intended to enhance the activated sludge process by • The process is intended to enhance the activated sludge process by providing greater biomass in aeration tank and thus by reducing volume of the tank • After aeration tank sedimentation tank is provided for settlement of sloughed biomass • Clear water clarifier overflows from weir and is further subjected to disinfection.
- 39. Moving Bed Bio Rector (MBBR) Moving Bed Bio Rector (MBBR) - - Flow Diagram Flow Diagram CHLORINE SCREENIN G GRIT REMOVAL GRIT PUMPED RAW SEWAGE RAW SEWAGE INLET CHAMBER MBBR-SC-CHL CARRIER MEDIA AERATION TANK (MBBR) SECONDARY CLARIFIER TREATED WATER DISINFECTION CHLORINE SLUDGE DEWATERING FILTRATE TO AERATION TANK CARRIER MEDIA
- 40. MBBR MBBR
- 41. Quantity of BIO Media • Check Design approved by SE to see quantity of BIO media 1m3 per 7.5 Kg BOD considering surface area of media 250 m2/m3 • The specifications are given in agreement. • The specifications are given in agreement. Specific gravity 0.96. • Make by Kaldnes biofilm carrier
- 42. SEQUENTIAL BATCH REACTOR (SBR) PROCESS • Sequential Batch Reactor is true batch process where fill, aeration, settle and decant steps are carried out in sequence of batches in a single basin. • Screened, de-gritted sewage is fed into the SBR Basins for biological treatment to remove BOD, COD, Suspended Solids, Biological Nitrogen and Phosphorous. Nitrogen and Phosphorous. • SBR process shall work on batch mode in single step. • It performs biological organic removal, nitrification, de-nitrification and biological phosphorous removal.
- 43. SCREENI NG GRIT REMOVAL GRIT INLET CHAMBE R RAW SEWAGE DECANTER DIFFUSERS BLOWER SBR - 1 Sequential Batch Rector (SBR) Sequential Batch Rector (SBR) - - Flow Diagram Flow Diagram SBR-CHL TREATE D WATER TO DIPSOS SBR - 2 SLUDG E SUMP CHLORINE CONTACT TANK CENTRIFUGE (SLUDGE DEWATERING) RETURN SLUDGE SURPLUS SLUDGE BLOWER CHLORINE SLUDGE PUMP
- 44. RAW SEWAGE PUMPING STATION SBR BASIN DECANTERS Modular Design SBR BASIN INLET CHAMBER SCREENS GRIT REMOVAL TANKS SBR BASIN SLUDGE HANDLING SYSTEM FINAL DISCHARGE SELECTORS DECANTERS RAS/SAS PUMPS SBR BASIN CHLORINATION
- 45. SBR Process
- 46. SBR / Cyclic Activated Sludge Process • Better Quality Effluent: 98 % BOD removal efficiency. Sewage can be treated to reuse/recycle quality of TSS 10 mg/l, COD 100 ppm, BOD 10 ppm, TN 10 ppm, TP 2 ppm in a single stage of treatment using Batch process. • Bio-nutrient removal (BNR) : N P removal • Secondary clarifier not required, less foot print area • Flexibility for efficient removal of BOD, TSS, N P under all loading • Flexibility for efficient removal of BOD, TSS, N P under all loading conditions. • Automatically controlled by PLC . Based on process requirement, the aeration facility is optimized based on DO levels and by varying operating frequency of the blowers. Less power consumption. .
- 47. SBR / Cyclic Activated Sludge Process Advantages • Controls growth of filamentous bacteria and avoids bulking of sludge. • Provides stabilised sludge. • Process with primary clarifier can generate power • Allows for easy modular expansion for population growth • Allows for easy modular expansion for population growth • Disadvantages • Compared to the conventional ASP / MBBR /UASB, a higher level of sophistication and maintenance is associated due to automation .
- 48. SBR gives high performance with Nutrient removal BOD 5 ppm TSS 10 ppm NH4-N 1 ppm TP 1 ppm
- 49. Fully Automatic PLC operated Fully Automatic PLC operated
- 50. Plant Aesthetics
- 52. Sludge Handling – Sludge Drying Beds Objective : Dewatering of sludge Important Features - Conventional method of sludge drying - No power requirement - Substantial area is required - Difficult to operate in monsoon - Difficult to operate in monsoon - Labour intensive - Manual scrapping and loading of dried sludge
- 54. Sludge Handling – Centrifuge Objective : Dewatering of sludge @ 95% of the BOD removed in Kg. Important Features - Advanced method of solid-liquid separation - Less area - Power required for pumping the sludge and operation of centrifuge centrifuge - Less time - Efficient dewatering Design criteria - Inlet sludge solid consistency : min 0.8 to1% - Outlet sludge solid consistency : 20% expected - Polyelectrolyte dosing increases the efficiency
- 55. Centrifuge
- 56. BELT PRESS
- 58. Tertiary Treatment Tertiary Treatment It is supplementary to primary and secondary treatment for the purpose of removing the residual organic and inorganic substances for reuse of effluent for the purposes of cooling systems, boiler feed, process water etc. Treated effluent from secondary Multi Grade Filter Activated Carbon from secondary treatment Multi Grade Filter Activated Carbon Filter Chlorination Reuse
- 60. Chlorination Objective : Disinfection of wastewater to kill pathogens Important Features - Simple widely used method of disinfection - Used for wastewater treatment - Used for wastewater treatment Design criteria : - Types : Dosing chemicals – Sodium hypochlorite Vacuum Chlorination – Chlorine gas - Contact time : 30 min - Dosage after wastewater treatment Activated sludge : 3 – 5 mg/l
- 61. Chlorine Contact Tank Chlorine is a Hazardous chemical requiring adequate safety while handling 1. Chlorine leak detector 2. Chlorine absorption system 3. Personal safety eqpt .– mask etc. 4. Safety shower 4. Safety shower 5. Statutory records
- 62. Other options for disinfection • Chlorine produces carcinogenic disinfection byproducts that are harmful to human and aquatic life. • It is banned in developed countries. • Still used in India as it is cheap • Other options are; • Ultra Violet (UV) - like Aquaguard • Ozone