2019 FRecure CISSP Mentor Program: Session Two

2019 CISSP MENTOR
PROGRAM
April 10, 2019
-----------
Class 2 – April 10, 2019
Instructors:
• Brad Nigh, FRSecure Director of Professional Services & Innovation
• Evan Francen, FRSecure & SecurityStudio CEO
• Maybe some others later…

CISSP® MENTOR PROGRAM – SESSION TWO
1
INTRODUCTION
You ready?! Let the journey begin…
Only 90 slides tonight. This is small font on purpose.

• Cornerstone Information Security Concepts
• Legal and Regulatory Issues
• Security and 3rd Parties
• Ethics
• Information Security Governance
• Access Control Defensive Categories and Types
• Risk Analysis
• Types of Attackers
2
INTRODUCTION
Agenda – Domain 1: Security and Risk Management

• CIA Triad
• Confidentiality - prevent the unauthorized disclosure of information:
keep data secret.
• Integrity - prevent unauthorized modification of information: keep
data accurate.
• Availability - ensures that information is available when needed
• Identity
• Subject - An active entity on an information system
• Object - A passive data file
3
INTRODUCTION
Terms and Definitions to Memorize

• Risk – The likelihood of something bad happening and the impact if it
did; threats (bad event) and vulnerabilities (weakness)
• Annualized Loss Expectancy (or ALE) - the cost of loss due to a risk
over a year
• Safeguard (or “control”) - a measure taken to reduce risk
• Total Cost of Ownership (or TCO) – total cost of a safeguard/control
• Return on Investment (or ROI) - money saved by deploying a
safeguard
4
INTRODUCTION
Terms and Definitions to Memorize

Definition of “information security” (don’t forget):
Information security is managing risks to the confidentiality, integrity, and
availability of information using administrative, physical and technical
controls.
“Most organizations overemphasize technical controls to protect confidentiality and do so at the
expense of other critical controls and purposes.”
5
INTRODUCTION
Cornerstone Information Security Concepts

controls.
“Most organizations overemphasize technical controls to protect confidentiality and do so at the
expense of other critical controls and purposes.”
6
INTRODUCTION

controls.
Balance is critical
Opposite of C I A is D A D (Disclosure, Alteration, and Destruction)
7
INTRODUCTION

controls.
• Prevent unauthorized access; disclosure, or read access.
• Keeping data secret.
• Data accessible to subjects with clearance, formal approval, and a
need to know.
8
INTRODUCTION

controls.
• Prevent unauthorized modification, or write access.
• Two types; data integrity and system integrity.
9
INTRODUCTION

controls.
• Ensure that data is available when needed.
• Confidentiality and integrity compete with availability; locking down
data make it less accessible/available.
10
INTRODUCTION

Information security is about risk management, not risk elimination.
In order to determine risk, we must first determine what our most important
(or critical assets) are.
We use safeguards (or controls) to protect our assets and mitigate (not
eliminate) risk. Risk tolerance is the amount of risk that the business is
willing to tolerate (or accept).
11
INTRODUCTION

Definition of “privacy” (don’t forget):
Privacy is managing risks to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability
of personally identifiable information (or PII) using administrative, physical
and technical controls.
Privacy is part of information security, but often treated as separate issues.
12
INTRODUCTION

Definition of “privacy” (don’t forget):
13
INTRODUCTION
“According to our definitions, privacy
and information security cannot be
separated. The two disciplines are
unified. The unified approach can
create simplicity, improve effectiveness
and ensure compliance. The letter of
the law is one thing, but the intent in
many cases is to manage risk well.
There are always a few nuances here
and there, but the theory is if we
manage risk well according to our
definitions, we will be compliant -- or
very close to compliant.”
https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2019/03/11/simplify-your-information-security-and-privacy-
frameworks/#2382afba697e

Identity and Authentication, Authorization and Accountability (IAAA
or AAA)
First identity…
• Nothing more than a claim.
• Like, “I am Brad” or my username is “bnigh”.
• Name, username, ID number, employee number, etc.
• Should be non-descriptive, but often are descriptive.
• Without proof (next slide), you’ll have to just take my word for it.
14
INTRODUCTION

or AAA)
Then authentication…
• Proof that I am who I say I am. A subject proves identity to another
subject or object.
• Password, PIN code, picture, biometric, etc.
• Identification and authentication must be separate and ideally
different (SSN – OOPS!)
• An identity is stolen when the authenticator is also stolen. A stolen
password leads to a stolen identity…
15
INTRODUCTION

or AAA)
Then authentication, there are three types (or factors):
• Something you know; password, PIN number, etc.
• Something you have; tokens, phone, debit card, etc.
• Something you are; biometrics (fingerprint, retina scan, etc.)
• Using two (or more) factors is called “strong” authentication, multi-
factor authentication, 2FA, MFA, etc.
16
INTRODUCTION

or AAA)
Then authentication, there are three types (or factors):
• Something you know; password, PIN number, etc.
• Something you have; tokens, phone, debit card, etc.
• Something you are; biometrics (fingerprint, retina scan, etc.)
• Using two (or more) factors is called “strong” authentication, multi-
factor authentication, 2FA, MFA, etc.
17
INTRODUCTION

or AAA)
Once a subject has been identified and authenticated, they must be
authorized to do something. Authorization…
• What actions is a subject permitted to perform?
• Read, write, execute.
• Privileges, rights, permissions, etc.
18
INTRODUCTION

or AAA)
19
INTRODUCTION
“At a functional level; IAM includes access, meaning what an
identity is permitted to do; authorization. Identity and access
management then includes identity, authentication, and
authorization. Both IM and IAM benefit from accountability, so
this function is added to both. This results in:
• IM = Identity + Authentication + Accountability
• IAM = Identity + Authentication + Authorization +
Accountability
IA and IAM are in fact two functions that are integrated, not one
single synonymous function.”

or AAA)
20
INTRODUCTION
Accountability

or AAA)
21
INTRODUCTION
Accountability
https://www.cybersecurityintelligence.com/blog/identity-management-fundamentals-4208.html

or AAA)
Just because a subject has been authorized (or permitted) by a system to
do something, doesn’t mean that the subject should do something. The
principle of need to know still applies.
22
INTRODUCTION

or AAA)
Very similar, but slightly different:
• Least Privilege is tied to rights; basically what I can do with and in
the system.
• Need to Know is tied to information; basically what I can with
information.
A violation of least privilege can easily violate the need to know principle.
"Over 30 percent of respondents admit to having no policy in place for managing
administrator access”
23
INTRODUCTION

Subjects and Objects
• A subject is an active entity; users, services, applications, etc.
• An object is a passive entity; paper, database tables, etc.
• An entity can be a subject in one instance and an object in another. It
really depends on context.
Expect the exam to use these definitions and test you on them. – very
testable
24
INTRODUCTION

Due Care and Due Diligence
Reasonable?
• Conduct an information security risk assessment?
• Make logical risk-based information security decisions?
• Not knowing what your most significant risk is?
• Ignorance?
25
INTRODUCTION

Those are our “cornerstone” information security concepts.
They are foundational, so master them. 
Easy, right?
26
INTRODUCTION

Another “Dad” Joke…
What’s the difference between bird flu and swine flu?
27
INTRODUCTION

Another “Dad” Joke…
What’s the difference between bird flu and swine flu?
One requires tweetment, and the other requires oinkment.
28
INTRODUCTION

• There are four major legal systems that are covered in
the exam:
• Civil Law
• Common Law
• Religious Law
• Customary Law
• There are different legal systems in different parts of the
world. Be aware of what legal system is used in
whatever country you’re operating in!
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LEGAL AND REGULATORY ISSUES
Major Legal Systems

• Most common legal system throughout the world.
• Codified laws (or statutes)
• A legislative body (or branch) is usually tasked with
creating the laws/statutes.
• Judicial body (or branch) interprets the law.
• No (or very little) weight is given to judicial precedent
or outcomes from previous cases.
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Major Legal Systems – Civil Law (Legal System)

• The legal system in the United States, Canada, U.K. and
others
• Codified laws (or statutes)
• A legislative body (or branch) is usually tasked with
creating the laws/statutes.
• Much weight is given to judicial precedent and outcomes
from previous cases. Judicial interpretations of the laws
can change over time.
This is the most likely legal system to be referred to on the
exam.
31
Major Legal Systems – Common Law (Legal System)

32
Within the Common Law (legal system)

• Victim is society – promote and maintain an orderly and
law-abiding citizenry
• Require proof beyond a reasonable doubt
• Deter crime and punish offenders
• Incarceration
• Financial penalties
• Even execution…
33
Major Legal Systems – Common Law (Legal System)  Criminal Law

• Victim is an individual, group, or organization
• Most commonly between private parties
• One act can be prosecuted under both criminal and civil
procedures
• Damages are financial (often):
• Statutory Damages – prescribed by the law (even if no loss or
injury to the victim)
• Compensatory Damages – awarded to compensate a victim for
loss or injury
• Punitive Damages – to punish and discourage really bad
behavior
• Burden of proof is the preponderance of the evidence
(think tipping the scale)
34
Major Legal Systems – Common Law (Legal System)  Civil Law

• Victim is an individual, group, or organization
• Most commonly between private parties
• One act can be prosecuted under both criminal and civil
procedures
• Damages are financial (often):
• Statutory Damages – prescribed by the law (even if no loss or
injury to the victim)
• Compensatory Damages – awarded to compensate a victim for
loss or injury
• Punitive Damages – to punish and discourage really bad
behavior
• Burden of proof is the preponderance of the evidence
(think tipping the scale)
35
Major Legal Systems – Common Law (Legal System)  Civil Law

• Laws enacted by governmental agencies
• Typically the legislature or President issues an
administrative law
• The agency interprets the law and enforces it
• Government-mandated compliance
• Examples include FCC regulations, HIPAA, FDA
regulations, FTC regulations, etc.
• Very little, if any, recourse.
36
Major Legal Systems – Common Law (Legal System)  Administrative Law

• Laws enacted by governmental agencies
• Typically the legislature or President issues an
administrative law
• The agency interprets the law and enforces it
• Government-mandated compliance
• Examples include FCC regulations, HIPAA, FDA
regulations, FTC regulations, etc.
• Very little, if any, recourse.
37
Major Legal Systems – Common Law (Legal System)  Administrative Law

• Who should be held accountable?
• Who should we blame?
• Who should pay?!
• Apply the Prudent Man Rule
• Due Care
• Due Diligence
38
Liability

• Collecting and handling evidence is a critical legal issue
– some evidence carries more weight than others
• Some evidence is more important than others, or carry
more weight
• Evidence should be relevant, authentic, accurate,
complete, and convincing.
• Need to understand the five types of evidence.
39
Legal Aspects of Investigations

• Real Evidence – consists of tangible or physical objects; a computer
or hard drive is real evidence, but the data is NOT.
• Direct Evidence – testimony from a first hand witness using one or
more of his/her five senses; non-first hand evidence is called
“hearsay”.
• Circumstantial Evidence – establishes the circumstances related to
points in the case or other evidence; not good to use alone to prove
a case.
• Corroborative Evidence – evidence to strengthen a fact or element
of a case; provides additional support, but cannot establish a fact on
its own.
• Hearsay Evidence – second hand evidence normally considered
inadmissible in court (Rule 802), but there are exceptions (Rule
803)…
40
Types of evidence

• The general inadmissibility of hearsay evidence is defined in Rule
802 Federal Rules of Evidence of the United States
• Numerous rules (namely 803 and 804 here) provide exceptions to
Rule 802
• Business and computer generated records (logs) are generally
considered to be hearsay evidence.
• Rule 803 provides for the admissibility of a record or report that was
“made at or near the time by, or from information transmitted
by, a person with knowledge, if kept in the course of a regularly
conducted business activity, and if it was the regular practice of
that business activity to make the memorandum, report, record
or data compilation.”
41
Hearsay Evidence

• We always preserve the original, create a binary copy,
and conduct an investigation using the copy, not the
original.
• Rule 1001 allows for the admissibility of binary disk and
physical memory images; “if data are stored in a
computer or similar device, any printout or other output
readable by sight, shown to reflect the data accurately,
is an ‘original’.
• Opposing counsel will question the validity of the data
used in an investigation.
42
Hearsay Evidence

• Best Evidence Rule – courts prefer the best evidence
possible; evidence should be relevant, authentic,
accurate, complete, and convincing – direct evidence is
always best.
• Secondary Evidence – common in cases involving
computers; consists of copies vs. originals – logs and
documents from computers are considered secondary
• Chain of Custody – chain of custody form
• Prosecuting computer crimes (criminal) is hard…
43

• Best Evidence Rule – courts prefer the best evidence
possible; evidence should be relevant, authentic,
accurate, complete, and convincing – direct evidence is
always best.
• Secondary Evidence – common in cases involving
computers; consists of copies vs. originals – logs and
documents from computers are considered secondary
• Chain of Custody – chain of custody form
• Prosecuting computer crimes (criminal) is hard…
44

• The quality of the evidence will be challenged in court (or
at least assume it will be).
• The integrity of the evidence is a critical forensic function
• Checksums can ensure that no data changes occurred
as a result of the acquisition and analysis.
• One-way hash functions such as MD5 or SHA-1 are
commonly used for this purpose. (Pro tip: MD5 in
practice is weak and not preferred)
45
Legal Aspects of Investigations – Evidence Integrity

• Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
protects citizens from unreasonable search and seizure
• In ALL cases, the court will determine if evidence was
obtained legally
• Law enforcement needs a search warrant issued by a
judge (in most cases)
• Plain sight
• Public checkpoints
• Exigent circumstances – immediate threat to human
life or of evidence destruction
• Only apply to law enforcement and those operating
under the “color of law” – Title 18. U.S.C. Section 242
– Deprivation of Rights Under the Color of Law
46
Legal Aspects of Investigations – Reasonable Searches

• Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
protects citizens from unreasonable search and seizure
• In ALL cases, the court will determine if evidence was
obtained legally
• Law enforcement needs a search warrant issued by a
judge (in most cases)
• Plain sight
• Public checkpoints
• Exigent circumstances – immediate threat to human
life or of evidence destruction
• Only apply to law enforcement and those operating
under the “color of law” – Title 18. U.S.C. Section 242
– Deprivation of Rights Under the Color of Law
47
Legal Aspects of Investigations – Reasonable Searches
CAUTION: If law enforcement tells you to do something during an investigation, you may be
operating under the color of law, which means you must comply with the 4th Amendment. If law
enforcement is not involved, a search warrant is not required.

• Entrapment – persuades someone to commit a crime
who otherwise had no intent to commit a crime – valid
legal defense
• Enticement – persuades someone to commit a crime
who already had the intent to commit a crime – not a
valid defense.
Honeypots
48
Legal Aspects of Investigations – Entrapment & Enticement

Trademarks – ® and ™
• Creation of a distinguishing brand
• Applies to name, logo, symbol, or image (usually)
• ™ can be used freely by anyone; unregistered
trademark
• ® is a registered trademark with the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office
• A superscript “SM” can be used to brand a service
49
Intellectual Property – Trademarks and Servicemarks
SecurityStudio® and VENDEFENSE®

50
Intellectual Property – Trademarks and Servicemarks

• Provide a (legal) monopoly to the patent holder in
exchange for the patent holder making their invention
public
• Invention must be “novel” and “unique”
• Generally patents provide exclusivity for 20 years
• After patent expiration, the invention can be produced
and sold by anyone
51
Intellectual Property – Patents

• Software is typically covered under copyright law
• Limitations:
• Fair sale – allow a legitimate purchaser to sell the
software (or video, music, etc.) to someone else
• Fair use – allows for duplication without the consent
of the copyright holder, subject to the Copyright Act of
1976
• Licenses – contract between the consumer and provider;
provides explicit limitations on the use and distribution of
software; EULAs
52
Intellectual Property – Copyrights

• Implied copyright on all artistic works.
• People can file for a registered copyright with the
Copyright Office.
• Enforceable term for copyright is 70 years after the
death of the author.
• Corporate copyright term is 95 years after the first
publication or 120 years after creation, whichever
comes first.
53
Intellectual Property – Copyrights

• Business-proprietary information that is essential for the
organization to compete in the marketplace.
• “Secret sauce”
• Must be “actively protected” to be enforceable; using
due care and due diligence
• If an organization does not take reasonable steps to
protect a trade secret, it is assumed that the organization
doesn’t enjoy a competitive advantage from the trade
secret, leading to a conclusion that it’s not actually a trade
secret at all.
54
Intellectual Property – Trade Secrets

• Piracy and copyright infringement – Pirate Bay, Bit
Torrent, etc.
• Cybersquatting & Typosquatting
• Counterfeiting
• Dilution (not really an attack)
• Band-aid
• Kleenex
55
Intellectual Property – Intellectual Property Attacks

Torrent, etc.
• Counterfeiting
• Band-aid
• Kleenex
56

Torrent, etc.
• Counterfeiting
• Band-aid
• Kleenex
57

Torrent, etc.
• Counterfeiting
• Band-aid
• Kleenex
58

59

• Confidentiality of personally-identifiable information
(subset of security)
• Examples of PII; names/email addresses (maybe),
Social Security Numbers (SSN), Protected Health
Information (“PHI”), bank account information (sort
of), etc.
• There are numerous privacy laws throughout the
world
• EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) -
https://eugdpr.org/
• California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) -
https://www.caprivacy.org/
60
Privacy
The value has encouraged
many leaders to create a whole
slew of laws and regulations,
including medical and data-
based regulations (paywall).
GDPR is only one such
regulation, but in the United
States, we have many state and
federal ones to deal with
(Compilation of State & Federal
Privacy Laws by Robert Ellis
Smith cites over 800).

• Aggressive pro-privacy law
• Notifying individuals of how their data is gathered and
used
• Allow for opt-out for sharing with 3rd parties
• Opt-in required for sharing “most” sensitive data
• Reasonable protections
• No transmission out of EU unless the receiving country is
perceived to have adequate (equal) privacy protections;
the U.S. does NOT meet this standard. EU-US Safe
Harbor, optional between organization and EU.
61
Privacy – European Union Privacy (EU Data Protection Directive)

• Aggressive pro-privacy law
• Notifying individuals of how their data is gathered and
used
• Allow for opt-out for sharing with 3rd parties
• Opt-in required for sharing “most” sensitive data
• Reasonable protections
• No transmission out of EU unless the receiving country is
perceived to have adequate (equal) privacy protections;
the U.S. does NOT meet this standard. EU-US Safe
Harbor, optional between organization and EU.
62
Privacy – European Union Privacy (EU Data Protection Directive)

• Designed to "harmonise" data privacy laws across Europe and give
greater protection and rights to individuals
• Publication in the EU Official Journal in May 2016, effective on May
25, 2018
• Individuals, organisations, and companies that are either 'controllers'
or 'processors' of personal data
• 99 articles containing rights of individuals and obligations placed on
organisations
• An excellent summary can be found on Advisera’s website;
https://advisera.com/eugdpracademy/knowledgebase/a-summary-of-
10-key-gdpr-requirements/
63
Privacy – EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
I don’t think GDPR is testable, but it should be. It’s very applicable in the real-world. If I were you, I would
just get familiar with the basics of it. Don’t spend a ton of time on it, but skim some.

• Not Mandatory - Eight driving principles:
• Collection Limitation Principle
• Data Quality Principle
• Purpose Specification Principle
• Use Limitation Principle
• Security Safeguards Principle
• Openness Principle
• Individual Participation Principle
• Accountability Principle
64
Privacy – Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Privacy Guidelines

• Not Mandatory - Eight driving principles:
• Collection Limitation Principle
• Data Quality Principle
• Purpose Specification Principle
• Use Limitation Principle
• Security Safeguards Principle
• Openness Principle
• Individual Participation Principle
• Accountability Principle
65
Privacy – Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Privacy Guidelines

• For use where U.S. companies don’t have EU-compliant
privacy practices.
• Give US based organizations the benefit of authorized
data sharing
• Voluntarily consent to data privacy principles that are
consistent with the EU Data Protection Directive
66
Privacy – EU-US Safe Harbor

• For use where U.S. companies don’t have EU-compliant
privacy practices.
• Give US based organizations the benefit of authorized
data sharing
• Voluntarily consent to data privacy principles that are
consistent with the EU Data Protection Directive
67
Privacy – EU-US Safe Harbor

• Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
(HIPAA not HIPPA)
• Overseen by the Department of Health and Human Services
(DHS), enforced by the Office for Civil Rights (OCR)
• Three rules; Privacy Rule, Security Rule, and Breach
(notification) Rule
• Applies to “covered entities” and also (now) “business
associates”
• Originally passed in 1996, Security Rule finalized in 2003,
modified in 2009 (HITECH), and Omnibus Rule in 2013
• Security Rule mandates certain administrative, physical, and
technical safeguards
• Risk analysis is required
68
Other Important Rules and Laws - HIPAA

• Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA)
• Protection of electronic communications against
warrantless wiretapping
• Amended/weakened by the PATRIOT Act
• Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) – Title 18
Section 1030
• Most commonly used law to prosecute computer
crimes
• Enacted in 1986
• Amended in 1989, 1994, 1996, 2001, 2002 (PATRIOT
Act), and 2008 (Identity Theft Enforcement and
Restitution Act)
69
Other Important Rules and Laws

• PATRIOT Act of 2001
• Expands law enforcement electronic monitoring
capabilities
• Allows search and seizure without immediate
disclosure
• Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)
• Applies to financial institutions; driven by the Federal
Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC);
enforced by member agencies, OCC, FDIC, FRB,
NCUA, and CFPB
• Enacted in 1999, requires protection of the
confidentiality and integrity of consumer financial
information
70

• California Senate Bill 1386 (SB1386)
• Regulates the privacy of personal information
• One of the first data breach notification laws
• Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX)
• Directly related to the financial scandals in the late
90s
• Regulatory compliance standards for financial
reporting
• Intentional violations can result in criminal penalties
71

72
Breach Notification Laws

73
http://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/security-breach-
notification-laws.aspx

• 47 48 50 states have enacted breach notification laws
• There is no Federal breach notification law
• Conflicts arise in interpretations, jurisdictions, and
definitions
• Safe harbors may (or may not) be provided if the data
was encrypted, depending on the state
There are also two data protection laws and numerous data destruction
laws. To make matters worse, there are data openness laws and
Freedom of Information Act considerations!
74

• More accurately “third-party information security risk
management”
• Attestation – How can you attest to the fact that vendors
are protecting assets adequately? Risk assessments
(FISASCORE®), SOC 2 (Type 1 and 2), ISO Certification,
HITRUST, Shared Assessments, PCI-DSS ROC, etc.
• Right to Penetration Test & Right to Audit
• Procurement
• Acquisitions
• Divestures
75
Vendor Risk Management Considerations
SecurityStudio’s VENDEFENSE –
https://vendefense.com

• Must be agreed to in order to become CISSP
• Preamble, cannons (mandatory), and guidance (advisory)
• Cannons (in order):
• Protect society, the commonwealth, and the infrastructure
• Act honorably, honestly, justly, responsibly, and legally
• Provide diligent and competent service to principals
• Advance and protect the profession
• Cannons are applied in order; if there are conflicts go with
the higher one.
76
ISC2® CODE OF ETHICS
VERY TESTABLE

1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people.
2. Thou shalt not interfere with other people’s computer
work.
3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other people’s computer
files.
4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal.
5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness
77
COMPUTER ETHICS INSTITUTE
Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics

6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for
which you have not paid.
7. Thou shalt not use other peoples computer resources
without authorization or proper compensation.
8. Thou shalt not appropriate other people’s intellectual
output.
9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the
program you are writing or the system you are
designing.
10.Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that ensure
consideration and respect for your fellow humans.
78
COMPUTER ETHICS INSTITUTE

• “Ethics and the Internet”
• Defined as a Request for Comment (RFC), #1087
• Published in 1987
• Considered unethical behavior:
• Seeks to gain unauthorized access to the resources of
the Internet
• Disrupts the intended use of the Internet
• Wastes resources (people, capacity, computer)
through such actions
• Destroys the integrity of computer-based information
• Compromises the privacy of users
79
INTERNET ACTIVITIES BOARD (IAB) ETHICS

• Policy (Mandatory)
• Purpose
• Scope
• Responsibilities
• Compliance
• Policy types
• Program policy
• Issue-specific policy
• System-specific policy
80
INFORMATION SECURITY GOVERNANCE
Security Policy and Related Documents

• Procedures
• Mandatory
• Step-by-step guidance
• Standards
• Mandatory
• Specific use of a technology
• Guidelines
• Recommendations; discretionary
• Advice/advisory
• Baselines (or benchmarks)
• Usually discretionary
• Uniform methods of implementing a standard
81

Switching gears now…
82

• Security Awareness and Training
• Actually two different things
• Training teaches specific skills
• Awareness activities are reminders
• Background Checks
• Criminal history, driving records, credit checks, employment verification,
references, professional claims, etc.
• More sensitive roles require more thorough checks; one-time and
ongoing
• Employee Termination
• Formalized disciplinary process (progressive)
• Exit interviews, rights revocation, account reviews, etc.
• Dealing with Vendors, Contractors, 3rd Parties
• Outsourcing and Offshoring
83
ACCESS CONTROL DEFENSIVE CATEGORIES AND TYPES
Personnel Security Considerations

• Categories
• Administrative Controls
• Technical Controls
• Physical Controls
• Types
• Preventive
• Detective
• Corrective
• Recovery
• Deterrent
• Compensating
84
Access Control Defensive Categories and Types
VERY TESTABLE: you may be given a
scenario or control description and
need to provide the category and
type.
In order to be sure of the control type,
you need to clearly understand
context.

• All decisions should be driven by risk.
• Most people don’t assess risk well (formally or informally)
• Assets
• Threats
• Vulnerabilities
• Risk = Threat x Vulnerability
• Risk = Threat x Vulnerability x Impact (better)
85
Risk Analysis
Risk is arguably the most overused and
misunderstood concept in security.
NOTE: I disagree with the book. Risk is the
likelihood of something bad happening and
the impact if it did.

• Risk calculations (also VERY TESTABLE)
• Risk analysis matrix
• Annualized Loss Expectancy (ALE = SLE x ARO)
• Asset Value (AV)
• Market Approach
• Income Approach
• Cost Approach
• Exposure Factor (EF) – expressed as a percent of asset
exposed (given a threat and vulnerability)
• Single Loss Expectancy (SLE = AV x EF)
• Annual Rate of Occurrence (ARO)
86
Risk Analysis

• Risk calculations (also VERY TESTABLE)
• Risk analysis matrix
• Annualized Loss Expectancy (ALE = SLE x ARO)
• Asset Value (AV)
• Market Approach
• Income Approach
• Cost Approach
• Exposure Factor (EF) – expressed as a percent of asset
exposed (given a threat and vulnerability)
• Single Loss Expectancy (SLE = AV x EF)
• Annual Rate of Occurrence (ARO)
87
Risk Analysis

• Qualitative Risk Analysis
• Quantitative Risk Analysis
• There are thousands of different risk assessment/analysis
methodologies. One is NIST SP 800-30 which outlines a
9-step process:
1. System Characterization
2. Threat Identification
3. Vulnerability Identification
4. Control Analysis (vulnerabilities)
5. Likelihood Determination
6. Impact Analysis
7. Risk Determination
8. Control Recommendations
9. Results Documentation
88
Risk Analysis

• Hackers
• Black hat (or “Cracker” or “malicious hacker”)
• White hat (or “ethical hacker”)
• Gray hat (confused/identity crisis)
• Script Kiddies – low skill, can click and type, use
tools/scripts made by others
• Outsiders vs. Insiders
• Hacktivist
• Bots and Botnets
• Phishers and Spear Phishers (also vishers and whalers
or whaling)
89
TYPES OF ATTACKERS
The book says…
Two truths about attackers:
1. If you think you know
they’re motivation, you’re
probably wrong.
2. Attribution is hard, and in
most cases it’s not worth
it.

CONGRATS! That was a lot of information, but now you
get a whole four days to digest it.
• Please spend time reading Chapter 1 & 2, if you haven’t
already.
• Please come with questions on Monday (4/15). We will
recap some of today’s material and cover questions in the
next class.
• Brad leads on Monday!
90
THAT’S IT. NEXT?
Yay us!
Evan Francen
@evanfrancen
Brad Nigh
@BradNigh
See you Monday!

2019 FRecure CISSP Mentor Program: Session Two

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2019 FRecure CISSP Mentor Program: Session Two