Es 14e lecture_ch02
- 1. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Matter and Minerals Chapter 2 Lecture Jennifer Mangan James Madison University Earth Science Fourteenth Edition, Global Edition
- 2. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Definition of a mineral – Natural – Inorganic – Solid – Possess an orderly internal structure of atoms – Have a definite chemical composition • Rock – any naturally occurring solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks
- 3. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Rocks are Aggregates of Minerals
- 4. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Atoms – Smallest particles of matter Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals
- 5. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Nucleus – central part of an atom that contains – Protons – positive electrical charges – Neutrons – neutral electrical charges • Electron shells – Surround nucleus – Contain electrons – negative electrical charges Atomic Structure
- 6. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Atomic Structure
- 7. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Atomic number – Number of protons in an atom’s nucleus. • Ions – Positively or negatively charged atoms due to electron gain or loss Atoms
- 8. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Elements – Basic building blocks of minerals – Over 100 are known – Defined by their number of protons – Groups of the same type of atoms Composition and Structure of Minerals
- 9. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Periodic table of the elements
- 10. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Valence shell – An atom’s outermost shell • Octet rule – Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons until their valence shells have 8 electrons • Chemical bond – Transfer or sharing of electrons to achieve full valence shell Atomic Bonding
- 11. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Atomic Bonding • Ionic bond – Atoms bond together when oppositely charged ions attract
- 12. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Covalent bond – Sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms Atomic Bonding
- 13. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Metallic bond – Packed metal atoms have valence electrons free to move throughout the structure. Atomic Bonding
- 14. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Physical properties of minerals – Habit – common crystal shape – Luster – appearance in reflected light – Color – Streak – color of mineral in powdered form – Hardness – ability to resist scratching or abrasion – Cleavage – tendency to break along planes of weak bonding Minerals
- 15. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Metallic Luster: Galena
- 16. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Color • Color can be unreliable due to variations.
- 17. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Streak
- 18. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Crystal Shape, or Habit: Pyrite
- 19. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Hardness: Mohs Scale
- 20. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Cleavage: Micas
- 21. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Physical properties of minerals – Fracture – random pattern of breakage – Specific gravity – mineral density – Tenacity – resistance to cutting, breaking, bending, and deformation Minerals
- 22. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Conchoidal fracture
- 23. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Other properties – Taste – Smell – Elasticity – Malleability – Double refraction – Magnetism – Feel – Reaction with hydrochloric acid Minerals
- 24. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Rock-forming minerals – Only a few dozen – Most abundant atoms in Earth’s crust are oxygen (46.6% by weight) and silicon (27.7% by weight) Mineral Groups
- 25. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Eight elements compose most rock-forming minerals: – oxygen (O), – silicon (Si), – aluminum (Al) – iron (Fe) – calcium (Ca) – sodium (Na) – potassium (K) – magnesium (Mg) Mineral Groups
- 26. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Composition of Continental Crust
- 27. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Rock-forming silicates – Most common mineral group – Contain the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron • Four oxygen atoms surrounding a much smaller silicon atom • Combines with other atoms to form the various silicate structures Mineral Groups
- 28. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Rock-forming silicates – Groups based upon tetrahedral arrangement • Olivine – independent tetrahedra • Pyroxene group – tetrahedra are arranged in chains • Amphibole group – tetrahedra are arranged in double chains Mineral Groups
- 29. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Hornblende: An Amphibole
- 30. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Rock-forming silicates – Groups based upon tetrahedral arrangement • Micas – tetrahedra are arranged in sheets – Two types of mica are biotite (dark) and muscovite (light) • Feldspars – Three-dimensional network of tetrahedra Mineral Groups
- 31. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Rock-forming silicates – Groups based upon tetrahedral arrangement • Feldspars – most abundant group of minerals in Earth’s crust • Quartz – three-dimensional network of tetrahedra Mineral Groups
- 32. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Potassium feldspar
- 33. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Rose Quartz
- 34. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Nonsilicate minerals – major groups – Oxides – Sulfides – Carbonates – Halides – Native elements Mineral Groups
- 35. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Common Nonsilicate Mineral Groups
- 36. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Mineral groups – Nonsilicate minerals • Carbonates – A major rock-forming group – Found in the rocks limestone and marble • Halite and gypsum are found in sedimentary rocks • Many have economic value Minerals
- 37. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Renewable – Can be replenished in relatively short time spans • Corn, wind, water, etc. • Nonrenewable – Earth has fixed quantities • Oil, aluminum, natural gas, coal Natural Resources
- 38. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. • Mineral resources – Mineral resources are occurrences of useful minerals that will eventually be extracted – Ore deposits are concentrations of metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit – Economic factors may change and influence a resource Natural Resources
- 39. © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd. Copper Mining