26 lecture_presentation

Editor's Notes

• #4: Figure 26.0_1 Chapter 26: Big Ideas
• #5: Figure 26.0_2 Phenotypic difference between the sexes (Panthera leo)
• #7: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Student comprehension of the two mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in target cells relies upon a good understanding of cell membranes and basic cellular chemistry. If these subjects have not been taught recently in your course, consider giving students a brief refresher before distinguishing between these mechanisms. 2. Students might not appreciate the diverse ways in which coordination and communication are achieved between the body’s cells. Endocrine signals generally work like a radio transmitter, sending signals outward. Only target cells, like people with radios tuned to a particular frequency, will receive the signal. In contrast, the nervous system provides a direct, two-way connection between the sender and receiver, much more like a land-based telephone call. Teaching Tips The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate and regulate most other systems of the body. You might consider comparing the speed and duration of each system’s response. The nervous system generally responds faster but for a shorter duration than the endocrine system. This helps to explain why it takes many minutes for a person to calm down after a very upsetting event. The hormones do not clear quickly from the systems.
• #8: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Student comprehension of the two mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in target cells relies upon a good understanding of cell membranes and basic cellular chemistry. If these subjects have not been taught recently in your course, consider giving students a brief refresher before distinguishing between these mechanisms. 2. Students might not appreciate the diverse ways in which coordination and communication are achieved between the body’s cells. Endocrine signals generally work like a radio transmitter, sending signals outward. Only target cells, like people with radios tuned to a particular frequency, will receive the signal. In contrast, the nervous system provides a direct, two-way connection between the sender and receiver, much more like a land-based telephone call. Teaching Tips The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate and regulate most other systems of the body. You might consider comparing the speed and duration of each system’s response. The nervous system generally responds faster but for a shorter duration than the endocrine system. This helps to explain why it takes many minutes for a person to calm down after a very upsetting event. The hormones do not clear quickly from the systems.
• #9: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Student comprehension of the two mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in target cells relies upon a good understanding of cell membranes and basic cellular chemistry. If these subjects have not been taught recently in your course, consider giving students a brief refresher before distinguishing between these mechanisms. 2. Students might not appreciate the diverse ways in which coordination and communication are achieved between the body’s cells. Endocrine signals generally work like a radio transmitter, sending signals outward. Only target cells, like people with radios tuned to a particular frequency, will receive the signal. In contrast, the nervous system provides a direct, two-way connection between the sender and receiver, much more like a land-based telephone call. Teaching Tips The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate and regulate most other systems of the body. You might consider comparing the speed and duration of each system’s response. The nervous system generally responds faster but for a shorter duration than the endocrine system. This helps to explain why it takes many minutes for a person to calm down after a very upsetting event. The hormones do not clear quickly from the systems.
• #10: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Student comprehension of the two mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in target cells relies upon a good understanding of cell membranes and basic cellular chemistry. If these subjects have not been taught recently in your course, consider giving students a brief refresher before distinguishing between these mechanisms. 2. Students might not appreciate the diverse ways in which coordination and communication are achieved between the body’s cells. Endocrine signals generally work like a radio transmitter, sending signals outward. Only target cells, like people with radios tuned to a particular frequency, will receive the signal. In contrast, the nervous system provides a direct, two-way connection between the sender and receiver, much more like a land-based telephone call. Teaching Tips The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate and regulate most other systems of the body. You might consider comparing the speed and duration of each system’s response. The nervous system generally responds faster but for a shorter duration than the endocrine system. This helps to explain why it takes many minutes for a person to calm down after a very upsetting event. The hormones do not clear quickly from the systems.
• #11: Figure 26.1A Hormone from an endocrine cell
• #12: Figure 26.1B Neurotransmitter from a nerve cell
• #13: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Student comprehension of the two mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in target cells relies upon a good understanding of cell membranes and basic cellular chemistry. If these subjects have not been taught recently in your course, consider giving students a brief refresher before distinguishing between these mechanisms. 2. Students might not appreciate the diverse ways in which coordination and communication are achieved between the body’s cells. Endocrine signals generally work like a radio transmitter, sending signals outward. Only target cells, like people with radios tuned to a particular frequency, will receive the signal. In contrast, the nervous system provides a direct, two-way connection between the sender and receiver, much more like a land-based telephone call. Teaching Tips The two mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in target cells can be compared using this analogy. If a house is like a cell, ringing the doorbell and having someone answer it is like using a signal-transduction pathway. Pushing the doorbell, like a hormone binding to plasma-membrane receptors, causes an internal change. Using steroid hormones, on the other hand, is like walking up to the house, opening the door, and walking inside to deliver a message. Here the signal passes through the surface and into the interior of the home/cell to directly communicate the message.
• #14: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Student comprehension of the two mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in target cells relies upon a good understanding of cell membranes and basic cellular chemistry. If these subjects have not been taught recently in your course, consider giving students a brief refresher before distinguishing between these mechanisms. 2. Students might not appreciate the diverse ways in which coordination and communication are achieved between the body’s cells. Endocrine signals generally work like a radio transmitter, sending signals outward. Only target cells, like people with radios tuned to a particular frequency, will receive the signal. In contrast, the nervous system provides a direct, two-way connection between the sender and receiver, much more like a land-based telephone call. Teaching Tips The two mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in target cells can be compared using this analogy. If a house is like a cell, ringing the doorbell and having someone answer it is like using a signal-transduction pathway. Pushing the doorbell, like a hormone binding to plasma-membrane receptors, causes an internal change. Using steroid hormones, on the other hand, is like walking up to the house, opening the door, and walking inside to deliver a message. Here the signal passes through the surface and into the interior of the home/cell to directly communicate the message.
• #15: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Student comprehension of the two mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in target cells relies upon a good understanding of cell membranes and basic cellular chemistry. If these subjects have not been taught recently in your course, consider giving students a brief refresher before distinguishing between these mechanisms. 2. Students might not appreciate the diverse ways in which coordination and communication are achieved between the body’s cells. Endocrine signals generally work like a radio transmitter, sending signals outward. Only target cells, like people with radios tuned to a particular frequency, will receive the signal. In contrast, the nervous system provides a direct, two-way connection between the sender and receiver, much more like a land-based telephone call. Teaching Tips The two mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in target cells can be compared using this analogy. If a house is like a cell, ringing the doorbell and having someone answer it is like using a signal-transduction pathway. Pushing the doorbell, like a hormone binding to plasma-membrane receptors, causes an internal change. Using steroid hormones, on the other hand, is like walking up to the house, opening the door, and walking inside to deliver a message. Here the signal passes through the surface and into the interior of the home/cell to directly communicate the message.
• #16: Figure 26.2A_s1 A hormone that binds a plasma membrane receptor (step 1)
• #17: Figure 26.2A_s2 A hormone that binds a plasma membrane receptor (step 2)
• #18: Figure 26.2A_s3 A hormone that binds a plasma membrane receptor (step 3)
• #19: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Student comprehension of the two mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in target cells relies upon a good understanding of cell membranes and basic cellular chemistry. If these subjects have not been taught recently in your course, consider giving students a brief refresher before distinguishing between these mechanisms. 2. Students might not appreciate the diverse ways in which coordination and communication are achieved between the body’s cells. Endocrine signals generally work like a radio transmitter, sending signals outward. Only target cells, like people with radios tuned to a particular frequency, will receive the signal. In contrast, the nervous system provides a direct, two-way connection between the sender and receiver, much more like a land-based telephone call. Teaching Tips The two mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in target cells can be compared using this analogy. If a house is like a cell, ringing the doorbell and having someone answer it is like using a signal-transduction pathway. Pushing the doorbell, like a hormone binding to plasma-membrane receptors, causes an internal change. Using steroid hormones, on the other hand, is like walking up to the house, opening the door, and walking inside to deliver a message. Here the signal passes through the surface and into the interior of the home/cell to directly communicate the message.
• #20: Figure 26.2B_s1 A hormone that binds an intracellular receptor (step 1)
• #21: Figure 26.2B_s2 A hormone that binds an intracellular receptor (step 2)
• #22: Figure 26.2B_s3 A hormone that binds an intracellular receptor (step 3)
• #23: Figure 26.2B_s4 A hormone that binds an intracellular receptor (step 4)
• #25: Student Misconceptions and Concerns Appreciating the precise actions of hormones requires a thorough understanding of the specificity of target cells. The fact that only certain target cells will respond to a given hormone signal allows hormones to be “broadcast” generally throughout the circulatory system without affecting every single cell. Teaching Tips Growth hormone levels typically decline as we age. Recent studies suggest that injections of engineered human growth hormone may promote muscle growth and decrease body fat. However, additional research is necessary to fully appreciate the potential benefits and risks of human growth hormone injections in the elderly.
• #26: Student Misconceptions and Concerns Appreciating the precise actions of hormones requires a thorough understanding of the specificity of target cells. The fact that only certain target cells will respond to a given hormone signal allows hormones to be “broadcast” generally throughout the circulatory system without affecting every single cell. Teaching Tips Growth hormone levels typically decline as we age. Recent studies suggest that injections of engineered human growth hormone may promote muscle growth and decrease body fat. However, additional research is necessary to fully appreciate the potential benefits and risks of human growth hormone injections in the elderly.
• #27: Figure 26.3 The major endocrine glands in humans
• #28: Student Misconceptions and Concerns Appreciating the precise actions of hormones requires a thorough understanding of the specificity of target cells. The fact that only certain target cells will respond to a given hormone signal allows hormones to be “broadcast” generally throughout the circulatory system without affecting every single cell. Teaching Tips Growth hormone levels typically decline as we age. Recent studies suggest that injections of engineered human growth hormone may promote muscle growth and decrease body fat. However, additional research is necessary to fully appreciate the potential benefits and risks of human growth hormone injections in the elderly.
• #29: Table 26.3 Major Human Endocrine Glands and Some of Their Hormones
• #30: Table 26.3_1 Major Human Endocrine Glands and Some of their Hormones (Part 1)
• #31: Table 26.3_2 Major Human Endocrine Glands and Some of their Hormones (Part 2)
• #32: Student Misconceptions and Concerns Appreciating the precise actions of hormones requires a thorough understanding of the specificity of target cells. The fact that only certain target cells will respond to a given hormone signal allows hormones to be “broadcast” generally throughout the circulatory system without affecting every single cell. Teaching Tips Growth hormone levels typically decline as we age. Recent studies suggest that injections of engineered human growth hormone may promote muscle growth and decrease body fat. However, additional research is necessary to fully appreciate the potential benefits and risks of human growth hormone injections in the elderly.
• #33: Student Misconceptions and Concerns The abuse of growth hormones and steroids is of great concern in the world of professional and amateur sports. Although this is mentioned briefly in the text, consider emphasizing further the potential negative consequences of the abuse of these powerful hormones. The National Institute of Health provides additional details on its website at www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Steroids/AnabolicSteroids.html. Teaching Tips 1. Morphine and other opiates bind to the same cell receptors that naturally bind endorphins, producing powerful pain-killing effects. 2. Students may not have carefully considered the benefits of pain. Consider emphasizing the adaptive nature of pain to your class. The authors note the risks of stopping pain in an injured part of the body. Based on this, challenge students to propose explanations as to why endorphins nonetheless evolved.
• #34: Figure 26.4A Location of the hypothalamus and pituitary
• #35: Student Misconceptions and Concerns The abuse of growth hormones and steroids is of great concern in the world of professional and amateur sports. Although this is mentioned briefly in the text, consider emphasizing further the potential negative consequences of the abuse of these powerful hormones. The National Institute of Health provides additional details on its website at www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Steroids/AnabolicSteroids.html. Teaching Tips 1. Morphine and other opiates bind to the same cell receptors that naturally bind endorphins, producing powerful pain-killing effects. 2. Students may not have carefully considered the benefits of pain. Consider emphasizing the adaptive nature of pain to your class. The authors note the risks of stopping pain in an injured part of the body. Based on this, challenge students to propose explanations as to why endorphins nonetheless evolved.
• #36: Figure 26.4B Hormones of the posterior pituitary
• #37: Figure 26.4C Hormones of the anterior pituitary
• #38: Figure 26.4D Gigantism, caused by an excess of growth hormone during childhood
• #39: Figure 26.4E Control of thyroxine secretion
• #40: Student Misconceptions and Concerns The abuse of growth hormones and steroids is of great concern in the world of professional and amateur sports. Although this is mentioned briefly in the text, consider emphasizing further the potential negative consequences of the abuse of these powerful hormones. The National Institute of Health provides additional details on its website at www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Steroids/AnabolicSteroids.html. Teaching Tips 1. Morphine and other opiates bind to the same cell receptors that naturally bind endorphins, producing powerful pain-killing effects. 2. Students may not have carefully considered the benefits of pain. Consider emphasizing the adaptive nature of pain to your class. The authors note the risks of stopping pain in an injured part of the body. Based on this, challenge students to propose explanations as to why endorphins nonetheless evolved.
• #41: Student Misconceptions and Concerns The abuse of growth hormones and steroids is of great concern in the world of professional and amateur sports. Although this is mentioned briefly in the text, consider emphasizing further the potential negative consequences of the abuse of these powerful hormones. The National Institute of Health provides additional details on its website at www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Steroids/AnabolicSteroids.html. Teaching Tips 1. Morphine and other opiates bind to the same cell receptors that naturally bind endorphins, producing powerful pain-killing effects. 2. Students may not have carefully considered the benefits of pain. Consider emphasizing the adaptive nature of pain to your class. The authors note the risks of stopping pain in an injured part of the body. Based on this, challenge students to propose explanations as to why endorphins nonetheless evolved.
• #43: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Many students struggle to remember the basic structures, functions, and locations of the major vertebrate organs. Understanding and remembering the specific control mechanisms are typically beyond their background knowledge entering a general biology college course. Students will appreciate any reminders or reference materials that help them to organize this information. 2. As the section title indicates, a central theme of endocrine function is the maintenance of homeostasis. Repeatedly framing the details of hormonal and glandular function in the context of homeostasis can increase levels of student comprehension. Teaching Tips Hypothyroidism produces symptoms that are like turning down a furnace during a cold winter. When thyroid levels are low, cells produce ATP and heat at a slower rate, and the person feels colder and is more lethargic than others in the same room. This reminds students that aerobic respiration produces heat and ATP. Hyperthyroidism is just the opposite, with an overproduction of heat as the consequence.
• #44: Figure 26.5A The maturation of a tadpole (below) into an adult frog (above), as regulated by thyroid hormones
• #45: Figure 26.5A_1 The maturation of a tadpole into an adult frog, as regulated by thyroid hormones (part 1)
• #46: Figure 26.5A_2 The maturation of a tadpole into an adult frog, as regulated by thyroid hormones (part 2)
• #47: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Many students struggle to remember the basic structures, functions, and locations of the major vertebrate organs. Understanding and remembering the specific control mechanisms are typically beyond their background knowledge entering a general biology college course. Students will appreciate any reminders or reference materials that help them to organize this information. 2. As the section title indicates, a central theme of endocrine function is the maintenance of homeostasis. Repeatedly framing the details of hormonal and glandular function in the context of homeostasis can increase levels of student comprehension. Teaching Tips Hypothyroidism produces symptoms that are like turning down a furnace during a cold winter. When thyroid levels are low, cells produce ATP and heat at a slower rate, and the person feels colder and is more lethargic than others in the same room. This reminds students that aerobic respiration produces heat and ATP. Hyperthyroidism is just the opposite, with an overproduction of heat as the consequence.
• #48: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Many students struggle to remember the basic structures, functions, and locations of the major vertebrate organs. Understanding and remembering the specific control mechanisms are typically beyond their background knowledge entering a general biology college course. Students will appreciate any reminders or reference materials that help them to organize this information. 2. As the section title indicates, a central theme of endocrine function is the maintenance of homeostasis. Repeatedly framing the details of hormonal and glandular function in the context of homeostasis can increase levels of student comprehension. Teaching Tips Hypothyroidism produces symptoms that are like turning down a furnace during a cold winter. When thyroid levels are low, cells produce ATP and heat at a slower rate, and the person feels colder and is more lethargic than others in the same room. This reminds students that aerobic respiration produces heat and ATP. Hyperthyroidism is just the opposite, with an overproduction of heat as the consequence.
• #49: Figure 2.2A Goiter, a symptom of iodine deficiency, in a Burmese woman
• #50: Figure 26.5B How iodine deficiency causes goiter
• #51: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Many students struggle to remember the basic structures, functions, and locations of the major vertebrate organs. Understanding and remembering the specific control mechanisms are typically beyond their background knowledge entering a general biology college course. Students will appreciate any reminders or reference materials that help them to organize this information. 2. As the section title indicates, a central theme of endocrine function is the maintenance of homeostasis. Repeatedly framing the details of hormonal and glandular function in the context of homeostasis can increase levels of student comprehension. Teaching Tips The use of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone to hold blood calcium levels steady is similar to the use of a heater and chiller on a fish tank or a furnace and air conditioner in a home to keep temperatures steady. The same analogy can be applied to the contrasting functions of insulin and glucagon.
• #52: Figure 26.6 Calcium homeostasis
• #53: Figure 26.6_1 Calcium homeostasis (part 1)
• #54: Figure 26.6_2 Calcium homeostasis (part 2)
• #55: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Many students struggle to remember the basic structures, functions, and locations of the major vertebrate organs. Understanding and remembering the specific control mechanisms are typically beyond their background knowledge entering a general biology college course. Students will appreciate any reminders or reference materials that help them to organize this information. 2. As the section title indicates, a central theme of endocrine function is the maintenance of homeostasis. Repeatedly framing the details of hormonal and glandular function in the context of homeostasis can increase levels of student comprehension. Teaching Tips 1. The use of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone to hold blood calcium levels steady is similar to the use of a heater and chiller on a fish tank or a furnace and air conditioner in a home to keep temperatures steady. The same analogy can be applied to the contrasting functions of insulin and glucagon. 2. Scientists are exploring the use of pancreatic cell transplants as a new source of insulin for patients with type 1 diabetes. Pancreatic cells may be derived from donors and/or modified from other cells using stem cell technology. One website devoted to this subject is http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/pancreaticislet/.
• #56: Figure 26.7 Glucose homeostasis
• #57: Figure 26.7_1 Glucose homeostasis (part 1)
• #58: Figure 26.7_2 Glucose homeostasis (part 2)
• #59: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Many students struggle to remember the basic structures, functions, and locations of the major vertebrate organs. Understanding and remembering the specific control mechanisms are typically beyond their background knowledge entering a general biology college course. Students will appreciate any reminders or reference materials that help them to organize this information. 2. As the section title indicates, a central theme of endocrine function is the maintenance of homeostasis. Repeatedly framing the details of hormonal and glandular function in the context of homeostasis can increase levels of student comprehension. Teaching Tips Scientists are exploring the use of pancreatic cell transplants as a new source of insulin for patients with type 1 diabetes. Pancreatic cells may be derived from donors and/or modified from other cells using stem cell technology. One website devoted to this subject is http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/pancreaticislet/.
• #60: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Many students struggle to remember the basic structures, functions, and locations of the major vertebrate organs. Understanding and remembering the specific control mechanisms are typically beyond their background knowledge entering a general biology college course. Students will appreciate any reminders or reference materials that help them to organize this information. 2. As the section title indicates, a central theme of endocrine function is the maintenance of homeostasis. Repeatedly framing the details of hormonal and glandular function in the context of homeostasis can increase levels of student comprehension. Teaching Tips Scientists are exploring the use of pancreatic cell transplants as a new source of insulin for patients with type 1 diabetes. Pancreatic cells may be derived from donors and/or modified from other cells using stem cell technology. One website devoted to this subject is http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/pancreaticislet/.
• #61: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Many students struggle to remember the basic structures, functions, and locations of the major vertebrate organs. Understanding and remembering the specific control mechanisms are typically beyond their background knowledge entering a general biology college course. Students will appreciate any reminders or reference materials that help them to organize this information. 2. As the section title indicates, a central theme of endocrine function is the maintenance of homeostasis. Repeatedly framing the details of hormonal and glandular function in the context of homeostasis can increase levels of student comprehension. Teaching Tips Scientists are exploring the use of pancreatic cell transplants as a new source of insulin for patients with type 1 diabetes. Pancreatic cells may be derived from donors and/or modified from other cells using stem cell technology. One website devoted to this subject is http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/pancreaticislet/.
• #62: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Many students struggle to remember the basic structures, functions, and locations of the major vertebrate organs. Understanding and remembering the specific control mechanisms are typically beyond their background knowledge entering a general biology college course. Students will appreciate any reminders or reference materials that help them to organize this information. 2. As the section title indicates, a central theme of endocrine function is the maintenance of homeostasis. Repeatedly framing the details of hormonal and glandular function in the context of homeostasis can increase levels of student comprehension. Teaching Tips Scientists are exploring the use of pancreatic cell transplants as a new source of insulin for patients with type 1 diabetes. Pancreatic cells may be derived from donors and/or modified from other cells using stem cell technology. One website devoted to this subject is http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/pancreaticislet/.
• #63: Figure 26.8A Testing glucose levels (above) and injecting human insulin (left)
• #64: Figure 26.8A_1 Testing glucose levels and injecting human insulin (part 1)
• #65: Figure 26.8A_2 Testing glucose levels and injecting human insulin (part 2)
• #66: Figure 26.8B Results of glucose tolerance tests
• #67: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Many students struggle to remember the basic structures, functions, and locations of the major vertebrate organs. Understanding and remembering the specific control mechanisms are typically beyond their background knowledge entering a general biology college course. Students will appreciate any reminders or reference materials that help them to organize this information. 2. As the section title indicates, a central theme of endocrine function is the maintenance of homeostasis. Repeatedly framing the details of hormonal and glandular function in the context of homeostasis can increase levels of student comprehension. Teaching Tips The effects of the “fight-or-flight” response will likely last many minutes after the initial events that triggered the response. Telling such a person to calm down is unlikely to help. Instead, removing the person from the stimulus (if possible), engaging in mild exercise such as walking, and allowing many minutes of time will most likely reverse the condition.
• #68: Figure 26.9_1 How the adrenal glands control our responses to stress (part 1)
• #69: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Many students struggle to remember the basic structures, functions, and locations of the major vertebrate organs. Understanding and remembering the specific control mechanisms are typically beyond their background knowledge entering a general biology college course. Students will appreciate any reminders or reference materials that help them to organize this information. 2. As the section title indicates, a central theme of endocrine function is the maintenance of homeostasis. Repeatedly framing the details of hormonal and glandular function in the context of homeostasis can increase levels of student comprehension. Teaching Tips The effects of the “fight-or-flight” response will likely last many minutes after the initial events that triggered the response. Telling such a person to calm down is unlikely to help. Instead, removing the person from the stimulus (if possible), engaging in mild exercise such as walking, and allowing many minutes of time will most likely reverse the condition.
• #70: Figure 26.9 How the adrenal glands control our responses to stress
• #71: Figure 26.9_2 How the adrenal glands control our responses to stress (part 2)
• #72: Figure 26.9_3 How the adrenal glands control our responses to stress (part 3)
• #73: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Many students struggle to remember the basic structures, functions, and locations of the major vertebrate organs. Understanding and remembering the specific control mechanisms are typically beyond their background knowledge entering a general biology college course. Students will appreciate any reminders or reference materials that help them to organize this information. 2. As the section title indicates, a central theme of endocrine function is the maintenance of homeostasis. Repeatedly framing the details of hormonal and glandular function in the context of homeostasis can increase levels of student comprehension. Teaching Tips The effects of the “fight-or-flight” response will likely last many minutes after the initial events that triggered the response. Telling such a person to calm down is unlikely to help. Instead, removing the person from the stimulus (if possible), engaging in mild exercise such as walking, and allowing many minutes of time will most likely reverse the condition.
• #74: Figure 26.9_4 How the adrenal glands control our responses to stress (part 4)
• #75: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Many students struggle to remember the basic structures, functions, and locations of the major vertebrate organs. Understanding and remembering the specific control mechanisms are typically beyond their background knowledge entering a general biology college course. Students will appreciate any reminders or reference materials that help them to organize this information. 2. As the section title indicates, a central theme of endocrine function is the maintenance of homeostasis. Repeatedly framing the details of hormonal and glandular function in the context of homeostasis can increase levels of student comprehension. Teaching Tips In humans, differences in the concentrations of sex hormones decrease between the sexes throughout adulthood. Differences in secondary sexual characteristics such as muscle tone and hair growth may diminish as a natural part of aging. Students with interests in geriatrics may enjoy assignments or extra credit to investigate this topic.
• #76: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Many students struggle to remember the basic structures, functions, and locations of the major vertebrate organs. Understanding and remembering the specific control mechanisms are typically beyond their background knowledge entering a general biology college course. Students will appreciate any reminders or reference materials that help them to organize this information. 2. As the section title indicates, a central theme of endocrine function is the maintenance of homeostasis. Repeatedly framing the details of hormonal and glandular function in the context of homeostasis can increase levels of student comprehension. Teaching Tips In humans, differences in the concentrations of sex hormones decrease between the sexes throughout adulthood. Differences in secondary sexual characteristics such as muscle tone and hair growth may diminish as a natural part of aging. Students with interests in geriatrics may enjoy assignments or extra credit to investigate this topic.
• #77: Figure 26.10 Male elephant seals in combat
• #78: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Many students struggle to remember the basic structures, functions, and locations of the major vertebrate organs. Understanding and remembering the specific control mechanisms are typically beyond their background knowledge entering a general biology college course. Students will appreciate any reminders or reference materials that help them to organize this information. 2. As the section title indicates, a central theme of endocrine function is the maintenance of homeostasis. Repeatedly framing the details of hormonal and glandular function in the context of homeostasis can increase levels of student comprehension. Teaching Tips In humans, differences in the concentrations of sex hormones decrease between the sexes throughout adulthood. Differences in secondary sexual characteristics such as muscle tone and hair growth may diminish as a natural part of aging. Students with interests in geriatrics may enjoy assignments or extra credit to investigate this topic.
• #79: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Many students struggle to remember the basic structures, functions, and locations of the major vertebrate organs. Understanding and remembering the specific control mechanisms are typically beyond their background knowledge entering a general biology college course. Students will appreciate any reminders or reference materials that help them to organize this information. 2. As the section title indicates, a central theme of endocrine function is the maintenance of homeostasis. Repeatedly framing the details of hormonal and glandular function in the context of homeostasis can increase levels of student comprehension. Teaching Tips The shifting functions of prolactin reflect the kind of “remodeling” frequently found in evolution. Typically, new structures and functions result from modifications of ancestral structures and functions. In this case, as reproductive strategies evolved, the functional significance of prolactin was remodeled.
• #80: Figure 26.11 Suckling promotes prolactin production
• #81: Student Misconceptions and Concerns 1. Many students struggle to remember the basic structures, functions, and locations of the major vertebrate organs. Understanding and remembering the specific control mechanisms are typically beyond their background knowledge entering a general biology college course. Students will appreciate any reminders or reference materials that help them to organize this information. 2. As the section title indicates, a central theme of endocrine function is the maintenance of homeostasis. Repeatedly framing the details of hormonal and glandular function in the context of homeostasis can increase levels of student comprehension. Teaching Tips The shifting functions of prolactin reflect the kind of “remodeling” frequently found in evolution. Typically, new structures and functions result from modifications of ancestral structures and functions. In this case, as reproductive strategies evolved, the functional significance of prolactin was remodeled.
• #85: Figure 26.UN01 Reviewing the Concepts, 26.2
• #86: Figure 26.UN02 Reviewing the Concepts, 26.4
• #87: Figure 26.UN03 Reviewing the Concepts, 26.7
• #88: Figure 26.UN04 Connecting the Concepts, questions 1–8