2. History of Computers
Older computers were analog
Analog computers are a type of computing
device that use continuous physical
quantities to represent and solve problems.
More flexible but not necessarily more
precise and reliable than digital computers.
3. Slide Rule
Older computers were analog
A more manageable type -- the old-
fashioned slide rule
4. ABACUS
3000 BC: The first calculating device ABACUS was invented in
Egypt .
The abacus is still in use in some countries especially China,
Japan, particularly in educational settings to teach children basic
arithmetic concepts.
Operations
Addition, subtraction, division and multiplication
Extract square root and cube root
User has to memorize certain rules
The abacus is traditionally made with a frame holding wires or rods
on which movable beads are placed.
The beads stand for digits, and they are moved as calculations are
performed.
To use it, you slide the beads up and down on the rods to add and
subtract.
The vertical column of beads on the far right stands for the ones
place, and the place values move up as you move to the left.
6. Pascaline
1642-1644: Famous Frenchman Blaise Pascal introduced the first
mechanical calculating device.
Series of wheels with teeth which could be turned using hands
It could add and subtract by rotating dials.
Perform both addition and subtraction.
Pascal invented the machine for his father, a tax collector, so it was the first
business machine too.
He built 50 of them over the next 10 years.
7. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz
• German philosopher, mathematician
scientist, Leibnitz invented a machine
in1674,around 30 years after Pascal
invented his machine.
• He called it the “Stepped Reckoner”
• It could not only add and subtract, but
multiply and divide as well.
8. Joseph-Marie Jacquard
• Joseph-Marie Jacquard
was a weaver.
• In 1804, he got the bright
idea of adapting the use
of punched cards used
in musical boxes to
control his looms.
• His invention provided a
model for the input and
output of data in the
electro- mechanical and
electronic computing
industry.
9. Jacquard loom emphasized three computer concepts.
Instructions (used punched cards)
Simple program (series of instructions)
Automate job (because of program)
10. • Charles Babbage designed the
“Difference Engine” and “Analytical
Engine” in the early 18th Century,
• This was the blueprint used in
the invention of the modern
electronic digital computer.
Charles Babbage (1791-1871)
The Father of Computers
11. Difference Engine
Charles Babbage designed the difference Engine, an early
calculating machine, verging on being the first computer,
designed and partially built during the 1820s and ’30s by
Charles Babbage.
This machine could store information, calculate numbers
and solve algebraic expression.
The Difference Engine was more than a simple calculator.
It could not performed just a single calculation but a whole
series of calculations on a number of variables to solve a
complex problem.
Difference Engine had storage—that is, a place where data
could be held temporarily for later processing.
13. The Analytical engine.
Analytical Engine, built by Charles Babbage in the 19th
century (he worked on it until his death in 1871).
The design was intended to be fully automatic, capable of
performing complex calculations without human
intervention.It could do 60 additions per minute.
14. Lady Augusta Ada
• She was the daughter of the
famous romantic poet Lord Byron
and she was a brilliant
mathematician who helped
Babbage in his work.
• She documented his work, which
Babbage could never bother to do
and also wrote programs to be
run on Babbage’s machines.
• She is recognised as the first
computer programmer.
• Her notes on analytical engine
were used in future development
of computers.
15. Tabulating Machine ( Punch card
tabulator )
1890: Herman Hollerith
American Inventor
Developed a set of machines for compiling data from the United States
Census.
Tabulating machines were devices used for counting, sorting, and
processing data, especially in the early days of data management.
One of the most famous examples is the punch card tabulator developed
by Herman Hollerith.
His machine used punched cards to record data, which could then be
counted and sorted mechanically.
Capable of reading numbers, characters, and also special symbols.
This innovation greatly sped up the processing of large volumes of
information and laid the groundwork for modern computing.
First machine capable of processing statistical information from
punched cards.
19. Tommy Flowers & Alan Turing
• Tommy Flowers invented a
computer called Colossus which
was the world's first electronic,
digital, programmable computer.
• Alan Turing worked on colossus
computer in 1943 which was
used in world war II for cracking
German codes.
• It was HUGE.
20. Harvard Mark I
1944: Howard Aikens and Grace
Hooper developed an
electromechanical machine at IBM
Called Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator (ASCC)
Called Mark I by Harvard University
Capable of reading numbers,
characters, and also special symbols
First programmable digital computer
21. Harvard Mark I
Built from Switches, Relays, rotating shafts and
clutches.
Mechanical relays (switches) which flipped
backwards and forwards to represent
mathematical data.
765,000 components
Hundred of meters of wires
Volume
Length (51ft) X Height (8 ft) x Depth (2 ft)
Weight 4500 kgs
Used decimal number systems
It was huge with 500 miles of wiring.
26. Dr Grace Murray Hopper
• Rear Admiral Dr. Grace Murray Hopper,
worked with Howard Aiken from 1944
• used his machine for gunnery and ballistics
calculation for the US Bureau of
Ordnance’s Computation project.
• Dr. Hopper greatly simplified programming
by inventing the “COBOL” language
• which was the first programming language
to use English for variable names and
logical operations rather than machine
code.
27. Dr. Grace Murray Hopper
• She also invented the term“
debugging” when a moth
flew into the computer and
caused an error.
28. Jack Kilby
• Jack Kilby invented the first
integrated circuit in 1959, which
meant computers could become
smaller and more reliable.
• These were first used inside
calculators.
29. Microelectronics Revolution
• The microelectronics
revolution allowed the
amount of hand- crafted
wiring seen on the left to
be mass-produced as an
integrated circuit the size
of your thumbnail.
30. Manchester Mark I
1948
First stored program computer,
Based on Von Neumann architecture
Manchester Mark 1 , built in UK. Using
valves ,
It cans perform about 500 operations
per second and has the first RAM .
It fills a room the size of a small office.
32. Ferranti Nimrod Computer
1951 : The Nimrod, built in the United Kingdom
by Ferranti for the 1951 Festival of Britain.
Early computer game , Nim Played by Ferranti
Nimrod computer at the Festival of Britain.
33. History of Microcomputers
1965 DEC PDP 8 produced in US
First commercially successful
microcomputer,
Programmed Data Processor (PDP)
It sits on a desktop
34. H 316 Kitchen Computer
1965 Honeywell corporation
First home computer
Cost $10,600
35. Intel 4004 Microprocessor
1971 Intel 4004, the world’s first
commercially available microprocessor.
four-bit computer containing 2,300
transistors
can perform 60,000 instructions per second.
Designed for use in a calculator
Sells for $200
36. Floppy Disks
1972 : 5.25-inch floppy diskettes are
introduced
providing a portable way
to store and move data from machine to
machine.
37. Intel 8008 Microprocessors
Intel announces the 8008 chip.
2-MHz, eight-bit microprocessor
can access 64 KB of memory
used a two-byte addressing structure
over 6000 transistors on one chip
can perform640,000 instructions per second.
Motorola introduces the 6800 microprocessor.
8 bit processor
used primarily in industrial and automotive devices.
38. Altair 880
1975, first commercially
available microcomputer
64 KB of memory
open 100-line bus structure.
sells for $397 in kit form or
$439 assembled.
39. Apple I
1976 Steve Wozniak and
Steve Jobs build the Apple
I computer.
less powerful than the Altair,
but also less expensive and
less complicated.
Users must connect their
own keyboard and video
display, and
have the option of mounting
the computer’s motherboard
in any container they choose
— whether a metal case, a
wooden box, or a briefcase.
40. Commodore PET
1977 Mass produced personal
computer,
Commodore PET (Personal Electronic
Transactor ) appears.
41. Osborne I
1981 First portable computer, Osborne 1, produced.
At the size and weight of a sewing machine,
much less convenient than current portable computers.
weighs about 22 pounds
Two 5.25-inch floppy drives,
64 KB of RAM, and
a five-inch monitor but no hard drive.
based on the z80 processor, runs the CP/M operating
system, and
sells for $1,795.
The Osborne 1 comes with WordStar (a word processing
application) and Super-Calc (a spreadsheet application).
It is a huge success.
43. IBM PC
1981, IBM introduces the IBM-PC
4.77 MHz Intel 8088 CPU,
16 KB of memory,
a keyboard,
a monitor,
one or two 5.25-inch floppy drives, and
A price tag of $2,495
44. Apple
1984 Apple Macintosh computer
becomes first successful personal
computer with a mouse and easy to use
Graphic User Interface (GUI).
45. Windows, Laser Jet
Intel releases the 80386 processor (also called the
386),
a 32-bit processor that can address more than four billion
bytes of memory and performs 10 times faster than the
80286.
Aldus releases Page-Maker for the Macintosh,
the first desktop publishing software for microcomputers.
Microsoft announces the Windows 1.0 operating
environment,
featuring the first graphical user interface for PCs
mirroring the interface found the previous year on the
Macintosh.
Hewlett-Packard introduces the LaserJet laser
printer, featuring 300 dpi resolution.
46. Generation of Computers
Generation Dates Characteristic
1st 1944-59 Use Valves (Vacuum
tubes)
2nd 1959-64 Use transistors
3rd 1964-75 Large Scale Integrated
Circuits
4th 1975- Very Large Scale
Integrated Circuits
5th Under
development
“Artificial Intelligence”
based computers
48. Early Calculating Machines through those of today
Analytical engine
The 1890 Census machine
ENIAC
The transistor
The Personal Computer (PC)
The Internet
49. 5 Generations of Modern Computers
1st Generation 1945 - 1956
Made to order operating instructions
Different binary coded programs told it
how to operate
Difficult to program and limited versatility
and speed
Vacuum tubes
Magnetic drum storage
50. 2nd Generation 1955-1963
Transistors
Memory - magnetic core
Assembly language
Printers and memory
Programming languages
Careers
52. 4th Generation 1971 - now
LSI - Large Scale Integration
VLSI- Very Large Scale Integration
(ULSI)
Chip
General consumer usage
Networks
53. 5th Generation
This is the future
What will it be like?
What changes will be big enough to
create this new generation?
54. Microsoft & Bill Gates
• At the age of 13 Bill
Gates became interested
in programming
computers.
• He sold a computer he built
and programmed to Seattle
to allow them to count their
city traffic when he was still
a teenager.
55. Bill Gates
• Whilst at Harvard University he
developed a programming
language for his computer.
• He decided to drop out of university
so he could concentrate all his time
writing programs for his computer
• and started a company called Microsoft
to develop software for the newly
emerging personal computer market.
56. Bill Gates
• Bill Gates managed to talk IBM into
letting Microsoft make the operating
system and Gates proceeded to make a
fortune from MS-DOS.
• Over the next few years he made billions
of dollars and has donated a lot of his
fortune to improving the lives of people in
developing countries.
57. Steve Jobs
• Steve Jobs also dropped out of
university at the age of 21 to
start his company Apple with
another college dropout Steve
Wozniak.
58. Apple
• In 1976 this “Apple I” was one
of the first home
computers and was sold for
$600
59. Steve Jobs
• The immense success of Apple 2
revolutionised the personal
computer market with the
invention of the Graphical User
Interface (GUI) which made using
the computer very user friendly.
• This made Steve Jobs a
millionaire at the age
of 25.
1955 -
2011
60. Steve Jobs
• In 2000 digital music players were
big and bulky or small but played
terrible quality music.
• Apple saw the opportunity and
announced the release of the iPod
in 2001, the first digital portable
music player which changed the
course of media entertainment and
was followed with equal success
by the iPhone and iPad.
61. Microsoft v Apple
Microsoft Apple
In 1994 Apple took Microsoft to court to
prevent them using the Graphical User
Interface (GUI) components that Apple
invented
In 1998 Microsoft was valued at $344.6 billion
and Apple was only $5.54 billion
Apple didn’t win the case but Microsoft
were told to change the “Trash can” icon
on the desktop as it was too similar to
Apple’s version
By 2011, Apple was valued at $346.7
billion whilst Microsoft was worth
$214.3 billion.
This was the first time that Apple had
edged ahead.
Microsoft changed it to the Recycle Bin This change is put down to the success of
digital music players and smart phones
62. Larry Page and Sergey Brin
• Larry Page and Sergey
Brin met at
Stanford University.
• They began to work on
developing a
search engine called
“BackRub”
63. Google
• They decide to rename BackRub
to Google – a play on the word
“googol” a mathematical term for
the number 1 followed by 100
zeros.
• This was to show that it was their
mission to organise the
seemingly infinite amount of
information on the internet.
64. Google
• From a small company that started in a
garage to one of the world’s largest
companies with many diverse areas such
as its own email system known as
• Gmail,
• Google Maps
• and Google Books.
• On average, Google has been acquiring
a company a week
since 2010 including
• YouTube,
• Motorola Mobility
• and Android.
• In 2019 Google was estimated to be
worth $927 billion.
65. Key points in modern computing history
1984 Apple introduces the Macintosh computer 2001 Microsoft Windows XP is released
1990 Microsoft introduces Windows 3.0 2005 Google purchases Android
1992 Microsoft introduces Windows 3.1 2005 YouTube was founded and appears online
1996 BackRub was created and launched onto
Stamford Universities’ servers
2006 Google buys YouTube
1997 BackRub given a new home and changed to
the name Google.
2006 Nintendo releases the Wii
2000 Bill Gates relinquishes his title as head of
Microsoft and
Microsoft Windows 2000 was released
2007 Apple introduces the iPhone
2001 Wikipedia was founded 2007 Microsoft releases Microsoft Windows Vista
and Office 2007
2010 Apple introduces the iPad
66. Home Activity
• Create a poster showing the key
points in the development of
computers.
• Use the internet to bring in images of
the people involved and the main
inventions which helped to shape
computing today.
