2006 aromatherapy-handbook

The Aromatherapy
Lecture Notes Handbook
Version 2006
1
Compiled By
Lungwani T.M. Muungo

THE Aromatherapy Handbook
Table of Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………..3
Chapter 1, History of Aromatherapy………………………………………… 5
Chapter 2, How Essential Oils Work……………………………….……….. 9
Chapter 3, Career Opportunities for Aromatherapists………………...…. 13
Chapter 4, Aromatherapy Massage…………………………………………22
Chapter 5, Aromatherapy Recipes…………………………………………. 27
Chapter 6, Aromatherapy Accessories……………………………………...43
Chapter 7, Aromatherapy and Cats………………………………………… 49
Drugs to Avoid in Cats……………………………………………… 53
Chapter 8, Flea, Tick and Mosquito Control Through Aromatherapy… 54
Chapter 9, Seven Essential Oils No Home Should Be Without……….….58
Chapter 10, Potential Risks of Essential Oils………….…….……….……..61
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Introduction
Welcome to the Lab Rats Project. We are all Internet Marketers, recently organized as
an online author’s cooperative to create niche products and to share our knowledge with
each other as we navigate the online learning process. We hope you enjoy the
information in our first book.
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Chapter 1
A History of Aromatherapy
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Like acupuncture, aromatherapy has been in use for more than 6,000 years. Its origins
aren't completely documented, but there is enough evidence to assemble a decent time
line in the history of therapeutic uses of aromatic essences.
It's possible that it all began in Australia with the aborigines over 40,000 years ago, but
they weren't known for keeping records. Much of their history was passed along
verbally from generation to generation, much like that of the native tribes on all
continents, including the native North American Indians, whose history also is rich with
the use of fragrant oils for religious and therapeutic purposes.
But the Egyptians, with their use of stone tablets inscribed with stories of their culture,
are generally credited with being the first to establish the use of aromatic oils. Later, the
Greeks learned from the Egyptians, and still later, the Romans learned from the Greeks.
Concurrently, fragrant oils and plant essences were being developed in ancient China.
The oldest surviving medical book in China, Shen Nung’s Herbal Book, dates back to
about 2700 B.C. and catalogs more than 300 plants and their uses. By the 16
th
century,
and hundreds of books later, the Chinese Materia Medica Pen Ts’ao contains
information on almost 2,000 herbs and 20 essential oils.
Many of the uses of these oils eventually depended upon the discovery of the
distillation process, as well as the types of plants present in each location. While the
technology of distillation is credited to the Egyptians, it’s possible it was concurrently
discovered in China, Turkey and Persia.
The traditional practice of medicine in India, known as Ayurveda, practiced for more
than 3,000 years, also utilized essential oils by the use of therapeutic massage.
As trade routes developed across the globe, the different essences could be
transported to countries that couldn't grow the plants to produce them. This, of course,
added to their value, and in most instances, made them the currency of the day, as they
became more valuable than gold.
Numerous passages in the Bible point to the value of oils, spices and herbs, in fact. The
most well known cite might be that of the Three Wise Men who brought gold,
frankincense and myrrh to the infant Christ in Bethlehem. Some historians have even
questioned whether the "gold" mentioned was, in fact, metallic gold, as it could have
been ambergris, a golden oil that was of such high value, it outclassed gold itself and
often was referred to as "gold" at that time.
Mary Magdelene was criticized in another passage, by Judas Iscariot, for anointing the
feet of Christ, possibly because she was "wasting" an oil called spikenard, considered
extremely valuable at the time. Indeed, the name “Christ,” or Christos, is Greek for
“anointed.”
By the first century A.D., the uses for fragrances included religion, health, beauty,
“hygiene” and entertainment. It is said that the Roman Emperor Nero used scents
extravagantly at his palace parties, with carved ivory ceiling and wall panels outfitted
to sprinkle or mist his guests with rose petals and floral waters.

Hygiene in those days consisted of bathing in perfume or slathering one’s body with
fragrant oils. Much later, even Queen Elizabeth I is said to have used such fragrances in
her annual bath, “whether she needed it or no.”
Perfumers, called unguentarii, lined the streets of ancient Rome and prescribed the use
of different aromatics for specific ills. Placebo effect nothwithstanding, their formulations
must have worked, because they were regarded as highly as doctors.
While it may have been the Egyptians who mainstreamed the uses of fragrances and
essences, other cultures were by then using them also, developing their own processes.
India became well known for their spices, herbs and oils, for example, and trading with
them became highly competitive and profitable, giving India a significant boost in their
economy at the time.
Anyone who has studied American history should remember the stories of the Dutch
East India company, who had somewhat of a monopoly on such trades. It was this
situation that prompted Christopher Columbus to seek a shorter route to the Orient in
order to circumvent the expensive stranglehold they had on the world's trade in spices
and oils.
The rest is history, as they say, since Columbus did not reach the Orient after all. (An
unknown, surprise continent got in the way!) Further, he was not able to find the same
plant life as that which he sought. However, he found others that did become profitable
and made the trip worthwhile, including juniper, cedar, sassafras, vanilla and other floral
fragrances.
While ancient history is full of fascinating stories of aromatic oils and essences and their
uses, it wasn’t until more recent times that aromatherapy began to be touched by the
scientific world.
As civilization evolved and learning advanced at a faster and faster pace, the concept
of science was born and the learned, educated members of society embarked on
research, utilizing experimentation and observation to reach conclusions and to catalog
knowledge.
Since aromatic oils were such an important part of life throughout the history of human
existence, it was only logical to pursue that area and continue the advancement of
such knowledge.
Moving ahead to our “modern world,” then, two major changes took place in the late 19
th
century. First, the use of fragrances split into two camps: perfumery and cosmetics, and
pharmaceuticals. Second, and unfortunately, as with the field of nutrition, essential oils
suffered a huge setback in understanding as well as acceptance and use, due to the
discovery of the ability to formulate synthetic copies of almost any chemical. A replicated
molecule of a vitamin is not the vitamin. Similarly, a copy of a plant oil is not that plant’s
essence. No longer, then, could perfumes be used medicinally.
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Synthetic copies are mere shadows of the original and usually are weaker and
ineffective, or worse, they can be toxic. Sadly, such a reputation is given to the
authentic version by the modern medical community and is cast as ineffective and
inferior to accepted medical formulations, or, drugs. Ironically, however, many of
today’s drugs were originally derived from plant sources.
It wasn’t until the 20
th
century that aromatherapy began its reentry into the world
of therapeutics.
In 1928 (some authorities cite 1930, others say it was as late as 1937), the term
“aromatherapy” was coined by French chemist Rene Maurice Gattefoss. His interest
is reputed to have begun when he burned himself in a laboratory explosion at the
family perfumery and he reflexively plunged his arm into a handy vat of lavender oil for
relief. Later, he was so amazed at his painless recovery, with no scarring, that he
pursued further experiments with the oil.
In the 1960s, French doctor Jean Valnet and biochemist Madame Maury, who both
knew of Gattefoss’s work, furthered the future of aromatherapy with their own
investigations.
Dr. Valnet had successfully used essential oils in the treatment of burns and wounds
during World War II, along with various fragrances in the treatment of psychiatric
problems. He wrote a book, titled Aromatherapies, which was translated into English
and titled The Practice of Aromatherapy, and which is still a popular and well-respected
volume today.
Maury developed specific massage techniques for best delivery of such oils and opened
clinics across Europe for the practice of her new techniques. She and Micheline Arcier
developed methods that are still in use today.
But it was Englishman Robert Tisserand’s book, The Art of Aromatherapy, published
in 1977, that captured the interest of the American market.
Aromatherapy was ultimately introduced in America in the 1980s in California, where it
was embraced by health food outlets and alternative health practitioners.
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A note about disclaimers in this book
For those who might think that smelling fragrances is harmless and incapable of
being therapeutic, please note the disclaimers provided throughout this ebook, as
stated by reputable aromatherapy practitioners, suppliers and educators.
The oils derived from plants and used for therapeutic purposes can have astonishing,
as well as devastating, effects, though most results occupy a wide spectrum
somewhere between these extremes. There even is a movement to create licensing
and standards for aromatherapy practitioners because a proper education in the use of
these oils is essential to protect users and those who dispense and recommend them. A
major player in that movement is Jeanne Rose, past president of the National
Association for Holistic Aromatherapy, who believes that the practice of aromatherapy
requires knowledge of chemistry, physiology and botany.
Nowadays, aromatherapy most often is found within the purview of massage therapists
as well as alternative health disciplines. Its modern use derives from methods
developed in the 1950s by Marguerite (Margaret) Maury, a French biochemist, and an
associate, Micheline Arcier (or Archer), who collaborated with Maury as she established
clinics in Europe for the use of oils as treatment for specific ailments. Much research
was done in Europe before aromatherapy was brought to America.
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Chapter 2
How Essential Oils Work
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You’ve probably noticed that when we humans cut ourselves a red fluid (blood)
oozes out! No great news there. Similarly, when you break or injure the parts of
plants they”bleed,” too.
Unlike blood, this fluid is clear. It is, in fact, an oil or resin and within it can be found
trace elements of nutrients, hormones, enzymes, vitamins, minerals and anti-bodies. It
has a whole range of different properties such as anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-
infectious, antiseptic and can stimulate the immune system as well. Oxygen is also
found in this resin, bound chemically within other molecules such as alcohols, phenols,
esters and many other organic molecules, which together make up the essential oil.
This oil is released by the plant to clean the wound, kill the bacteria and start the
regeneration or healing process, and in fact has the same function as blood in humans
(and other animals). Like blood, this fluid/oil in plants transports the basic nutrients
necessary to feed and support the cells.
What’s more, the essential oil has the ability to permeate or penetrate the plant’s cell
walls and transport oxygen and nutrients into the cells themselves to support and help
their immune system. Research has shown that, because of these immune stimulating
properties, essential oils can support the immune system. So that, for instance, whether
applied topically (rubbed on) or inhaled, 70% of people who get a cold or flu will recover
faster using essential oils!
Essential oils have many special properties which give them the ability to help us
deal with odors and bacteria.
They act in several ways.
1. They are able to increase atmospheric oxygen in a closed space as they release
oxygenating molecules into the atmosphere. Oils increase ozone and negative ions in
the home, which inhibits the growth of bacteria. This prevents and destroys existing
odors of cigarettes, mold, animals, etc.
2. They are able to break up the molecular chains of some chemicals in the air, making
them non-toxic to us because of their particular electromagnetic attraction to these
chemicals.
3. Essential Oils will bond to metals and chemicals within the body and carry them out
of the body, working as natural chelators (they bond organically, forming new
compounds called chelates), so that these toxic substances can’t remain in the tissues.
4. Essential Oils remove dust particles from the air, acting as an air filtration system.
5. Essential Oils are recognized as having a very marked ability to increase cellular
oxygen through their normal functioning. When applied to the body by rubbing the feet,
they will travel through the body and affect every cell, including the hair, within 20
minutes!
In orthodox medicine, one compound, such as aspirin, is made and its properties are
tested and known. However, in nature, in each essential oil, there can be many, many

different compounds, all with different therapeutic effects. They act synergistically to
give the body what it needs. Sometimes it can have opposing effects so it can act as a
relaxant or stimulant depending on what’s needed.
Each essential oil contains as many as 100 chemical components, which together exert
a strong effect on the whole person. Depending on which component is predominating
in an oil, it acts differently. For example, some oils are relaxing, some soothe, some
relieve pain, etc.
Then there are oils such as lemon and lavender, which adapt to what the body needs,
and adapt to that situation. (These are called "adaptogenic.") The mechanism in which
these essential oils act on us is not very well understood. What is understood is that
they affect our mind and emotions. They leave no harmful residues.
They enter into the body either by absorption (by rubbing them on the skin) or
inhalation. Because Essential Oils are volatile, i.e., they convert into a vapor, they
stimulate the powerful sense of smell. It is known that the odors we smell have a great
impact on how we feel. In fact, it has been shown that people who have no sense of
smell have a higher incidence of psychiatric problems such as anxiety and depression.
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We are able to distinguish between 10,000 different smells! The fine oil particles enter
through the nose via cilia (the fine hairs lining the nose) and are absorbed into the
blood stream in the lungs. Once they have entered the bloodstream, they change the
electrical conductivity and pH right at the spot of entry at the capillary and causes an
electrical charge to travel through the body, which explains why it can have such a fast
effect sometimes. One of the major systems affected is the limbic system, the part of
the brain that controls our moods, emotions, memory and learning.
There has been research done measuring changes in brain frequency with the use of
different essential oil fragrances. For instance, studies with lavender have shown that
the alpha brain waves, which are associated with relaxation, increase. On the other
hand, studies with jasmine have shown a marked increase of beta waves, which
represents alertness! So clearly, different essential oils have different effects.
There are many different essential oils, in fact, as many different oils as there are
plants. They are very complex substances containing sometimes up to 100 chemical
components which have many different effects, some of which even depend on what
the body needs. They can act outside the body, e.g., oxygenating the air and removing
pollution or they are absorbed into the body via the nose or the skin and can have
multiple significant effects on mood, health and general well-being.
.
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In Summary:
On a physical level, essential oils are the most potent form of herbal energy. They are
antiseptic and immune system stimulants. They are also effective for daily first-aid,
e.g., for bites, itches, coughs and cold.
On a cellular level, essential oils are good for healing wounds, repairing scars,
stimulating tissue and regulating the barrier (between the inside and outside world).
They help maintain optimum moisture level in skin and protect it from infection.
Geranium and lavender are examples of oils that work on this cellular level.
On an emotional level, they stimulate both conscious and sub conscious memories,
basic drives and hormones. They are effective in dealing with depression, grief, low self
esteem, improving sleep and stress-related disorders.
On an energy level, they can be applied to acupuncture meridian points, chakras and
subtle energy points to help healing.
On a spiritual or reflective level, essential oils have been used by every major culture
and society for over 10,000 years. They have been used for ritual, prayer, purification,
magic, mysticism, celebration and meditation. Many people believe that essential oils
can bring focus and deeper meaning to our existence.
These days the understanding of their properties and appropriate use has been
formalized into a health discipline – aromatherapy - and practitioners are now trained to
know how to use them effectively for optimum health and well being
The mechanism by which essential oils acts is complex and not well understood due
to the nature of all the many compounds within each one. Nevertheless, the quality
and effect of fragrance or smell, though little understood, is an important part of our
human experience and via the many and varied healing properties of essential oils,
can enhance our lives and heal our bodies, minds and spirits.
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Chapter 3
What career opportunities
exist for Aromatherapists?
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Career Information for a Degree in Aromatherapy
Aromatherapy is commonly associated with complementary and alternative medicine,
and involves the use of essential oils and aromatic compounds from plants to affect
someone's mood or health.
Aromatherapy, although around for centuries, has come back in recent years as a
popular field of study for many students interested in alternative medicine.
Aromatherapy is used for the treatment or prevention of disease, but is regarded
by many as more of an art form than a traditional healing science.
However, aromatherapy students benefit from their acquired knowledge, and can often
learn to use essential oils and natural scents to improve moods, increase energy, or aid
in relaxation. While enrolled in an aromatherapy program, students learn to distill
essential oils and work with chemicals such as Absolutes, Hydrosols, Infusions,
Phytoncides, and Carrier oils. Once an aromatherapy degree or certification is earned,
students are qualified to work as any of the following:
Aromatherapist
According to the National Association of Holistic Aromatherapy, aromatherapy is the art
of using naturally extracted essences from plants to promote the health of the body,
spirit and mind. Therapy is based on each patient's reaction to different aromatic
extracts and relies on the innate healing powers within each person.
Aromatherapists work closely with their patients, observing their reactions and providing
guidance and counsel throughout the treatment. They must be creative and observant,
and able to communicate well with people.
Aromatherapists must also have a good nose and be able to distinguish between many
different fragrances. This continually growing field has found its way into other
therapeutic disciplines such as massage therapy and acupuncture - the use of aromas
helps to relax and ease the discomfort of patients as they undergo the therapy.
Because of this, career opportunities after receiving an education in Aromatherapy
(depending on your other skills) can be widely varied. Opportunities can include:
 aromatherapeutic counseling
 participating in a Holistic Health Clinic
 establishing an Aromatherapy consulting business
 retailing essential oils
 becoming an author
 tutoring schools and interested groups
 writing articles for newspapers and magazines
 taking better care of your own and loved ones' health.

Aromatherapy Retailer
Many people choose to enter retail, as aromatherapy is hot on the market. Whether
you open your own boutique selling essential oils and fragrances, or you choose to
work as a fragrance specialist for a large manufacturer of aromatherapy products, a
degree in aromatherapy will certainly be advantageous.
For people planning to go into the retail end of aromatherapy, additional training in
business and marketing may be advisable. Because essential oils, bath salts,
candles, and other items are enjoying such success on the commercial market, all
areas of aromatherapy are expected to grow.
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Alternative Health Care Practitioners
Alternative health care practitioners provide alternative, or complementary, therapeutic
health services to their clients or patients. Alternative health care treats sickness,
injury, and other problems with ways that are different from 'Western' medicine. Most
practitioners believe they can diagnose, treat, and care for patients relying only on self-
healing abilities of the body.
These methods tend to be 'holistic' and draw from many disciplines. Holistic medicine
includes aromatherapy, nutrition counseling, herbal remedies, acupressure,
homeopathy, exercise, psychotherapy, physiotherapy, and life style counseling. Those
with a degree in aromatherapy will need more education to perform medicinal treatment,
but the degree is a great first step
A Diploma or Certificate from an Aromatherapy school is not a national certification
and is not a 'license to practice.' Therefore, it is very important not to present yourself
as a physician when you begin to practice Aromatherapy.
Although some do seek training in Aromatherapy to enhance their current
profession and others simply to enjoy better personal health, Aromatherapy-specific
career opportunities are growing as complementary medicine becomes a more
widely accepted mode of health care. Aromatherapy is a growing industry in the
U.S., and there are opportunities available for well-trained, dedicated people.
Many schools offer to assist you in finding a place to practice your unique skills after
completion of their coursework. A career in Aromatherapy may be for you if you want to
practice a subtle, ancient art that can help you educate or heal others through natural
methods. A professional approach to your practice is gained from the training you will
have received, and with time and experience, your craft and your career will develop.
What laws apply to the practice of aromatherapy?
At this time, there is no specific regulation of Aromatherapists or Aromatherapy. Many
practitioners incorporate it into their practices, such as massage therapy, and the laws
governing that practice are the ones that apply. An Aromatherapist with no other
medical training or license generally works as a counselor or teacher and should
follow whatever regulations apply to that profession in their area.
What are the prerequisites for an Aromatherapy training program?
The majority of programs are night or weekend seminars and anyone can attend. A few
programs are designed specifically for medical practitioners. These generally require
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the student to either be enrolled in an appropriate college or to already have a
degree/license in their area. These professional Aromatherapy seminars range from
courses designed for massage therapists to courses designed for medical doctors.
How much does Aromatherapy training cost?
Programs average about $500, but may vary from region to region. It is really up to you,
the student, to choose the school you feel most comfortable with and to determine
whose educational philosophies most attract you.
Different schools may focus on different elements of Aromatherapy, and some schools
may focus on the study of Aromatherapy in conjunction with other natural health and/or
allopathic health disciplines. Many schools offer on-site programs, as well as
correspondence programs, and online courses.
It is for this reason that it is highly recommended to obtain in depth information about
the focus, philosophy, and coursework of various Aromatherapy schools.
What is the current situation with Aromatherapy
accreditation in the United States?
Currently, there is no official form of Aromatherapy accreditation in the U.S. Among
professionals in the trade, certainly schools and practitioners who maintain high levels
of quality are more widely reputed. Neither Aromatherapy nor essential oils are
regulated by any governmental body. Although there is no official accreditation, many
schools may offer a diploma or certificate which shows successful completion of their
coursework.
Aromatherapy is currently governed by several associations:
 The Educational Standards in Aromatherapy Association in conjunction with
the Natural Oils Research Association (NORA)
 The American Alliance of Aromatherapy
 The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy (NAHA)
Generally schools and practitioners affiliate with one of these associations. Each of
these associations is presently attempting to set educational, certification and
accreditation standards in the United States for Aromatherapy education.
The accreditation goals of these organizations include:
 ensuring compliance with educational standards through an examination process
 ensuring ethical considerations are upheld across the community
 upholding other professional requirements to obtain and keep certification as an
Aromatherapist
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These organizations, of course, have many other functions besides the coordination
of educational standards. These functions include:
 serving as a focal and meeting point for members of the
professional Aromatherapy community
 creating guidelines for the safe use of oils
 serving to improve public awareness of Aromatherapy throughout the U.S.
How long does it take to learn Aromatherapy?
Since there is currently no official accreditation, the length of coursework varies
quite widely from several dozen to several hundred hours to receive a school's
individual certification.
Different people will certainly progress at different rates when learning Aromatherapy.
An Aromatherapist who has been practicing for 10 years may feel knowledgeable in
only 60 essential oils. It may take a year or more of practice to really get to know 10
essential oils intimately. Others may progress more rapidly. More may not be better in
exposure to the numerous essential oils. Like many of the healing arts, it is suggested
that you place emphasis on getting to know your key tools before venturing on to others.
Basic levels of instruction may allow you to safely and effectively use essential oils to
enhance your quality of life, to enhance the quality of your other care giving practices, or
for home use. Basic levels of instruction may answer such questions as:
 What is Aromatherapy?
 What are essential oils?
 How do they work on the body and the mind?
 How can I safely use them?
More advanced levels of study are for those who may want to have a private
consultation practice, to work in a clinic, or to combine more in-depth Aromatherapy
knowledge into their other natural health and/or allopathic health care practices.
Advanced levels of study may allow you to delve into areas such as:
 production of oils
 oil chemistry
 advanced knowledge of effects of oils on the body and mind
 understanding the link to memory
 mood and emotion
 advanced treatment methods and applications
 the science of blending oils
 safety and toxicity information
 additional bio-specificities of various oils and their medicinal and traditional uses
17

What is the value of studying a specific course
with a reputed practitioner or institution?
It is very important to have a comprehensive knowledge of Aromatherapy before
beginning your practice for both safety and quality reasons.
Education and experience are key when applying essential oils for particular medicinal
results. While Aromatherapy may be considered a simple home remedy to some, it is in
fact both a specific science and a complex art.
Essential oils consist of mixtures of complex chemical components. Many of these
compounds have powerful healing capacities when appropriately applied, but some
can be harmful. Safety data is mandatory knowledge for anyone using essential oils on
the skin, as many can be irritating or sensitizing as well as photo-toxic.
Using excessively high doses of essential oils in a bath could result in skin rash and
other allergic responses, lethargy, and possible liver and central nervous system
damage. When your goal is to heal, having as much and as thorough an education
as possible is definitely in your, and your client's, best interest.
A well-trained and well-educated Aromatherapist works with a client to develop a blend
of oils that will best suit the client's needs. The essential oils chosen may work well
together aesthetically or may address a particular complaint. For example, to address
muscle pain effectively, it is necessary to create a blend of essential oils that will relieve
the tension of the muscle and will also act upon the client mentally and emotionally to
address the underlying cause of the muscle tension.
This is the "synergy" of blending oils. Creating these synergies to most effectively
practice the art of Aromatherapy requires the knowledge, awareness, and practice that
can be acquired most effectively through extensive study with trained professionals.
What is the work like?
Aromatherapists use essential oils (natural plant essences) to improve clients’ physical
and emotional well-being. Aromatherapy is based on the principle that essential oils
have therapeutic properties that can be used to improve health and prevent disease. It
is used particularly for stress-related problems and a variety of chronic conditions.
At the first session with a client, the aromatherapist:
 takes a full medical history from the client - sometimes the aromatherapist seeks
consent from the client’s doctor or other healthcare professional before treatment
can begin
18

 asks the client about their lifestyle, diet, exercise regime, stress levels, allergies
and any emotional issues
 decides which aromatherapy oil, or blend of oils, is best suited to the individual’s
needs - there are around 400 aromatherapy oils, each with different therapeutic
properties, although most aromatherapists use a range of around 50
 mixes the oils - aromatherapy oils can be diluted in a carrier oil and massaged
into the skin, added to a vaporizer and inhaled, used in a bath or a compress or
added to base creams and lotions with instructions for self-administration
 in most cases, applies the oils by a full or partial body massage to the client, who
will have undressed in private and lain on a couch, covered with towels
 makes a note of the treatment and the blend of oils used
 gives the client aftercare instructions, e.g. after using some oils the skin should
not be exposed to direct sunlight
 may also supply blended oils for the client to use at home.
Hours and Environment
Aromatherapists tend to work flexible hours, according to the number of clients and
the times that clients are free to see them. They may offer evening and weekend
appointments. Some aromatherapists work part time.
Aromatherapists may work in a range of environments, including:
 clinics in their own homes
 their own private clinics in other premises
 patients’ homes
 complementary therapy clinics
 medical centers, hospitals and hospices
 residential care homes
 private physiotherapy and sports clinics
 health and fitness centers
 beauty salons.
Many Aromatherapists wear a white coat, salon dress or tunic and trousers. The
job involves bending, stretching and some physical effort.
Some aromatherapist work at more than one location, so a driving license is useful.
Salary and other benefits
These figures are only a guide, as actual rates of pay may vary, depending on the
employer and where people live, and these figures are low.
19

A newly-qualified self-employed aromatherapist may earn around $3,700 to $9,400 a
year until the practice has been built up.
Experienced aromatherapists may earn at least $28,000 a year.
An aromatherapist with a large established practice may earn $47,000 to $57,000
a year.
Most aromatherapists are self-employed, so income varies according to the number
of patients they treat and the amount they charge for each session. The average
charge for an aromatherapy session is between $45 and $110. Sessions can last
between one and two hours.
Skills and personal Qualities
An aromatherapist should:
 have excellent communication skills, particularly listening and speaking
 have good physical massage skills
 have empathy with patients and be sensitive to their problems
 be able to inspire trust and confidence in patients
 know the properties and chemistry of a large number of essential oils
 know when to refer a client to a doctor or other healthcare practitioner
 be able to keep accurate records
 have business skills.
It is important to:
 like science, particularly biology and chemistry
 be concerned for the health and well-being of people
 be interested in self-employment.
Aromatherapy is a Growing Business or Employment Opportunity
As most aromatherapists are self-employed, advertised vacancies are unusual.
It’s one of the fastest growing fields in the world today. It is the art and science of
using aromas, essential plant oils, in treatments. According to the National Association
of Holistic Aromatherapy, this field is now “a $300 million a year business estimated to
quadruple in the next five years.”
20

What kinds of Courses May Be Offered
There are many different organizations and awarding bodies offering aromatherapy
qualifications. Course subjects may include:
 anatomy and physiology
 pathology
 theory of aromatherapy
 applied aromatherapy
 therapeutic relationships
 legislation and code of ethics
 business studies
 understanding and using research in practice
 reflective practice.
Advancement Opportunities
Progression for self-employed aromatherapists usually means building the size of their
business. To do this, they need to establish a good professional reputation and have the
right business skills. Some combine practice with training student aromatherapists.
Some aromatherapists train in additional complementary therapies, like reflexology or
stress management, which allows them to offer additional services to their clients.
21

Chapter 4
Aromatherapy Massage





22

Introduction
One of the most pleasant, relaxing and therapeutic ways of experiencing aromatherapy,
is through aromatherapy massage.
When stress and depression are a major cause of a health imbalance, a full
aromatherapy body massage is the best complementary therapy treatment available.
It is also an excellent preventative treatment to ensure continuation of good health.
Contents
 Effects of Massage Therapy
 What to expect during Aromatherapy Massage
o Different Therapeutic Massage Techniques
 How Does it Work?
 Training and Referrals to Aromatherapists
 The Benefits of Aromatherapy Massage in Palliative Care
Effects of Massage Therapy
Massage therapy has been shown to be highly beneficial in relieving tension and
stress. It can affect the involuntary nervous system, and calm the fight or flight
response, thereby reducing the level of harmful stress hormones in the body.
Massage stimulates the blood circulation, increasing the supply of nutrients and oxygen
to cells. Massage also stimulates lymphatic flow, thus improving tissue drainage and the
immune system. The effects are best when long flowing connected strokes are applied.
Many studies have shown that high, prolonged stress levels can increase the likelihood
of contracting various diseases, and reduce recovery time when we do become ill.
Stress can cause and aggravate many chronic conditions such as hypertension,
migraines, digestive problems, and PMS. Through treatments involving massage
therapy and aromatherapeutic essential oils, relaxation can be induced more
frequently and the progression of many chronic conditions can also be reduced.
Specific somatic (refers to the body, as opposed to the mind) techniques, working on
specific areas, can reduce chronic and acute muscular tension and pain, by helping to
lengthen and release shortened and contracted muscles. These techniques may include
stretching, deep tissue, sports massage, neuromuscular, Rolfing, myofascial release.
Massage therapy has long been recognized as an important part of athletic training.
Most serious athletes receive regular somatic work. Massage therapists have been
an integral part of the Olympic Games for many years now, helping to improve
athletic achievement and increase recovery time after performance.
23

What to Expect During Aromatherapy Massage
Massage therapy is beneficial, use of essential oils is beneficial, to combine the two can
be synergistically (2 things working together to produce a better result than when done
separately) even more beneficial than either therapy separately.
Most massage therapists will request a new client to provide some personal
information relating to their current physical state. It is also helpful to find out whether
or not the client has any current illnesses of injuries that may affect the aromatherapy
massage treatment.
Practitioners of aromatherapy massage will generally have a longer list of questions and
areas of discussion. A holistic practitioner considers the client as a "whole" - body, mind
and spirit. They will generally help the client think of what factors in their lives may be
affecting them.
For example, someone who suffers from insomnia may have family worries, stresses at
work, indigestion, or simply a noisy environment: any disturbing factor which could
affect their sleep patterns.
Rather than only using a relaxing and sedative blend of essential oils, together with a
calming massage, a good practitioner will suggest other ways that the client can
improve their sleep patterns. Suggestions such as a referral to a family counselor, a
change at work, earplugs, or even a referral to a nutritionist - if indigestion is causing the
insomnia. The practice of getting to the root cause is what makes holistic healing so
much more effective. The initial consultation may take between 30 to 60 minutes,
depending on the situation.
When the personal history and consultation are finished, and when other suggestions
and referrals have been made, the aromatherapist will select several essential oils,
most suited to the client's needs at this time. The oils are then blended into a massage
oil or lotion. Sometimes particular carrier oil will be used. This blend with essential oils
will then be used to give the massage.
The massage therapist will leave the room, allowing the client to undress as far as they
are comfortable, and lay down on a padded massage table. Often, to aid in relaxation,
relaxing music will be playing too. For warmth and modesty, the client will be covered
with a sheet or blanket, which the massage therapist will pull back to work on each
specific part of the body.

If the client feels uncomfortable at any time, or if a specific technique hurts, they should
let the practitioner know. Clear communication, understanding and consent are most
important. Depending on the client’s needs and the practitioner’s individual skills and
training, different styles of somatic (refers to the body, as opposed to the mind) work
may be used.
Different Therapeutic Massage Techniques
All these different massage techniques are used in aromatherapy massage. The total
effect should be harmonious, and not jar in any way.
 The deep thumb pressures of shiatsu
o the pressure of deep tissue massage that is intended to reach nerves,
ligaments, tendons
 The soft tissue work called Swedish massage
 The slow, gentle, rhythmic movements of effleurage massage
o appropriate for pets, infants and the infirm
The massage usually lasts for an hour, but may be longer or shorter, depending on
client needs. At the end of the session, the practitioner will leave the room, allowing the
client a few minutes to gently "come back to themselves," and get dressed.
After the session, many aromatherapists will also suggest the use of a blend that the
client can use at home between sessions. The practitioner will put together a blend
of oils and give instructions for use to the client.
24

Future sessions should also be agreed on. These sessions will depend on client needs,
and financial situation. Many clients find that a weekly or biweekly session is most
beneficial, particularly in the beginning. Some clients receive monthly sessions.
Aromatherapy massage is an excellent "maintenance tool," and should not just be used
to "fix a problem," but should be part of every day life if possible.
Hippocrates stated that "a daily aromatic bath and scented massage are the way
to health." It would be wonderful if we could all follow that suggestion!
How Does it Work?
Many aromatherapists believe that essential oils are absorbed by the skin. There are
however differing opinions as to how much of the components of essential oils can
penetrate the skin, and indeed what their effect on the body might be when they do
penetrate.
It seems that some components do penetrate, but more studies are needed. Many
beneficial effects can take place at the level of the skin and some skin conditions can be
improved by the anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties of the essential oils.
During a massage, some of the volatile essential oils are inhaled and some absorption
is likely through the nose and mouth. Also the volatile molecules of the essential oils
lock onto receptor cells at the back of the nose. An electrochemical message is sent to
the limbic area of the brain, and appears to trigger memory and emotional responses,
which in turn cause messages to be sent to other parts of the brain and body.
In this way, the production of euphoric, relaxing, sedative or stimulating neurochemicals is
stimulated. Many beneficial mental and emotional effects can be seen this way.
Training and Referrals to Aromatherapists
Those who are looking for an aromatherapy massage practitioner should take the time
to find someone with appropriate training. Most massage schools will often briefly talk
about the use of essential oils, but frequently this is not adequate or safe training.
A personal referral from a friend is good. In the USA, The National Association for
Holistic Aromatherapy or the American Alliance of Aromatherapy may be able to
suggest some Aromatherapists who practice massage therapy in your area.
There is at present no standard in the USA for training in aromatherapy, although this
is being discussed and developed by the industry. It is therefore important to ask
questions:
25

 with whom and where did the aromatherapist train
 how long was the training and what subjects did it cover
 how long have they been in practice
The American Massage Therapy Association can provide referrals to a massage
therapist in your area. You may wish to receive information on a massage therapist who
is certified by the National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork
(USA only). Since massage therapy is regulated differently in each state, it is impossible
to list all local regulations here. Some states require licensing and statutory training,
some do not.
The Benefits of Aromatherapy Massage in Palliative Care
Aromatherapy and Massage Therapy are complementary treatments. These
treatments are rising in popularity among patients and healthcare professionals.
They are increasingly being used in palliative (any treatment that offers relief but does
not cure) care to improve the quality of life of patients. Research conducted at the Marie
Curie Cancer Care, in London, England, provides new clinical evidence of the benefits
that these combined and complementary therapies offer cancer patients.
Researchers assessed the effects of massage and aromatherapy on 103 cancer
patients in a palliative care setting. The patients were randomly allocated to receive
massage using carrier oil (massage) or massage using a carrier oil plus Roman
Chamomile essential oil (aromatherapy massage).
Results indicated that there was a statistically significant reduction in anxiety and stress
after each massage and the patients who received aromatherapy massage also noted
improvements in their disposition, physical comfort and their quality of life.
The report concludes that massage with or without essential oils appears to reduce
levels of anxiety. I also found the benefits are clearly enhanced by the addition of
Roman Chamomile essential oil. The aromatherapy massage treatment seemed to help
improve physical and psychological symptoms, as well as the patients' overall quality of
life.
26

Chapter 5
Aromatherapy Recipes
27

Introduction
Aromatherapy recipes have been collected for hundreds of years, from every corner
of the world. Ancient kings and rulers sent their traders to remote parts of the globe in
search of recipes and the essential oils used to create healing wonders.
In this chapter you will find:
 Aromatherapy Massage Recipes
 Aromatherapy Recipe for Insomnia
 Aromatherapy Recipe for Acne
 Aromatherapy Recipes for Stress Relief
 Aromatherapy Medicinal Recipes
 Aromatherapy Blends for Home
Aromatherapy Recipes Disclaimer
Aromatherapy recipes provided are not to be used to diagnose, prescribe, or treat any
illness or injury and are provided for informational purposes only.
Always consult your own doctor when suffering from any disease, illness or injury, or
before attempting a traditional or folk remedy.
Keep all products away from children. As with any natural product, aromatherapy
formulations can be toxic if misused.
The materials provided in this chapter are for informational purposes and are not
intended for use as diagnosis or treatment of a health problem or as a substitute
for consulting a licensed health professional.
28

Aromatherapy Massage Recipes
The world over, people use massage therapy to help promote healthy skin, nourish and
strengthen the body, relieve stress, reduce pain, and encourage balance and well
being.
Massage opens and increases the flow of energy, balancing the entire nervous system
and helps to release physical and emotional disharmony. The many benefits of
massage are enhanced by the use of high quality massage oil.
Most aromatherapy massage recipes contain essential oils added to a "carrier oil" which
is then applied to the body.
More commonly used carrier oils in skin care
The more commonly used carrier oils in skin care preparations are listed below.
Hazelnut Oil
Hazelnut oil is pressed from, obviously,
Hazelnuts. This is considered the most gentle of
the carrier oils, suitable for all skin types. It often
serves as the primary base oil in blends, making
up a majority of the mixture.
29

Rosehip Seed Oil
Rosehip seed oil is pressed from Rosehip seeds
grown in the mountains of South America. This
well researched oil not only has a wealth of
essential fatty acids, but contains trans-retinoic
acid, a compound similar to the active ingredient
of Retin-A (a well known wrinkle cream), but
without the drying side effects.
Evening Primrose Oil
Evening Primrose oil is often included in blends
for aging skin and for eczema. It has one of the
highest known concentrations of gamma-
linolenic acid (GLA), an essential fatty acid
which may be crucial to optimal health.
Anti-Tension Massage
2 drops Sandalwood oil
2 drops Lavender oil
2 drops Petitgrain oil
Combine oils in 20 ml of carrier oil. Especially effective on the neck, shoulders,
and temples.
30

"Mature Skin Massage"
2 drops Neroli oil
2 drops Myrrh oil
Combine in 20 ml of Wheatgerm oil. Use over any part of the body.
"Blood Circulation Improvement Massage"
4 drops Rosemary oil
2 drops Vetiver oil:
Combine in 4 oz. of sesame oil. Rub into affected areas where it is needed.
31

"Bedtime Massage"
2 drops Chamomile oil
Combine in 20 ml of carrier oil. Welcomed by any part of the body.
"Backache Massage"
1 drop Lemon oil
2 drops Eucalyptus oil
Combine in 20 ml of carrier oil. Focus on areas of tension with fingertips
Varicose Vein Massage
2 drops Cedarwood oil
2 drops Lime oil
Combine in 20 ml of carrier oil. Rub lightly,
using only fingertips.
Stimulating Body Rub
1 drop Peppermint oil
1 drop Myrrh oil
Combine in 20 ml of carrier oil. This is an excellent winter rub.
Pain-Relieving Massage
3 drops Frankincense oil
3 drops Pine oil
Combine oils in 20 ml of carrier oil.
Especially effective on sore joints.
32

Sensual Body Massage
3 drops Rose oil
3 drops Geranium oil
2 drops Patchouli oil
Combine in 20 ml of carrier oil. Especially useful for sharing with a close friend.
General Face and Neck Massage
3 drops Violet oil
2 drops Rose oil
Combine oils in 20 ml of carrier oil. Add
Vitamin E for extra richness.
Relaxing Massage
2 drops Rose oil
2 drops Lavender oil:
Combine in 20 ml of carrier oil. Very effective as a face and scalp massage.
Relieves anxiety.
Hand Massage
5 drops Lime oil
5 drops Thyme oil
5 drops Cajeput oil:
Combine in 4 tablespoons carrier oil.
Rub generously over the hands.
33

Stimulating Massage
1 drop Rosemary oil
2 drops Lemongrass oil
3 drops Orange oil
Combine in 20 ml of carrier oil. Good for back and shoulder massages.
Full-Body Massage
2 drops Jasmine oil
3 drops Neroli oil
Combine in 20 ml of carrier oil. Use
throughout the body.
Leg Massage
2 drops Lime oil
1 drop Lemon oil
2 drops Cypress oil
Combine oils in 20 ml of carrier
oil. Massage on calves, using
gentle pressure on varicose veins.
Sunrise Massage
2 drops Petitgrain oil:
2 drops Orange oil
2 drops Bergamot oil
Combine in 20 ml of carrier oil. Good
early-morning body rub.
34

Aromatherapy Recipe for Insomnia
Evening Wonder
... to bring on that well deserved sleep.
Ingredients:
6 drops Spikenard
(Nardostachys jatamansi)
2 drops Jasmine (Jasminum officinale)
4 drops Lavender
(Lavandula augustifolia)
3 drops Roman
Chamomile(Chamaemelum nobile)
Combine these oils for insomnia. Diffuse this blend using a nebulizer in the bedroom
just before bedtime, or place a few drops on cotton pads around the bed.
Diluted in 1/2 with a carrier oil, such as sweet almond oil, and this recipe could also be
used for a relaxing before-bed self massage.
Aromatherapy Recipe for Acne
Combine These Aromatherapy Oils:
5 drops Geranium oil(Pelargonium graveolens)
7 drops Lavender oil (Lavandula augustifolia)
7 drops Atlas Cedarwood oil (Cedrus atlantica)
12 drops Tea Tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia)
1/4 ounce Jojoba oil
Combine oils and jojoba oil in a small glass vial with an orifice reducer. Use a cotton
swab or clean finger to apply a drop directly to affected area.
35

Aromatherapy Recipes for Stress Relief
Probably the best known aromatherapy recipes are those used for stress relief. By
combining aromatherapy recipes and aromatherapy massage together you can have a
wonderful combination to increase relaxation and reduce stress. By adding a couple
drops of your favorite aromatherapy recipe to a carrier oil used in massage you have a
combination of two therapies that complement each other very well.
Aromatherapy recipes can be used by simply inhaling essential oils such as Lavender,
chamomile, orange blossom, and spikenard. Each is well known as a relaxing
essential oil.
Inhaling any individual essential oil or aromatherapy recipe that you personally
find pleasant or soothing will make you feel more relaxed and less stressed.
Here are just a few aromatherapy recipes for relief of stress:
Bedtime Vapors
... for a soothing good night’s sleep.
Ingredients:
8 drops Spikenard
(Nardostachys jatamansi)
4 drops Neroli (Citrus aurantium bigaradia)
4 drops Lavender (Lavandula
augustifolia) 3/4 oz. Neroli hydrosol
(Citrus aurantium bigaradia)
1/4 oz. Everclear (or other high proof
alcohol)
Combine ingredients in a 1 oz. glass bottle with a spray top. Just before bedtime,
shake well and lightly spray over pillows and sheets.
Soothing Bath Salts
... to bring calm to your world.
Ingredients:
1 drop Lavender (Lavandula augustifolia)
1 drop Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)
1 drop Roman Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile)
1 drop Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)
1/2 cup Epsom salts or bath salts
36

Stir oils into bath salts, and pour the mixture under running warm water in the
tub. Enjoy!
Muscle Pain and Stress Relief
... ease the pain and stress of the day.
The following combination of oils in a warm bath will ease muscle pain and stress at
the same time:
Ingredients:
3 drops Lavender (Lavandula augustifolia)
2 drops Petitgrain (Citrus aurantium var. amara)
1-2 drops Frankincense (Boswellia cateri)
Add these oils to your warm bath and, swirl them around with your foot. Now step into
one of the most relaxing baths you will ever have. Allow yourself 10 to 20 minutes.
Avoid getting the bath water in your eyes, as the oils will sting.
You can use this formula up to once a day for 3 days a week over a two to three week
period.
Aromatherapy Medicinal Recipes
Nausea Inhalant
1 drop Lavender oil
1 drop Peppermint oil.
Place in a small pot of boiling water and inhale vapors.
Insect Bites
1 tbsp. Aloe Vera
Apply to affected area until skin no
longer itches.
Puffy Eyes
1 drop Chamomile oil
Place drop on a cool, damp ball
of cotton wool.
Apply to closed eyes for ten minutes.
Tired Eyes
1 drop Chamomile oil
Place on a cool, damp ball of
cotton wool. Apply
to closed eyes for 10 minutes.
37

Sprained Ankle Massage
5 drops Cypress oil
5 drops Peppermint oil
Combine in 3 tablespoons of carrier oil.
Apply over affected area.
Sunburn Bath
Add oils to warm bath and soak for 15
minutes.
Dermatitis Bath Eczema Massage
2 drops Lavender oil 3 drops Lavender oil
4 drops Geranium oil 3 drops Geranium oil
2 drops Juniper oil 3 drops Bergamot oil
Add oils to warm bath and soak for 15 6 drops Juniper oil
minutes.
Combine in 20 ml massage oil and
apply to affected areas.
Cellulite Rub
2 drops Juniper oil
5 drops Fennel oil
4 drop Lavender oil:
Combine in 20 ml of carrier oil. Massage into affected area.
38

Headache Inhalant Hangover Compress
1 drop Rose oil 1 drop Rosewood oil
1 drop Basil oil 1 drop Peppermint oil
1 drop Orange oil 1 drop Lavender oil
1 drop Rosemary oil. Add combined oils to a cool, wet rag.
Apply to temples for 10 minutes.
Breath vapors for approx. 5 minutes
and repeat hourly.
Hemorrhoids Bath Diarrhea Massage
3 drops Frankincense oil
3 drops Juniper oil
5 drops Cypress oil
minutes.
5 drops Cypress oil
5 drops Patchouli oil
Combine in 20 ml of carrier oil.
Massage onto abdomen in a
clockwise motion.
Constipation Massage
6 drops Thyme oil
Combine in 1 oz. Almond or Olive oil. Massage
on abdomen.
39

Muscle Pain Dressing
3 drops Petitgrain oil
3 drops Ginger oil
Combine in 600 ml hot water. Wring out a piece of fabric in water, and apply to forehead
or back of neck. Re-apply when it has cooled to body temperature. Good for period
cramps.
Pre-Menstrual Stress Massage Oil Cramps Bath
5 drops Geranium oil 5 drops Marjoram oil
10 drops Rose oil 5 drops Basil oil
8 drops Ylang Ylang oil Add to bath water and soak for 15
minutes.
Combine oils in 2 tablespoons of
sesame oil. Rub gently onto abdomen,
using more massage oil if needed.
Period Cramp Dressing
2 drops Clary Sage oil
3 drops Juniper oil
Combine in 600 ml of hot water. Wring
out a piece of fabric in water, and apply
to forehead or back of neck. Re-apply
when it has cooled to body
temperature.
Varicose Vein Bath
5 drops Cypress oil
minutes.
Hives Massage
4 drops Melissa oil
Combine oils in 20 ml carrier oil. apply
to the affected area.
40

Urinary Tract Infection Bath
Add oils to a warm bath and soak for
15 minutes.
Cystitis Bath
2 drops Cedarwood oil.
Add to warn bath water and soak for 15
minutes.
Skin Rash Compress Bruises
3 drops Cedarwood oil
Combine oils in 600 ml iced water.
Wring out a piece of fabric in water,
and apply to forehead or back of
neck. Re-apply when it has warmed to
body temperature.
2 drops Fennel oil
Combine in cold water. Wring out a
cloth in the water and apply as a cold
compress to affected area.
Fever Compress
3 drops Tea Tree oil
Combine in 4 oz of iced water. Wring
out a piece of fabric in water, and apply
to forehead or back of neck. Re-apply
when it has warmed to body
temperature.
Bronchitis Bath Indigestion Massage
2 drops Hyssop oil 4 drops Basil oil
2 drops Sandalwood oil 4 drops Coriander oil
6 drops Eucalyptus oil 4 drops Fennel oil
Add to hot bath water and soak for 15 4 drops Marjoram oil
minutes.
Combine in 1 oz olive oil. Massage
gently into stomach.
41

Aromatherapy Blends for Home
Essential oils are a valuable germ-killing addition to cleaning solutions, and of course,
they make great air fresheners.
Aromatherapy All-Purpose Cleaner
Add the following to a chemical resistant spray bottle (this is important, as essential
oils may dissolve regular plastic) with at least 10 oz capacity. Shake the bottle before
spraying.
 7 oz water
 10 drops Bergamot oil
• 10 drops Cinnamon Bark oil
 10 drops Grapefruit oil
 20 drops Lemon oil
 2 oz concentrated liquid non-bleach cleaner
Don't use essential oils on varnished surfaces, wood furniture, or treated surfaces,
since they may damage the surface. This cleaner is best for ceramic and porcelain
surfaces, but you might want to test a small area before using it on large areas.
Aromatherapy Air Cleaner
Use this blend for diffusing. Essential oil
diffusion with a nebulizing diffuser has been
shown to reduce the amount of allergens
and germs in the room.
 5 drops Bergamot oil
 7 drops Cedarwood oil
• 5 drops Cinnamon Bark oil
 5 drops Lemon oil
 7 drops Eucalyptus Radiata oil
 5 drops Tea Tree oil
42

Chapter 6
How Essential Oils Are
Delivered and the
Accessories Used
43

Essential Oils are used in many every day situations, and there are many different ways of using
them!
Essential Oils can be dissolved in an oil base and applied by hand, i.e., they can be rubbed onto
the skin during massage or applied to particular parts of the body by aromatherapy
practitioners to alleviate headaches or other ailments.
A few drops can be put on a handkerchief or tissue to help people sleep.
Others are formulated into bath salts, gels, etc. which can be dissolved into running bath
water to give a relaxing fragrance.
In fact, a few drops of your favorite Essential Oil can be put directly into the bath. The best
time to do this is after you’ve finished running the bath. You put in around 3 drops (I love
lavender!), give it a few minutes to form a surface on top of the bath water before you get
in and then RELAX! When you emerge, you’ll find that it stays on your skin, moisturizing it,
and of course you have the lingering reminder of it on your person!
Essential Oils can be used to keep clothes smelling nice. They can be added to dried petals
as in potpourri, which can be put in sachets and put in drawers, or just left out in bowls.
The most popular way to use Essentials Oils is to put them in devices that allow the smell to
diffuse into the air. This can be for various purposes:
 To make the environment relaxing, calm, or even sensual!
 To help with stress management (e.g., in a doctor’s
surgery, in offices, etc.)
 To creating a peaceful atmosphere for meditating.
 To help people who have congested chests breathe easily.
 To protect people from biting insects.
44

Candles scented with Essential Oils can be used (see below).
Sweet Orange and Myrrh Cedarwood and Cucumber
Travel Aromatherapy Candle Tin Peppermint 3-wick
Another way of dispersing the fragrance of Essential Oils is by dissolving
some drops in water and heating it to enable it to vaporize. There are Oil
Burners which have a small tea light candle warming water and oil
contained in a receptacle above.
45

Tea-light candle 2 different styles of oil burners/diffusers.
There are many different styles of oil burners available (see above), and
they are very decorative as well.
There are other styles of diffusers which can be used in a
Car Room or carried in a Pocket.
46

Even more high tech nebulizers which look fabulous, too :
Ultrasonic Diffuser Glass Vase Nebulizer Aroma Globe
There are even more imaginative ways of dispensing Essential Oils!
Lamp Rings can be placed on your standard desk lamp, a few drops of the
oil dropped on the ring and the heat from the lamp will cause it to vaporize!
Terracotta absorbs oils well, so you can put a few drops on a scent stone and
carry it around with you.
Lamp Ring Terracotta Scent Stone
47

And finally, a most direct method - A Nasal Aromahaler!
This small but efficient device fits comfortably under your nose and
provides hours of vapor from less than 1/7 drop of Essential Oil!
Finally, Essential Oils can be found in many Personal Care products such
as shampoos, facial scrubs, deodorant, and skin products. There is a huge
variety of Aromatherapy Accessories and Body and Bath Products. Please visit:
Mountain Rose Herbs.com
48

Chapter 7
Aromatherapy and Domestic
Animals
49

Introduction
Aromatheraphy for cats is the practice of using
essential oils for healing. The essential oils come
from plants, seeds, flowers, bark, and roots. The
essential oils act as the plant’s defense system
against bacteria, molds, yeasts, viruses and other
insects. So, how does this apply to cats?
In the past, essential oils were thought to be safe for cats and have
been recommended for the treatment of stress, mites, and upper
respiratory conditions. New evidence over the last few years has
shown this to be incorrect, and essential oils can be toxic to cats
when applied to the skin, taken internally or even inhaled. Cats react
differently to various essential oils, whereas they have been beneficial
to humans and even dogs. The problem is that cats’ livers cannot
expel the chemicals in the essential oils like humans, and even dogs,
can. The toxicity build up in cats can develop very quickly via internal
or external application or even breathing over an extended period of
time. This can lead to serious liver damage or even death.
The symptoms of toxicity buildup in cats include:
 Awkward movement
 Dizziness
 Vomiting
 Lack of energy
 Lack of appetite
 Excessive tear production in the eyes
 Sneezing
 Pacing or whining
 Licking themselves excessively
Since cats have very thin skin, essence oils are absorbed quickly, and therefore, enter
the blood stream almost immediately. Remember, cats do not like strong odors and will
generally stay away from them.
50

Essential Oils Potentially Toxic to Cats
Several case studies have verified the benefits of treating cats with essence oils.
However, while the application of a particular essence oil on one cat can be beneficial,
the same application to another cat can lead to side effects. Below is a list of some of
the essential oils that can cause problems with your cats.
 Peppermint
• Lemon Oil
• Lavender Oil
 Tea Tree Oil
• Cinnamon Bark Oil
 Wintergreen Oil
• Thyme Oil
 Birch Oil
 Oregano
 Clove
 Mountain Savory
 Cassia

Peppermint

Peppermint and products that contain Pennyroyal are toxic to cats because they contain
phenols that a cat’s liver cannot process. It takes exposure to these products over a
long period of time before the cats will show signs of toxicity. The cats are just unable to
eliminate the poisons from their bodies. Common cleaning solutions such as Pine-sol
and Lysol contain phenols. Special care should be paid to rinse well the area to
eliminate the possibility that the cats will ingest it from licking their paws or even breathe
large amounts of the fumes.

Lemon Oil


Lemon oil is used as a bathroom cleaner and is a strong germicide, astringent, and air
disinfectant. After cleaning an area with a household cleaner that contains lemon oil,
make sure you thoroughly rinse and dry the area. If your cat is in the same area,
make sure they can leave the room if they want to. Remember, cats are very sensitive
to smells.
Lavender Oil
There are several cases where cats have been treated with Lavender oil in an effort to
help alleviate stress. Lavender oil does contain ketones that can cause neurological
symptoms over a prolonged period of exposure.
51

Tea Tree Oil
The National Animal Poison Control Center has received several reports of
tea tree oil poisoning in the United States. There is no antidote for tea tree oil toxicosis
in cats and it can lead to death. The prolonged exposure to tea tree oil will lead to a
toxicity buildup in the cat’s liver.
Cinnamon Bark Oil
Cinnamon Bark is a strong antibacterial and antifungal oil, providing a good air
freshener during the winter months for humans. However, it is a strong sensitizer and
an irritant and therefore, should not be used on or around cats. It also contains high
levels of phenols and is not recommended for use with cats. Phenols are defined as
organic compounds that are byproducts of petroleum refining, tanning, and textile,
dye, and resin manufacturing. Low concentrations cause taste and odor problems in
water; higher concentrations can kill aquatic life and humans.
Wintergreen Oil
Wintergreen oil contains a high content of Methyl Salicylate, which builds up in the
body, and can contribute to Salicylate poisoning and is toxic to cats.
Thyme Oil
The FDA generally recognizes thyme and thyme oil as being safe. However, thyme oil
can irritate the skin when applied topically. Taken internally in large doses, it is
poisonous. Thymol is especially toxic, and can produce the following symptoms:
nausea, vomiting, gastritis, headache, dizziness, convulsions, coma, cardiac arrest, and
respiratory collapse.
Birch Oil
Birch oils contain Methyl Salicylate, which builds up in the cat’s liver, and can
contribute to Salicylate poisoning. It is toxic to cats.
Oregano, Clove, Mountain Savory, and Cassia
Oregano, clove, mountain savory, and cassia contain high levels of phenols and are not
recommended for use with cats.
52

DRUGS TO AVOID IN CATS
This is a list of drugs to avoid giving to cats unless under direction of your veterinarian.
 ACETAMINOPHEN and PHENACETIN - Examples are Tylenol, SineAid,
SineOff, Anacin-3, Comtrex, Daytril, Nyquil, Allerest, and Vanquish.
 ANTIHISTAMINES AND DECONGESTANTS (PSEUDOEPHIDRINE,
CONTACT, BENADRYL, CHLOR-TRIMATON - These drugs can cause
depression, vomiting, fever, muscle tremors, rapid or depressed heart rates,
disorientation, and seizures.
 ASPIRIN (ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID, SALICYLATE) Pepto-Bismol. Treatment -
There is no specific antidote.
 CHOCOLATE (THEOBROMINE) AND CAFFEINE POISONING - Treatment -
No antidote exists; treatment is supportive. Fluids are given as part of supportive
treatment.
 NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS - Ibuprofen, (Motrin, Advil,
Nuprin, Vick's DayQuil), phenylbutazone (Bute, Butazolidin), naproxen
(Naprosyn, Aleve), indomethacin, piroxicam (Feldene).
Recommendations
The information in this chapter of the e-book, Aromatherapy, has not been evaluated
or approved by the Food and Drug Administration. This information is not intended to
diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. We do not make any claims to this effect.
This information is not intended to replace professional veterinary and/or medical
advice.
If you decide to use essential oils on your cats, always use a highly diluted formula. If
you have any doubts about essential oils, use hydrosols instead of essential oils on your
cats. Hydrosols are water based and are gentler and much easier for your cat to
tolerate. Here are some additional guidelines for the use of essential oils with your cats:
 Use a diluted formula of at least 10:1 with mixing oil.
 Do not diffuse any essential oils or blends around your cats. Make sure your cats
have the opportunity to leave the room where you are working, or place the cats
in another room.
• Avoid household cleaning products with essential oils (citrus or pine).
53

Chapter 8
Flea, Tick and
Mosquito Control
Through Aromatherapy
By August Wusterhausen
54

Introduction
Problems encountered in the summertime are external parasites like fleas and ticks.
The first line of defense against any internal or external pests is a healthy diet and
healthy animal. The healthier the animal, the less likely that a parasite will be able
to take hold.
Fleas feed on warm-blooded animals. The most common species is the cat
flea, which will bite humans, dogs, rats, chickens, raccoons and cats.
The flea will lay eggs on its animal host. When the eggs hatch, the larvae drop off the
fur onto furniture, blankets or the carpet and live by feeding on adult flea droppings. This
larval stage can last from seven days to over a year. Larvae emerge as adults when a
host is present.
Flea bites cause scratching and serious allergies in animals and humans. Fleas can
leap vertically up to seven inches and horizontally thirteen inches. Eggs are smooth,
oval and white and the larvae are 1/4-inch long bristly-haired creatures.
Fleas rarely bite humans unless the infestation is heavy.
Flea Control
To control them, follow these tips:
 Vacuum on a regular basis, picking up adult and egg-stage fleas. Vacuum up a
tablespoon of cornstarch to ensure the fleas’ demise, and dispose of the bag
immediately.
 Steam cleaning may be needed as a supplement to kill adult and larval fleas, as
well as some eggs.
 Wash removable floor coverings located in areas where there are known
infestations and any bedding for pets.
 Restrict pets to a single bed and wash it frequently. Sprinkling the bed with
aromatic cedar shavings, rosemary, fennel or rye will help.
 Groom pet with a flea comb daily. Pick off fleas from the comb and drop into
soapy water or hold comb in soapy water. Also bathe your pet frequently.
 Give pets vitamin B1, such as a small dose of brewer’s yeast. A better option
might be to go to the veterinarian for a B-complex vitamin supplement.
 Light traps are effective for flea control, using either sticky paper or a small tub of
soapy water to catch attracted fleas.
 Heat treatment is also effective to control flea infestations. Larvae die
after exposure to 103°F for one hour.
55

Natural Remedies
Natural Remedies include:
 Nematodes applied to the lawn as a spray enter the fleas’ bodies, feeding on
tissue and releasing harmful bacteria. They do not affect people, pets or
plants, and occur naturally in soil, so they will not adversely affect beneficial
soil organisms.
 Diatomaceous earth is effective flea control when applied in a light dusting to
upholstered furniture and exposed area. Avoid breathing in desiccating dusts and
always wear a mask and goggles when applying this product.
 Boric acid worked into the nap of carpet can be used to control fleas. Exercise
caution when using products containing boric acid and do not use in areas where
children or pets will come in direct contact with the chemical.
Don Hamilton, DVM, has some excellent suggestions for controlling fleas naturally. In
his book, Homeopathic Care for Cats and Dogs, he suggests initially, to control fleas, try
shampooing your dog (or cat) weekly.
You don't need a flea shampoo. Just use a good healthy shampoo, lather up and leave
on for 10 minutes. Then do a good rinse. The bath disrupts the life cycle of the flea. If
you prefer using herbal products, you can rinse the dog with Lavender, eucalyptus and
pennyroyal. All appear to repel fleas. (These oils may be toxic to cats, so don’t use them
on cats.)
How to Flight Fleas
How to fight fleas the natural way:
 Vacuum your home frequently and seal vacuum bags before disposing.
 Wash the bedding of your dog weekly in warm soapy water. This is where fleas
usually breed.
 Bathing your pet weekly with a mild dog shampoo prevents flea invasion.
 Use cedar shampoo for your dog, and put cedar oil in their sleeping mats.
Cedar will repel fleas and other insects.
 Fleas are attracted to dry skin, so to avoid it, give your dog Linatone oil mixed
with its food. Excessive shampooing should be avoided.
 A mixture of brewer’s yeast and garlic, available in powder or tablet form can be
given in small doses to your pet. This creates a certain odor in pets, and fleas are
sure to avoid them.
 Fresh or dried pennyroyal leaves is a natural flea repellent. Use this in carpets to
avoid the abundance of fleas in the home. Do not use it if you have small children
around, or cats, as this could be toxic.
 A mixture of 60 ml of Lavender oil with 2.8 liters of rock salt can also be placed in
areas where dogs usually come in contact with the home environment. This
solution could also be used to wash your dog.
56

 Planting marigolds in the yard is helpful, too, as it repels certain types of bugs as
well as fleas.
• Boiled lemon or orange peel in water can be used as a dip for dogs and can be
used also to soak into dog bedding for a few hours, then washed with warm
soapy water.
 Lukewarm water with a little shampoo and detergent is a good way to prevent
fleas. A dog’s body may be dipped into the solution for fifteen minutes and then
rinsed. This only works if flea infestation is light.
Aromatherapy Mosquito Control
Aromatic cedar oil used as a spray mist will help eliminate mosquitoes from your yard
or area. There is also a mosquito fogger that is designed to control flying insects, ticks
and other pests that inhabit your yard or structures.
57

Chapter 9
7 Essential Oils No
Home Should Be Without
By Clint Pollard
58

When we have a health problem today, most people take some type of drug to take
care of it. Have you ever thought about the suffering people must have gone through
500 or 1,000 years ago? Well, it’s possible they didn't suffer as much as we might think.
Instead of buying a drug for their health problems like we do today, our ancestors may
have just picked a few plants, and some of those plants may have worked better than
some of the drugs we take today. One reason I say this is because most of today’s
drugs usually come with some side effects that can cause other problems in our bodies.
I am grateful for all the new inventions and new technology, but the older I get the more
I realize that everything we have today came from something basic, and I think it is time
we return to the basics with our health care. It's really not my idea. Every year more and
more people are trying alternative health care. What I would like to introduce you to
today are some of the essential oils used in Aromatherapy.
• Eucalyptus Essential Oil - Eucalyptus essential oil is used most often for
respiratory conditions, such as a cough or a cold. It has also been used in the
treatment of flu. It's a stimulating oil which helps relieve mental exhaustion and
aids in concentration. Other uses are easing the pain of arthritis, rheumatism and
other muscular aches and pains. Eucalyptus should be diluted, and avoided
during pregnancy.
 Geranium Essential Oil - Possible uses include acne, bruises, broken
capillaries, burns, cellulitis, poor circulation, cuts, dermatitis, diabetes, diarrhea,
eczema, edema, hemorrhoids, hormonal imbalance, insomnia, jaundice, kidney
stones, lice, liver congestion, menopause, mosquito repellant, neuralgia,
ringworm, shingles, oily skin, sore throat, spider veins, stress, and tonsillitis. May
cause skin irritation in some; do not use if pregnant or lactating.
• Rosemary Essential Oil - Rosemary essential oil has been used in the
treatment of acne, arteriosclerosis, asthma, bronchitis, candida, cellulite, poor
circulation, colds, colitis, dandruff, dermatitis, dysmenorrhea, dyspepsia, eczema,
fatigue, flatulence, flu, fluid retention, gout, oily hair, hair loss, headache,
infections, insect repellant, jaundice, lice, liver problems, low blood pressure,
muscle pain, neuralgia, ovary problems, palpitations, rheumatism, scalp
stimulator, sinusitis, stress, tachycardia, testicle problems, varicose veins, and
whooping cough. Do not use when pregnant, or with high blood pressure,
epilepsy; mild skin irritant.
• Thyme Essential Oil - Thyme essential oil has been used for abrasions,
abscess, acne, animal bites, antibacterial, antibiotic, anti fungal, antiparasitic,
antiseptic, arteriosclerosis, arthritis, athlete's foot, boils, bronchitis, carminative,
catarrh, cellulite, chlamydia, circulatory stimulant, cold sores, colds, constipation,
cuts, cystitis, dandruff, detoxifying, disinfectant, diuretic, dysmenorrhea,
emmenagogue, energizing, fatigue, infertility (male or female), fibrosis, gout,
immunity stimulant, influenza, insect bites, insect repellent, laryngitis, lower
abdominal pain, memory loss, menopause, muscular aches, osteoporosis,
pneumonia, raises blood pressure, rheumatism, seborrhea, sinusitis, sprains,
sore throat, warts, whooping cough, and wrinkles.Thyme oil contains toxic
phenols which can irritate the skin and mucous membranes and cause
59

sensitization of the skin in some individuals. Use in moderation and highly
diluted. Thyme Oil should NEVER be put directly on the skin. It should always
be mixed with another oil. Serious burning can occur from direct concentrated
contact.
 Lemon Essential Oil - Possible uses include acne, anemia, anxiety, arthritis,
asthma, boils, brittle nails, broken capillaries, bronchitis, catarrh, cellulitis, poor
circulation, colds, dull complexion, corns, cuts, disinfecting the air, dyspepsia, low
energy, fever, flu, germicide, gout, heartburn, herpes, high blood pressure,
infection, insect bites, intestinal parasites, leukocyte formation, liver deficiency,
lymphatic problems, memory problems, mouth ulcers, nosebleeds, rheumatism,
oily skin, tonsillitis, varicose veins, warts. Avoid sunlight following application;
may cause skin irritation in some; not for babies or young children.
 Basil - Possible uses include treatment of nervous disorders, stress related
headaches, migraines and allergies. It is said to clear the mind and relieve
intellectual fatigue, while giving clarity and mental strength. It often is used for
asthma, bronchitis and sinus infections. It can also be effective in cases of
constipation, nausea, vomiting, cramps, and can also be used for menstrual
problems. It may relieve gout, helps with arthritis, helps to control acne. In
general it refreshes the skin and can also be used on insect bites. Although basil
oil usually stimulates, in excess it can have a stupefying effect and should not be
used during pregnancy or on children under 16 years. Since it can irritate
sensitive skin, it must be used with care on people with sensitive skin, and also
must be avoided during pregnancy.
• Peppermint Essential Oil - Possible uses include antibiotic, anti-inflammatory,
antiseptic, antispasmodic, bronchitis, cellulite, circulatory stimulant, colds,
constipation, dermatitis, digestion, disinfectant, diverticulosis, dysmenorrhea,
fainting, fibrosis, flatulence, gingivitis, hay fever, headaches, heartburn,
heatstroke, hemorrhoids, indigestion, insect repellent, itching, jet lag, lumbago,
muscular aches, nausea, oily skin, osteoporosis, palpitations, rheumatoid
arthritis, ringworm, scabies, sinusitis, sunburns, tendonitis, toothaches, upper
abdominal pain, varicose veins, vomiting, water retention. Can also be used for
concentration, cooling, exhaustion, memory loss, relaxation, raising blood
pressure, and revitalization. The oil is nontoxic but may sensitize the skin and is
an irritant in high concentration. Use in moderation only. Peppermint Oil should
NEVER be put directly on the skin. It should always be mixed with another oil.
Serious burning can occur from direct concentrated contact.
While certain essential oils have been beneficial in treating certain conditions in certain
patients, I cannot state as fact that any of the oils can help you in any health related
issues. You should always consult a qualified Aromatherapist before using any of the
essential oils mentioned above for any health related illnesses.
60

Chapter 10
Potential Risks of
Essential Oils
By Dr. R.J. Peters
It’s important to exercise caution and discretion in the use of aromatic oils and
essences, as they have the potential to cause complications due to their complex
chemical natures and because they are extremely concentrated and volatile.
Always consult with a qualified practitioner and follow accepted safety guidelines.
The use of essential oils is not recommended in conjunction with the
following conditions:
 Asthma
 Heart conditions
 High blood pressure
 Cancer
 Undergoing chemotherapy
 Epilepsy
 Pregnancy
 Kidney disease
 Neurological disorders
61

Improper use can result in:
 Allergic reactions
 Headache
 Nausea
 Skin irritations, including burns
 Spontaneous abortion
 Excessive diuretic effect
 Negative emotions
 Hypersensitivity of skin to sunlight
Safety precautions include:
 Proper dilution of the concentrated essences before use
 Not using on children under age 5
 Use with extreme caution for children over 5
 Preliminary skin patch test
 Not using in or near eyes or mucous membranes
 Staying out of sunlight for a minimum of 4 hours after application
Aromatic essential oils may be derived from Nature, but simply being natural does not
guarantee their safety. High or improper doses and uses may not be lethal, but the
potential for toxicity can lead to undesirable results. Always consult with a professional
who is knowledgeable in the uses and proper application of each compound.
62

2006 aromatherapy-handbook

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