2015 bioinformatics bio_python

FBW
27-10-2015
Wim Van Criekinge

GitHub: Hosted GIT
• Largest open source git hosting site
• Public and private options
• User-centric rather than project-centric
• http://github.ugent.be (use your Ugent
login and password)
– Accept invitation from Bioinformatics-I-
2015
URI:
– https://github.ugent.be/Bioinformatics-I-
2015/Python.git

Control Structures
if condition:
statements
[elif condition:
statements] ...
else:
statements
while condition:
statements
for var in sequence:
statements
break
continue

Lists
• Flexible arrays, not Lisp-like linked
lists
• a = [99, "bottles of beer", ["on", "the",
"wall"]]
• Same operators as for strings
• a+b, a*3, a[0], a[-1], a[1:], len(a)
• Item and slice assignment
• a[0] = 98
• a[1:2] = ["bottles", "of", "beer"]
-> [98, "bottles", "of", "beer", ["on", "the", "wall"]]
• del a[-1] # -> [98, "bottles", "of", "beer"]

Dictionaries
• Hash tables, "associative arrays"
• d = {"duck": "eend", "water": "water"}
• Lookup:
• d["duck"] -> "eend"
• d["back"] # raises KeyError exception
• Delete, insert, overwrite:
• del d["water"] # {"duck": "eend", "back": "rug"}
• d["back"] = "rug" # {"duck": "eend", "back":
"rug"}
• d["duck"] = "duik" # {"duck": "duik", "back":
"rug"}

Regex.py
text = 'abbaaabbbbaaaaa'
pattern = 'ab'
for match in re.finditer(pattern, text):
s = match.start()
e = match.end()
print ('Found "%s" at %d:%d' % (text[s:e], s, e))
m = re.search("^([A-Z]) ",line)
if m:
from_letter = m.groups()[0]

Question 3. Swiss-Knife.py
• Using a database as input ! Parse
the entire Swiss Prot collection
– How many entries are there ?
– Average Protein Length (in aa and
MW)
– Relative frequency of amino acids
• Compare to the ones used to construct
the PAM scoring matrixes from 1978 –
1991

Question 3: Getting the database
Uniprot_sprot.dat.gz – 528Mb
(save on your network drive H:)
Unzipped 2.92 Gb !
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/uniprot/download-center

Amino acid frequencies
1978 1991
L 0.085 0.091
A 0.087 0.077
G 0.089 0.074
S 0.070 0.069
V 0.065 0.066
E 0.050 0.062
T 0.058 0.059
K 0.081 0.059
I 0.037 0.053
D 0.047 0.052
R 0.041 0.051
P 0.051 0.051
N 0.040 0.043
Q 0.038 0.041
F 0.040 0.040
Y 0.030 0.032
M 0.015 0.024
H 0.034 0.023
C 0.033 0.020
W 0.010 0.014
Second step: Frequencies of Occurence

Extra Questions
• How many records have a sequence of length 260?
• What are the first 20 residues of 143X_MAIZE?
• What is the identifier for the record with the
shortest sequence? Is there more than one record
with that length?
• What is the identifier for the record with the
longest sequence? Is there more than one record
with that length?
• How many contain the subsequence "ARRA"?
• How many contain the substring "KCIP-1" in the
description?

Perl / Python 00
• A class is a package
• An object is a reference to a data
structure (usually a hash) in a class
• A method is a subroutine in the class

Biopython functionality and tools
• The ability to parse bioinformatics files into Python
utilizable data structures
• Support the following formats:
– Blast output
– Clustalw
– FASTA
– PubMed and Medline
– ExPASy files
– SCOP
– SwissProt
– PDB
• Files in the supported formats can be iterated over
record by record or indexed and accessed via a
dictionary interface

Biopython functionality and tools
• Code to deal with on-line bioinformatics destinations (NCBI,
ExPASy)
• Interface to common bioinformatics programs (Blast,
ClustalW)
• A sequence obj dealing with seqs, seq IDs, seq features
• Tools for operations on sequences
• Tools for dealing with alignments
• Tools to manage protein structures
• Tools to run applications

Install Biopython
The Biopython module name is Bio
It must be downloaded and installed
(http://biopython.org/wiki/Download)
You need to install numpy first
>>>import Bio

Install Biopython
pip is the preferred installer program.
Starting with Python 3.4, it is included
by default with the Python binary
installers.
pip3.5 install Biopython
#pip3.5 install yahoo_finance
from yahoo_finance import Share
yahoo = Share('AAPL')
print (yahoo.get_open())

Run Install.py (is BioPython installed ?)
import pip
import sys
import platform
import webbrowser
print ("Python " + platform.python_version()+ " installed
packages:")
installed_packages = pip.get_installed_distributions()
installed_packages_list = sorted(["%s==%s" % (i.key, i.version)
for i in installed_packages])
print(*installed_packages_list,sep="n")

BioPython
• Make a histogram of the MW (in kDa) of all proteins in
Swiss-Prot
• Find the most basic and most acidic protein in Swiss-Prot?
• Biological relevance of the results ?
From AAIndex
H ZIMJ680104
D Isoelectric point (Zimmerman et al., 1968)
R LIT:2004109b PMID:5700434
A Zimmerman, J.M., Eliezer, N. and Simha, R.
T The characterization of amino acid sequences in proteins by
statistical
methods
J J. Theor. Biol. 21, 170-201 (1968)
C KLEP840101 0.941 FAUJ880111 0.813 FINA910103 0.805
I A/L R/K N/M D/F C/P Q/S E/T G/W H/Y I/V
6.00 10.76 5.41 2.77 5.05 5.65 3.22 5.97 7.59 6.02
5.98 9.74 5.74 5.48 6.30 5.68 5.66 5.89 5.66 5.96

• Introduction to Biopython
– Sequence objects (I)
– Sequence Record objects (I)
– Protein structures (PDB module) (II)
• Working with DNA and protein sequences
– Transcription and Translation
• Extracting information from biological resources
– Parsing Swiss-Prot files (I)
– Parsing BLAST output (I)
– Accessing NCBI’s Entrez databases (II)
– Parsing Medline records (II)
• Running external applications (e.g. BLAST) locally and from a
script
– Running BLAST over the Internet
– Running BLAST locally
• Working with motifs
– Parsing PROSITE records
– Parsing PROSITE documentation records

Introduction to Biopython (I)
• Sequence objects
• Sequence Record objects

Sequence Object
• Seq objects vs Python strings:
– They have different methods
– The Seq object has the attribute alphabet
(biological meaning of Seq)
>>> import Bio
>>> from Bio.Seq import Seq
>>> my_seq = Seq("AGTACACTGGT")
>>> my_seq
Seq('AGTACACTGGT', Alphabet())
>>> print my_seq
Seq('AGTACACTGGT', Alphabet())
>>> my_seq.alphabet
Alphabet()
>>>

The alphabet attribute
• Alphabets are defined in the Bio.Alphabet module
• We will use the IUPAC alphabets
(http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac)
• Bio.Alphabet.IUPAC provides definitions for DNA, RNA and
proteins + provides extension and customization of basic
definitions:
– IUPACProtein (IUPAC standard AA)
– ExtendedIUPACProtein (+ selenocysteine, X,
etc)
– IUPACUnambiguousDNA (basic GATC letters)
– IUPACAmbiguousDNA (+ ambiguity letters)
– ExtendedIUPACDNA (+ modified bases)
– IUPACUnambiguousRNA
– IUPACAmbiguousRNA

>>> import Bio
>>> from Bio.Alphabet import IUPAC
>>> my_seq = Seq("AGTACACTGGT", IUPAC.unambiguous_dna)
>>> my_seq
Seq('AGTACACTGGT', IUPACUnambiguousDNA())
>>> my_seq.alphabet
IUPACUnambiguousDNA()
>>> my_seq = Seq("AGTACACTGGT", IUPAC.protein)
>>> my_seq
Seq('AGTACACTGGT', IUPACProtein())
>>> my_seq.alphabet
IUPACProtein()
>>>
The alphabet attribute

>>> my_seq = Seq("AGTAACCCTTAGCACTGGT", IUPAC.unambiguous_dna)
>>> for index, letter in enumerate(my_seq):
... print index, letter
...
0 A
1 G
2 T
3 A
4 A
5 C
...etc
>>> print len(my_seq)
19
>>> print my_seq[0]
A
>>> print my_seq[2:10]
Seq('TAACCCTT', IUPACProtein())
>>> my_seq.count('A')
5
>>> 100*float(my_seq.count('C')+my_seq.count('G'))/len(my_seq)
47.368421052631582
Sequences act like strings

>>> my_seq = Seq("AGTAACCCTTAGCACTGGT", IUPAC.unambiguous_dna)
>>>>>> str(my_seq)
'AGTAACCCTTAGCACTGGT'
>>> print my_seq
AGTAACCCTTAGCACTGGT
>>> fasta_format_string = ">DNA_idn%sn"% my_seq
>>> print fasta_format_string
>DNA_id
AGTAACCCTTAGCACTGGT
# Biopython 1.44 or older
>>>my_seq.tostring()
'AGTAACCCTTAGCACTGGT'
Turn Seq objects into strings
You may need the plain sequence string (e.g. to write to a file or to insert
into a database)

>>> dna_seq = Seq("AGTAACCCTTAGCACTGGT", IUPAC.unambiguous_dna)
>>> protein_seq = Seq("KSMKPPRTHLIMHWIIL", IUPAC.IUPACProtein())
>>> protein_seq + dna_seq
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
File "/home/abarbato/biopython-1.53/build/lib.linux-x86_64-
2.4/Bio/Seq.py", line 216, in __add__
raise TypeError("Incompatable alphabets %s and %s"
TypeError: Incompatable alphabets IUPACProtein() and
IUPACUnambiguousDNA()
BUT, if you give generic alphabet to dna_seq and protein_seq:
>>> from Bio.Alphabet import generic_alphabet
>>> dna_seq.alphabet = generic_alphabet
>>> protein_seq.alphabet = generic_alphabet
>>> protein_seq + dna_seq
Seq('KSMKPPRTHLIMHWIILAGTAACCCTTAGCACTGGT', Alphabet())
Concatenating sequences
You can’t add sequences with incompatible alphabets (protein sequence
and DNA sequence)

>>> from Bio.Alphabet import generic_dna
>>> dna_seq = Seq("acgtACGT", generic_dna)
>>> dna_seq.upper()
Seq('ACGTACGT', DNAAlphabet())
>>> dna_seq.lower()
Seq('acgtacgt', DNAAlphabet())
>>>
Changing case
Seq objects have upper() and lower() methods
Note that the IUPAC alphabets are for upper case only

>>> dna_seq = Seq("AGTAACCCTTAGCACTGGT", IUPAC.unambiguous_dna)
>>> dna_seq.complement()
Seq('TCATTGGGAATCGTGACCA', IUPACUnambiguousDNA())
>>> dna_seq.reverse_complement()
Seq('ACCAGTGCTAAGGGTTACT', IUPACUnambiguousDNA())
Nucleotide sequences and (reverse) complements
Seq objects have upper() and lower() methods
Note that these operations are not allowed with protein
alphabets

Transcription
>>> coding_dna =
Seq("ATGGCCATTGTAATGGGCCGCTGAAAGGGTGCCCGATAG",
IUPAC.unambiguous_dna)
>>> template_dna = coding_dna.reverse_complement()
>>> template_dna
Seq('CTATCGGGCACCCTTTCAGCGGCCCATTACAATGGCCAT',
IUPACUnambiguousDNA())
>>> messenger_rna = coding_dna.transcribe()
>>> messenger_rna
Seq('AUGGCCAUUGUAAUGGGCCGCUGAAAGGGUGCCCGAUAG',
IUPACUnambiguousRNA())
>>> messenger_rna.back_transcribe()
Seq('ATGGCCATTGTAATGGGCCGCTGAAAGGGTGCCCGATAG',
Note: all this does is a switch T --> U and adjust the alphabet.
The Seq object also includes a back-transcription method:

Translation
>>> messenger_rna = Seq('AUGGCCAUUGUAAUGGGCCGCUGAAAGGGUGCCCGAUAG',
IUPAC.unambiguous_rna)
>>> messenger_rna.translate()
Seq('MAIVMGR*KGAR*', HasStopCodon(IUPACProtein(), '*'))
>>>
You can also translate directly from the coding strand DNA sequence
>>> coding_dna = Seq("ATGGCCATTGTAATGGGCCGCTGAAAGGGTGCCCGATAG",
>>> coding_dna.translate()
Seq('MAIVMGR*KGAR*', HasStopCodon(IUPACProtein(), '*'))
>>>

Translation with different translation tables
>>> coding_dna.translate(table="Vertebrate Mitochondrial")
Seq('MAIVMGRWKGAR*', HasStopCodon(IUPACProtein(), '*'))
>>> coding_dna.translate(table=2)
Seq('MAIVMGRWKGAR*', HasStopCodon(IUPACProtein(), '*'))
>>> coding_dna.translate(to_stop = True)
Seq('MAIVMGR', IUPACProtein())
>>> coding_dna.translate(table=2,to_stop = True)
Seq('MAIVMGRWKGAR', IUPACProtein())
Translation tables available in Biopython are based on those from the NCBI.
By default, translation will use the standard genetic code (NCBI table id 1)
If you deal with mitochondrial sequences:
If you want to translate the nucleotides up to the first in frame stop, and
then stop (as happens in nature):

Translation tables
>>> from Bio.Data import CodonTable
>>> standard_table =
CodonTable.unambiguous_dna_by_name["Standard"]
>>> mito_table =
CodonTable.unambiguous_dna_by_name["Vertebrate Mitochondrial"]
#Using the NCB table ids:
>>>standard_table = CodonTable.unambiguous_dna_by_id[1]
>>> mito_table = CodonTable.unambiguous_dna_by_id[2]
Translation tables available in Biopython are based on those from the NCBI.
By default, translation will use the standard genetic code (NCBI table id 1)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi

MutableSeq objects
>>> my_seq =
Seq('CGCGCGGGTTTATGATGACCCAAATATAGAGGGCACAC',
>>> my_seq[5] = 'A'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
TypeError: object does not support item assignment
>>>
Like Python strings, Seq objects are immutable
However, you can convert it into a mutable sequence (a MutableSeq object)
>>> mutable_seq = my_seq.tomutable()
>>> mutable_seq
MutableSeq('CGCGCGGGTTTATGATGACCCAAATATAGAGGGCACAC',

MutableSeq objects
>>> mutable_seq =
MutableSeq('CGCGCGGGTTTATGATGACCCAAATATAGAGGGCACAC',
>>> mutable_seq[5] = 'A'
>>> mutable_seq
MutableSeq('CGCGCAGGTTTATGATGACCCAAATATAGAGGGCACAC',
You can create a mutable object directly
A MutableSeq object can be easily converted into a read-only sequence:
>>> new_seq = mutable_seq.toseq()
>>> new_seq
Seq('CGCGCAGGTTTATGATGACCCAAATATAGAGGGCACAC',

Sequence Record objects
The SeqRecord class is defined in the Bio.SeqRecord module
This class allows higher level features such as identifiers and features to be
associated with a sequence
>>> from Bio.SeqRecord import SeqRecord
>>> help(SeqRecord)

class SeqRecord(__builtin__.object)
A SeqRecord object holds a sequence and information about it.
Main attributes:
id - Identifier such as a locus tag (string)
seq - The sequence itself (Seq object or similar)
Additional attributes:
name - Sequence name, e.g. gene name (string)
description - Additional text (string)
dbxrefs - List of db cross references (list of strings)
features - Any (sub)features defined (list of SeqFeature objects)
annotations - Further information about the whole sequence (dictionary)
Most entries are strings, or lists of strings.
letter_annotations -
Per letter/symbol annotation (restricted dictionary). This holds
Python sequences (lists, strings or tuples) whose length
matches that of the sequence. A typical use would be to hold a
list of integers representing sequencing quality scores, or a
string representing the secondary structure.

>>> TMP = Seq('MKQHKAMIVALIVICITAVVAALVTRKDLCEVHIRTGQTEVAVF’)
>>> TMP_r = SeqRecord(TMP)
>>> TMP_r.id
'<unknown id>'
>>> TMP_r.id = 'YP_025292.1'
>>> TMP_r.description = 'toxic membrane protein'
>>> print TMP_r
ID: YP_025292.1
Name: <unknown name>
Description: toxic membrane protein
Number of features: 0
Seq('MKQHKAMIVALIVICITAVVAALVTRKDLCEVHIRTGQTEVAVF',
Alphabet())
>>> TMP_r.seq
You will typically use Bio.SeqIO to read in sequences from files as
SeqRecord objects. However, you may want to create your own SeqRecord
objects directly:

>>> record
SeqRecord(seq=Seq('MKQHKAMIVALIVICITAVVAALVTRKDLCEVHIRTGQ
TEVAVF', IUPACProtein()), id='YP_025292.1', name='HokC',
description='toxic membrane protein', dbxrefs=[])
>>> print record
ID: YP_025292.1
Name: HokC
Description: toxic membrane protein
IUPACProtein())
>>>
You can also create your own SeqRecord objects as follows:

The format() method
It returns a string containing your cord formatted using one of the output
file formats supported by Bio.SeqIO
>>> from Bio.Alphabet import generic_protein
>>> rec =
SeqRecord(Seq("MGSNKSKPKDASQRRRSLEPSENVHGAGGAFPASQTPSKPASADGHRGPSA
AFVPPAAEPKLFGGFNSSDTVTSPQRAGALAGGVTTFVALYDYESRTETDLSFKKGERLQIVNNTR
KVDVREGDWWLAHSLSTGQTGYIPS", generic_protein), id = "P05480",
description = "SRC_MOUSE Neuronal proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein
kinase Src: MY TEST")
>>> print rec.format("fasta")
>P05480 SRC_MOUSE Neuronal proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase
Src: MY TEST
MGSNKSKPKDASQRRRSLEPSENVHGAGGAFPASQTPSKPASADGHRGPSAAFVPPAAEP
KLFGGFNSSDTVTSPQRAGALAGGVTTFVALYDYESRTETDLSFKKGERLQIVNNTRKVD
VREGDWWLAHSLSTGQTGYIPS

INPUT FILE
SCRIPT.py
OUTPUT FILE
Seq1 “ACTGGGAGCTAGC”
Seq2 “TTGATCGATCGATCG”
Seq3 “GTGTAGCTGCT”
F = open(“input.txt”)
for line in F:
<parse line>
<get seq id>
<get description>
<get sequence>
<get other info>
from Bio.Seq import Seq
from Bio.SeqRecord import SeqRecord
from Bio.Alphabet import generic_protein
rec = SeqRecord(Seq(<sequence>, alphabet),id
= <seq_id>, description = <description>)
Format_rec = rec.format(“fasta”)
Out.write(Format_rec)
>P05480 SRC_MOUSE Neuronal proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein
kinase Src: MY TEST
MGSNKSKPKDASQRRRSLEPSENVHGAGGAFPASQTPSKPASADGHRGPSAAFVPPAAEP
KLFGGFNSSDTVTSPQRAGALAGGVTTFVALYDYESRTETDLSFKKGERLQIVNNTRKVD

Extracting information from biological resources:
parsing Swiss-Prot files, PDB files, ENSEMBLE records,
blast output files, etc.
• Sequence I/O
– Parsing or Reading Sequences
– Writing Sequence Files
A simple interface for working with assorted file formats in a uniform way
>>>from Bio import SeqIO
>>>help(SeqIO)
Bio.SeqIO

Bio.SeqIO.parse()
• A handle to read the data form. It can be:
– a file opened for reading
– the output from a command line program
– data downloaded from the internet
• A lower case string specifying the sequence format (see
http://biopython.org/wiki/SeqIO for a full listing of supported
formats).
Reads in sequence data as SeqRecord objects.
It expects two arguments.
The object returned by Bio.SeqIO is an iterator which returns SeqRecord
objects

>>> from Bio import SeqIO
>>> handle = open("P05480.fasta")
>>> for seq_rec in SeqIO.parse(handle, "fasta"):
... print seq_rec.id
... print repr(seq_rec.seq)
... print len(seq_rec)
...
sp|P05480|SRC_MOUSE
Seq('MGSNKSKPKDASQRRRSLERGPSA...ENL', SingleLetterAlphabet())
541
>>> handle.close()
>>> for seq_rec in SeqIO.parse(handle, "genbank"):
...
U49845.1
Seq('GATCCTCCATATACAACGGTACGGAA...ATC', IUPACAmbiguousDNA())
5028
>>> handle.close()

>>> handle = open("AP006852.gbk")
>>> for seq_rec in SeqIO.parse(handle, "genbank"):
...
AP006852.1
Seq('CCACTGTCCAATACCCCCAACAGGAAT...TGT', IUPACAmbiguousDNA())
949626
>>>
>>>handle = open("AP006852.gbk")
>>>identifiers=[seq_rec.id for seq_rec in SeqIO.parse(handle,"genbank")]
>>>handle.close()
>>>identifiers
['AP006852.1']
>>>
Candida albicans genomic DNA, chromosome 7, complete sequence
Using list comprehension:

Iterating over the records in a sequence file
Instead of using a for loop, you can also use the next() method of an
iterator to step through the entries
>>> handle = open("sprot_prot.fasta")
>>> rec_iter = SeqIO.parse(handle, "fasta")
>>> rec_1 = rec_iter.next()
>>> rec_1
SeqRecord(seq=Seq('MHGGGPPSGDSACPLRTIKRVQFGVLSPDELKRMSVTEGGIKYPET
TEGGRPKL...EEN', SingleLetterAlphabet()),
id='sp|P24928|RPB1_HUMAN', name='sp|P24928|RPB1_HUMAN',
description='sp|P24928|RPB1_HUMAN DNA-directed RNA polymerase II
subunit RPB1 OS=Homo sapiens GN=POLR2A PE=1 SV=2', dbxrefs=[])
>>> rec_2 = rec_iter.next()
>>> rec_2
SeqRecord(seq=Seq('MANEEDDPVVQEIDVYLAKSLAEKLYLFQYPVRPASMTYDDIPHLS
AKIKPKQQ...VQS', SingleLetterAlphabet()),
id='sp|Q9NVU0|RPC5_HUMAN', name='sp|Q9NVU0|RPC5_HUMAN',
description='sp|Q9NVU0|RPC5_HUMAN DNA-directed RNA polymerase III
subunit RPC5 OS=Homo sapiens GN=POLR3E PE=1 SV=1', dbxrefs=[])
>>> handle.close()

If your file has one and only one record (e.g. a GenBank file for a single
chromosome), then use the Bio.SeqIO.read().
This will check there are no extra unexpected records present
Bio.SeqIO.read()
>>> rec_iter = SeqIO.parse(open("1293613.gbk"), "genbank")
>>> rec = rec_iter.next()
>>> print rec
ID: U49845.1
Name: SCU49845
Description: Saccharomyces cerevisiae TCP1-beta gene, partial cds, and Axl2p
(AXL2) and Rev7p (REV7) genes, complete cds.
/sequence_version=1
/source=Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast)
/taxonomy=['Eukaryota', 'Fungi', 'Ascomycota', 'Saccharomycotina',
'Saccharomycetes', 'Saccharomycetales', 'Saccharomycetaceae', 'Saccharomyces']
/keywords=['']
/references=[Reference(title='Cloning and sequence of REV7, a gene whose function
is required for DNA damage-induced mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae', ...),
Reference(title='Selection of axial growth sites in yeast requires Axl2p, a novel
plasma membrane glycoprotein', ...), Reference(title='Direct Submission', ...)]
/accessions=['U49845']
/data_file_division=PLN
/date=21-JUN-1999
/organism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae
/gi=1293613
Seq('GATCCTCCATATACAACGGTATCTCCACCTCAGGTTTAGATCTCAACAACGGAA...ATC',
IUPACAmbiguousDNA())

Sequence files as lists
Sequence files as dictionaries
>>> handle = open("ncbi_gene.fasta")
>>> records = list(SeqIO.parse(handle, "fasta"))
>>> >>> records[-1]
SeqRecord(seq=Seq('gggggggggggggggggatcactctctttcagtaacctcaac...c
cc', SingleLetterAlphabet()), id='A10421', name='A10421',
description='A10421 Synthetic nucleotide sequence having a human
IL-2 gene obtained from pILOT135-8. : Location:1..1000',
dbxrefs=[])
>>> handle = open("ncbi_gene.fasta")
>>> records = SeqIO.to_dict(SeqIO.parse(handle, "fasta"))
>>> handle.close()
>>> records.keys()
['M69013', 'M69012', 'AJ580952', 'J03005', 'J03004', 'L13858',
'L04510', 'M94539', 'M19650', 'A10421', 'AJ002990', 'A06663',
'A06662', 'S62035', 'M57424', 'M90035', 'A06280', 'X95521',
'X95520', 'M28269', 'S50017', 'L13857', 'AJ345013', 'M31328',
'AB038040', 'AB020593', 'M17219', 'DQ854814', 'M27543', 'X62025',
'M90043', 'L22075', 'X56614', 'M90027']
>>> seq_record = records['X95521']
'X95521 M.musculus mRNA for cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase :
Location:1..1000'

Parsing sequences from the net
Parsing GenBank records from the net
Parsing SwissProt sequence from the net
Handles are not always from files
>>>from Bio import Entrez
>>>handle = Entrez.efetch(db="nucleotide",rettype="fasta",id="6273291")
>>>seq_record = SeqIO.read(handle,”fasta”)
>>>handle.close()
>>>seq_record.description
>>>from Bio import ExPASy
>>>handle = ExPASy.get_sprot_raw("6273291")
>>>seq_record = SeqIO.read(handle,”swiss”)
>>>handle.close()
>>>print seq_record.id
>>>print seq_record.name
>>>prin seq_record.description

Indexing really large files
Bio.SeqIO.index() returns a dictionary without keeping
everything in memory.
It works fine even for million of sequences
The main drawback is less flexibility: it is read-only
>>> recs_dict = SeqIO.index("ncbi_gene.fasta", "fasta")
>>> len(recs_dict)
34
>>> recs_dict.keys()
['M69013', 'M69012', 'AJ580952', 'J03005', 'J03004', 'L13858', 'L04510',
'M94539', 'M19650', 'A10421', 'AJ002990', 'A06663', 'A06662', 'S62035',
'M57424', 'M90035', 'A06280', 'X95521', 'X95520', 'M28269', 'S50017',
'L13857', 'AJ345013', 'M31328', 'AB038040', 'AB020593', 'M17219', 'DQ854814',
'M27543', 'X62025', 'M90043', 'L22075', 'X56614', 'M90027']
>>> print recs_dict['M57424']
ID: M57424
Name: M57424
Description: M57424 Human adenine nucleotide translocator-2 (ANT-2) gene,
complete cds. : Location:1..1000
Seq('gagctctggaatagaatacagtagaggcatcatgctcaaagagagtagcagatg...agc',
SingleLetterAlphabet())

Writing sequence files
Bio.SeqIO.write()
This function takes three arguments:
1. some SeqRecord objects
2. a handle to write to
3. a sequence format
from Bio.Seq import Seq
from Bio.SeqRecors import SeqRecord
from Bio.Alphabet import generic_protein
Rec1 = SqRecord(Seq(“ACCA…”,generic_protein), id=“1”, description=“”)
Rec1 = SqRecord(Seq(“CDRFAA”,generic_protein), id=“2”, description=“”)
Rec1 = SqRecord(Seq(“GRKLM”,generic_protein), id=“3”, description=“”)
My_records = [Rec1, Rec2, Rec3]
from Bio import SeqIO
handle = open(“MySeqs.fas”,”w”)
SeqIO.write(My_records, handle, “fasta”)
handle.close()

Converting between sequence file formats
We can do file conversion by combining Bio.SeqIO.parse()
and Bio.SeqIO.write()
from Bio import SeqIO
>>> In_handle = open ("AP006852.gbk", "r")
>>> Out_handle = open("AP006852.fasta", "w")
>>> records = SeqIO.parse(In_handle, "genbank")
>>> count = SeqIO.write(records, Out_handle, "fasta")
>>> count
1
>>>
>>> In_handle.close()
>>> Out_handle.close()

2015 bioinformatics bio_python

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