2. CREDITS
This project is a collaborative effort of
This project is a collaborative effort of
Zoya Chaudhry
Muzammil Hanan
Faizan
Kokab Khalid
Mudassir Khalid
Shoaib
Mohammad Usman
Sidra Ghazanfar
Iqra Khan
Roll # 06
Roll # 48
Roll # 33
Roll # 20
Roll # 61
Roll # 46
Roll # 68
Roll # 16
Roll # 12
3. EARLY HISTORY
“Necessity is the mother of invention”, famous
saying formed the basis of modern
computer.The early history starts from:
ABACUS:
Very first computing device “ABACUS “also
called Soroban invented in 600 BC was the first
computing device.
Napier Rods:
Napier Rods was a card board multiplication
calculator .It was designed in early 17th
century
4. PASCALINE
1642: Blaise Pascal, a French
mathematician and philosopher,
invented the first operating model of
mechanical digital calculator using
gears, called the Arithmetic Machine
“PASCALINE”
It was used for addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division
5. Charles Babbage’s :
DIFFERENCE ENGINE & ANALYTICAL ENGINE
Charles is the “The Father of Computers”
1822 : His great invention “Difference
Difference
engine
engine” was to perform mathematical
calculations
It was fully automatic and commanded by a
fixed instruction program
1842 “The Analytical Engine
The Analytical Engine “ was a
automatic machine.It could do 60 addition per
minute
The idea of analytical engine didn’t take
physical form but served as a base for
modern digital computers
6. PUNCHED CARDS
1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith
introduced the first
electromechanical, punched-card
data-processing machine
It was used to compile information
for the 1890 U.S. census
His company would eventually
become International Business
Machines (IBM)
This paper based machine
represents the origin of computer
database software
7. Z 3
1941: Conrad Zeus from
Germany, introduced the first
programmable computer
It solved complex engineering
equations.
It was also the first to work on
the binary system instead of
the decimal system
9. First generation of computers
(1942-1955)
Features :
First generation computers were based on
vacuum tubes
vacuum tubes which were glass (tubes)
that controlled and amplified the electronic
signals
10. ABC Computer
“Atanasoff Berry Computer”
1942 : It was developed by Dr
John Atanasoff to solve certain
mathematical equations.
It was the first electronic digital
computer
It used 45 vacuum tubes for
internal logic and capacitor for
storage
11. MARK 1
1944 : Mark 1 Computer
It is also known as Automatic
sequence Controlled Calculator
It is also known as Automatic
sequence computer.
It was first automatic calculating
machine designed by Howard A
Aiken with IBM Corporation
12. Features:
It could perform five basic arithmetic
operations: addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and table
reference
It took approximately 0.3 seconds to
add two numbers and 4.5 seconds for
multiplication of two numbers
Disadvantages:
It was huge in size
Complex in design.
Very slow.
13. ENIAC
1946: The ENIAC (Electrical
Numerical Integrator and
Calculator) machine was
developed by John W. Mauchly
and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the
University of Pennsylvania.
Reason :
It was developed for military
need
14. Feature:
It used 18,000 vacuum tubes
Punch-card input
Weighed thirty tons and
occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot
space.
It was programmable only by
changing the wiring, not through
software changes, but was productive
from 1946 to 1955 and was used to
compute artillery firing tables
15. EDSAC
1949 :The EDSAC
(Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic calculator) was
made by the British
It could do addition in 1500
microseconds and
multiplication in 4000
seconds
16. UNIVAC
1951 : The UNIVAC ( universal automatic Computer) was the first
digital computer invented by Mauchly and Ekert
Features:
It used vacuum tubes
Government received delivery of first UNIVAC
in 1951 after U.S. Census processing started
UNIVAC I, was the first computer designed
and sold commercially, specifically for business
data-processing applications
It used a 100 megabyte hard drive
It could be used for business
and scientific purpose
17. Second Generation Of Computers
(1955-1964)
Features :
Vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors.
transistors.
Transistor is a small device that transfers
electronic signals through resistors
18. PDP1
1960: DEC (Digital Equipment
Corporation) introduced the
Programmed Data Processor,PDP-
1
The PDP-1 was a mainframe
computer famous for its low costs
The PDP-1 did not contain many
advanced peripherals or softwares
19. IBM 1400
1961:The IBM 1400 Series were a
major breakthrough for IBM
The first computer in this series was
IBM 1401.
IBM 1401 used transistors instead of
the vacuum tubes found in previous
IBM computers
The system contained many
peripherals which included a new
high-speed printer. This printer could
print 600 lines per minute
20. Third Generation Of Computers
(1965-1975)
Features :
In this generation microelectronics technology was
introduced that made it possible to integrate large
number of circuit elements into very small surface of
silicon known as chips.This new technology was called
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (ICs)
21. PDP 8
It was the first mass market mini-
computer developed for educational
purpose
It was implemented using four
generations of technology:
Germanium transistors,SSI,MSI and
LSI
Additionally it possesses two
attributes i.e. continuing interest in it's
architecture and implementation
The PDP-8 minicomputer was designed &
built from 1965 to 1980
22. Fourth Generation Of Computers
(1976-1989)
Features :
In this generation microprocessors were used.
MICROPROCESSOR
MICROPROCESSOR is a small chip
containing thousands of ICs on it. It greatly
reduced the size of the computer.
23. Apple I and Apple II
1976: Jobs and Wozniak
designed and built the Apple
I computer.
Then the following year
1977 introduced the Apple
II microcomputer
During 1976-77 many other
personal computer brands
were marketed
These both have
characteristics of a PC
24. IBM PC
In 1981,IBM tossed its hat into the
personal computer, easily fit on a table
or desk
They were available in taller or narrow
size and have common features of
personal computers
1980: IBM offers Bill Gates the
opportunity to develop the operating
system called MS-DOS for its new IBM
personal computer
1981: The IBM PC was introduced
with a 16-bit 4.77 MHz Intel 8088
microprocessor and used Microsoft's
MS-DOS operating system.
25. APPLE MACINTOSH
1984 : Apple Computers launched
(during the Super Bowl) the
Macintosh, the first successful
mouse-driven computer with a
graphic user interface
It was based on the Motorola
68000 microprocessor
Its applications that came as part of
the package included MacPaint,
which made use of the mouse, and
MacWrite
26. Fifth Generation Of Computers
(1990-onwards)
Features:
ULSI
ULSI (Ultra Large scale Integration) and
networks like LAN (Local Area Network) and
WAN (Wide Area Network) are used in this
generation. Mobile computers are introduced
27. DEEP BLUE
Deep Blue is a chess playing computer
developed by IBM On 11 May 1997,
The machine won a six-game match by
two wins to one with three draws
against world champion Garry
Kasparov
Kasparov accused IBM of cheating and
demanded a rematch, but IBM declined
and dismantled Deep Blue. Kasparov
beat a previous version of Deep Blue in
1996
29. PALM COMPUTER
1999: Palm Computing introduced the
Palm VII handheld computer
Features:
2 MB RAM, and telephone
modem port which can be
connected to a separate cell
phone.
Two AAA batteries power the
unit for 2-3 weeks.
The cost to connect to the
internet was high
30. PDA
1993 : Newton Message
Pad was the first
company to offer PDAs.
It is one of the most
popular light weight
mobile device
Its primary input device is
“Stylus” looks like small
ballpoint but uses
pressure instead of ink
31. Features:
It stands for “Personal Digital
Assistant”
It’s a handheld device designed for
personal organizer that combines
Calendar
Appointment book
address book
Calculator
note pad
, PDAs began as pen-based
instead of a keyboard for input
They also incorporated
handwriting recognition features.
32. LAPTOP
Designed in 1979 by William
Moggridge, and was used by NASA
in the space shuttle program
It came with a five-inch screen
Two 5 1/4 floppy drives
A large collection of bundled
software programs
It contains a battery Pack
Can be placed on a lap and can
carried any where.
34. QUANTUM COMPUTER
It is a predicted super powerful
computer of the future
It can carry out calculations with two
quantum bits (QUBITS)
Quantum computers have superior
qualities in comparison to the type of
computers currently in use. If they are
realized, then they will be able to carry
out tasks that are beyond the abilities of
all normal computers.
HUMANOID ROBOTS
They are computerized robots performing
human functions more efficiently
They are of human structure
35. LINUX WATCH
The Linux Watch is currently in its
prototype stage. It means that a model
of the watch has already been built, or
is being built, but the product is not yet
ready to be made available to the
general public.
This is a watch-like product that not
only has the functions of a regular
wristwatch, but also allows its user to
communicate wirelessly with personal
computers, cell phones, and other like
machines.
With the Linux Watch, you can send
and receive e-mail, receive messages,
and access calendars and address
books.
(Seiko’s computerized watch)----»
36. WALLET PC
The idea is to have a small wallet-sized PC that
could be used to display messages, schedules,
weather, and stocks, to send and receive e-mail
and fax, and to play games.
It could also connect to the Internet and to
the "Information Superhighway."
In addition, the wallet PC would eliminate the
need for cash. Instead of using coins and paper
bills, money would be transferred using digital
cash stored in the Wallet PC.
To prevent people from stealing and using your
Wallet PC, each wallet would have "keys" that
identify its owner. Thus, nobody could use
someone else's PC.
For more security, there are passwords and
even voice or fingerprint recognizer
37. WEARABLE PC
The Wearable PC is also
currently in its prototype stage.
This new innovation is a belt-
worn PC that uses a headset
display and a hand-held
controller.
It is completely mobile and is
ideal if you want hands-free
access to data and other
information via the computer!
It can connect to the Internet
wirelessly and also includes a
microphone and an earphone for
input and output.
38. Computers to be 'oxygen of the future'
By the year 2010, scientists predict we will
be immersed in a sea of miniature
computers.
Accessible information
Information will be available at every place
and every time.
Tangible Acoustic Interface
It allows users to convert virtually any
tangible objects such as table tops, walls,
and windows, into interactive surfaces
