3 Approaches for Integrated ALM - A Case for ALM Platform - Whitepaper

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White Paper - 3 Approaches to
Integrated ALM
By Kovair Marketing

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3 Approaches to Integrated ALMwww.kovair.com | Email: marketing@kovair.com |
Table of Contents
Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Challenges of Integrated ALM...................................................................................................................................... 5
Different Approaches for Integrated ALM ................................................................................................................ 6
Approach #1: Point-to-point Integrated Multi-Vendor Tools........................................................................ 6
Approach #2: Single Vendor Integrated ALM Tools.......................................................................................... 7
Approach #3: Multi-Vendor Best of Breed Integrated ALM Tools by ALM Middleware......................... 9
A Comparison of the 3 Approaches..........................................................................................................................13
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................................................16
About Kovair....................................................................................................................................................................17

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Introduction
One of the most desirable aspects of software development process for the last decade has been
Integrated Application Lifecycle Management-ALM. Integrated ALM today is also known as End-To-
End ALM in some vendor literatures and websites. Fulfilling this promise by various vendors has been
patchy at its best. However, in the last 2 years, things are changing as new technologies are maturing
in highly critical production systems, there by bringing some of the long overdue benefits of
Integrated ALM to real development. Today, if an organization is not thinking about Integrated ALM,
it is missing some compelling benefits, which are discussed in a companion Whitepaper from Kovair
“10 BENEFITS OF INTEGRATED ALM”.
In this paper, we will discuss three widely used approaches provided by different vendors over time
towards achieving Integrated ALM and the relative merits of these solutions. We will especially focus
on a new integration technology – ESB based ALM Integration for achieving an Integrated ALM for a
mixed vendor tools environment.
In software development process, various tools are used both for managing the development
process as well as for the actual creation and testing of software code. Following is a list of such
tools, some of which are generic (e.g. Document Management) and some are very specific to
software development (e.g. Debugger/ Profiler):
Ideation/ Idea Management Tool Build Management Tool
Requirements Elicitation Tool Configuration Management Tool
Requirements Management Tool Test Management Tool
Design and Modeling Tool Test Automation Tool
IDE (Integrated Development environment) Debugger/ Profiler
These tools either generate or manage different objects necessary for managing the ALM processes.
The objects include Requirements for Requirements Management, Test cases for Test Management
and Source files for Configuration Management. In this document we will refer to these objects as
ALM Artifacts or Artifacts.
Since we are still in a nascent stage of Integrated ALM systems and competing vendors are trying to
establish the concepts, the best way to define such concepts is to focus on the results of
implementing such a system.

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An Integrated ALM system provides the following functionalities and benefits:
1. View artifacts managed by one Tool from another Tool.
Examples include a list of Test cases from the Requirements Management Tool and
Requirements from the Test case Management Tool, or list of design objects from the IDE.
The benefit is even higher when multiple artifacts are accessible from a single tool.
Each individual stakeholder gets the benefit of accessing the artifacts from other tools
without leaving their preferred tool environment. This promotes collaboration and early
problem detection, which can minimize errors and save a lot of money.
2. Create various impacting and non-impacting relationships between any two Artifacts.
This can manifest in creating a Traceability relation between a Requirement in Requirements
Management Tool and a Test case in the Test Management Tool; so that when the
Requirement changes in one tool the Test case in the other tool will be flagged for impact.
Another example is creating a dependency relation between a Change Request in an
Issues/Change Management tool and the source code in the Configuration Management tool
to track what files are modified to implement the Change.
Without this Traceability, the QA group could be testing an obsolete Requirement without
being aware of it. In addition, without this feature, questions like ‘why is a single source file
affected by so many defects?’ cannot be answered.
3. Automate a process cutting across the tool boundaries and implement a complete ALM
lifecycle without a break.
For example: a Change which starts its life in a Helpdesk tool as a Ticket, gets automatically
replicated as a Change Request in the Issues/ Change Management tool, gets approved by a
Change Control Board, goes to the architect to create/ modify architectural artifacts in the
Designer/ Modeling tool, goes to the developer for coding and to QA for creating Test cases
in IDE and Test Management tools.
It is imperative to have an automated process workflow drive this across tool boundaries even
when individual tools lack the processing capability. Without this process automation, the
manual interfaces between tools are managed typically by emails and unstructured
documents, inevitably resulting in dropping the ball at times.
4. Manage Projects and Resources across the tools.
For Development managers, it has always been a vexing question to answer ‘For a set of
Requirements, Changes and Defects what will be the Release date given a set of Resources?’
Alternatively, the questions can be posed as ‘Given a set of Resources and a Release date,
what Requirements, Changes and Defects can we put in this release?’ or ‘Given a Release date
and a set of Requirements, Changes and Defects, what kind of resources do we need?’ We
can make it even more complex by incorporating design and modeling objects, test
automation and other ALM artifacts in the mix. Since the artifacts involved are managed by
various tools, only an Integrated ALM system will be able to handle this question.
Without an Integrated ALM platform, performing Project and Resource Management against
just one artifact, say Requirements, will give an incomplete and wrong picture. The traditional
PPM (Project Portfolio Management) software tool fails to take care of this because of a lack
of integration with all other individual ALM tools.

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5. Create Cross tools Analytics and Dashboards.
A Project manager’s assessment regarding the health of a particular development project can
be massively flawed unless he/she takes into account the activities in all the tools involved.
Analytics and reporting across various tools is very important at different levels including that
of the CXO.
For example, an Integrated ALM system should be able to produce a Test compliance report
for the end customer that shows the list of Customer Requirements, Change Requests and
Issues, traced to Test cases and individual Test runs. And finally, the Test run results should
show that they have all passed. To produce a report like this requires retrieving information
from various tools including Requirements Management, Issues/ Change Management, Test
Management and Test Automation.
Now that we have discussed the advantages of an Integrated ALM, we will next discuss three
widely used options given by vendors for achieving Integrated ALM, and how these options
address the above functionality and benefits.
Challenges of Integrated ALM
There are quite a few challenges to introduce and implement Integrated ALM in a development
organization successfully. Briefly, they are:
1. Multi-vendor tools using various technologies.
In practice, different tools from multiple vendors are involved in a software development
project. Each of these tools could be using different technologies including command line
interface, desktop application, client-server, or web based. In addition, they could be running
on different platforms such as Windows, Linux of various kernels, Macintosh, UNIX of various
flavors or even Mainframe.
2. The software being produced uses wide range of technologies.
The software being produced can be an embedded system, .NET based desktop application,
Java based web application, or a COBOL based mainframe application.
3. The tools use various data repositories.
The data repositories can be proprietary file structures, XML, Excel, or relational databases of
various flavors.
4. The tools are geographically distributed.
Today’s development groups are often distributed globally. Sometimes, the team members
can also belong to multiple corporate entities. As a result, the tools reside at various locations
behind different firewalls connected by Internet.

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Different Approaches for Integrated ALM
To address the challenges of Integrated ALM and to achieve at least some of the goals, different tool
vendors have taken different strategies, which can be broadly categorized in the three alternative
approaches.
Approach #1: Point-to-point Integrated Multi-Vendor Tools
Approach #2: Single Vendor Integrated ALM Tools
Approach #3: Multi-Vendor Best of Breed Integrated ALM Tools – ALM Integration Platform
The following sections describe the details of these approaches. Any reference to a vendor is based
on the available public information from their websites at the time of writing this paper.
Approach #1: Point-to-point Integrated Multi-Vendor Tools
Traditionally the individual vendors have tried to achieve modicum of Integrated ALM by first
integrating their own ALM point tools and then integrating some selection of the popular point tools
from other vendors. The advantage of such an approach is the simplicity. You need to create only the
integration between a particular pair of tools if necessary. However, to achieve the functionality and
benefits mentioned above, it is necessary to have point-to-point integration between most, if not
every pair of tools. Moreover, since the integration is often done between tools from two different
vendors, it often becomes the users’ responsibility to create a workable integration using their own
development resources. This results in additional internal tool maintenance and management
resources, which are not aligned to the core competency of the organization.
The primary issues with the point-to-point approach are discussed below:
Complexity of combinations
From high-school algebra, we know that to have a point-to-point integration between every pair of n
tools we need n x (n-1) / 2 number of integrations. For a simple case of 5 tools, this amounts to 10
integrations and just by doubling the number of tools to 10 will result in a 4.5 fold increase in
number of integrations to 45. Because of the ad-hoc nature of these integrations, it becomes
extremely difficult to create and maintain each individual integration code between the pairs of tools.
Handcrafted Integration Business Rules
Since each integration code is custom made for a particular pair of tools, it has the maximum
flexibility but at the same time, maintenance becomes very difficult. For example, the business rules
of integration like which field maps from one tool to the other, under which condition the data is
replicated from one tool to another, or how a change in one tool will be reflected in another - are
all hardcoded in the integration code. This means that any change in that logic necessitates changes
in that code. Any change in code means a full cycle of development, test, and deployment cycle
making it impossible to implement even the smallest change quickly.

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Fig: The Rat’s Nest of Point-to-point Integration Solution
Replacement Dilemma
It is unlikely that a development group will use a single tool forever. With changing needs,
technology and preferences, existing tools often need to be replaced by more effective alternatives.
However, a point-to-point architecture becomes a hindrance to such an upgrade. Referring to our
example of 5 and 10 tools scenarios, a single tool replacement will result in re-development of up to
4 and 9 integration codes respectively that often becomes the reason for perpetuation of old and
inappropriate tool usage.
These issues are resulting in some development groups abandoning their custom point-to-point
integration projects. Even large service companies with enough in-house software expertise and
bandwidth are looking for a replacement of their handcrafted internal integration rats-nest
architecture with a more sustainable and scalable solution.
Approach #2: Single Vendor Integrated ALM Tools
Because of the problems faced by point-to-point integration architecture, large vendors like IBM and
Microsoft have come up with their own solutions to the Integrated ALM. Though their solutions vary
in actual implementation, they can be grouped in the category of ‘single vendor solutions’. While
these solutions also aim at including third party vendor tools, the current implementations on the
market do not meet these needs.
IBM’s solution consists of the Jazz integration technology and various tools created on Jazz platform.
This includes Rational Team Concert, Rational Quality Manager, Rational DOORS, DOORS Next Gen
and Rational Requirements Composer. Jazz has an open API, which allows third party vendors to
integrate their tools with Jazz. One of the main challenges for Jazz users is its current incompatibility

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to an existing tool – both from IBM Rational and third party vendors. In fact IBM/ Rational has
created a new Requirements Management and Elicitation tool called Requirement Composer even
when they have two well established Requirements Management tools RequisitePro and Telelogic
DOORS. Moreover, Jazz requirements make existing tools from other vendors incompatible unless
they retrofit with Jazz compliant interfaces using OSLC (Open Services for Lifecycle Collaboration)
web services, an IBM proposed open standard. As of now, no other major tool vendor has adopted
OSLC standard for their existing or future tools.
On the other hand, Microsoft’s solution does not include any stand-alone integration technology.
Centerpiece for Microsoft’s Integrated ALM solution is the Team Foundation Server (TFS). Like the
Rational Team Concert from IBM, TFS includes project management, source control, continuous build
and work item management. Comparable to the Eclipse IDE, Microsoft has their Visual Studio Team
System along with the tools for modeling, coding and testing. Like IBM, Microsoft proposes that a
development team should use all tools from Microsoft to achieve Integrated ALM, though there are
scopes for integration of other vendor tools in future. As a result, Microsoft solution requires point-
to-point integration for each 3rd
party vendor tool with TFS and/ or Visual Studio. This results in
similar problems discussed in the point-to-point integration solutions above.
Any development group starting afresh and focused only on Java based development or .NET based
development may benefit from using IBM/ Rational and Microsoft solutions respectively. However,
for the vast majority of organizations with major investments in existing tools from various vendors
and development in Java, .NET and other mixed technologies, neither the IBM nor the Microsoft
solutions can be very appealing.
The primary issues with single vendor integrated ALM tools approach are recapped below:
1. Rip and Replace
The requirement of replacing existing tools by a single vendor tools does not sit well with any
development manager. Apart from the difficulty of economic justification for such a move,
this results in retraining of the development team members in new tools, which may delay
development projects unnecessarily
.
2. One Size Fits All
It is highly unlikely that built-in tools from a single vendor can serve the needs of a wide
range of development groups. However, due to the very nature of the solutions, the users are
forced to use these tools even when better and often less expensive (sometime free open
source) tools are available and appropriate for their needs. For example, Microsoft’s Visual
Studio Team System designer is a brand new tool without any maturity whereas, there are
quite a few matured design tools available, which cannot be used in the Microsoft only
environment. Similarly, there are many organizations using Perforce, Subversion, PVCS, CVS
who will not be able to participate in the IBM only environment, since they do not use
ClearCase or the new configuration management built-in Team Center.
3. Technology Islands of Development
Single vendor tools create a technology island with little or no chance of working together.
Groups developing in both .NET and Java simultaneously using Eclipse and Visual Studio will
have severe problems adopting a single vendor approach. It will be difficult to meet any of
the functionality and benefits mentioned above in scenarios like that. Though there are

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patches of integration bridges like integrating TFS to Eclipse by Teamprise (acquired by
Microsoft), they are again essentially a point-to-point integration with all its unwanted
baggage.
Approach #3: Multi-Vendor Best of Breed Integrated ALM Tools
by ALM Middleware
Taking a cue from the integration solutions in other industries, most notably financial software, the
concept of ALM middleware addresses all the Integrated ALM requirements squarely and offers
some more while avoiding all issues and pitfalls mentioned with the other two approaches of point
to point and single vendor integrations.
Fig: Enterprise Service based Middleware Integration
The middleware technology is based on Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) architecture, which has some
distinct advantages over any point-to-point integration architecture. These advantages are discussed
below:
1. Significantly simpler development
To use the previous examples of 5 and 10 tools development environment, the ESB
architecture needs 5 and 10 adapters respectively, just one per tool! This is substantially less
than 10 and 45 custom integrations necessary for point-to-point architecture. Moreover, to
replace one of 5 and 10 tools needs replacement of just one adapter, a far cry from the
redevelopment of 4 and 9 integration codes respectively.

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2. Protect Investments
ALM Middleware is based on a standard set of web service based APIs. Without any special
requirement on the tools, ALM Middleware can integrate tools from different vendors,
including internally developed tools. This means all the tool investments by a development
organization are protected.
3. Best Tools for Best Functions
ALM Middleware allows integration of multiple tools from different vendors for the same
function. For example, Requirements Management may be covered by any combination of
tools from IBM/ Rational (RequisitePro, DOORS, Rational Requirements Composer),
Microfocus/ Borland (Caliber-RM). What is even better, it can support simultaneous usage of
multiple tools from multiple vendors in a single tools ecosystem. This allows organizations to
select the best tools available in the market without locking themselves in a single vendor
solution. The table below illustrates the increased flexibility with tool choices using ALM
Middleware.
Tools Choices with Two Integration Approaches
Single Vendor Integration
Approach
ALM Middleware
Approach
Functions IBM Tools Microsoft
Tools
Multi Vendor Tools
Requirements
Elicitation
Rational Requirements
Composer
Blueprint
IRise
Rational Requirements
Composer
Requirements
Management
Requisite Pro
DOORS
TFS
Caliber-RM
DOORS
Integrity
Kovair
MKS
Requisite Pro
TFS
Design and Modeling
Rational
Software Architect/Modeler
VSTS Designer
Enterprise Architect
Rational Rose
Rational Software Architect
/Modeler
Visual Studio
IDE (Integrated
Development
Environment)
RAD VSTS
Eclipse
RAD
Visual Studio

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Tools Choices with Two Integration Approaches
Single Vendor Integration
Approach
ALM Middleware
Approach
Functions IBM Tools Microsoft
Tools
Multi Vendor Tools
Project
Management
Rational Team Concert
Team
Foundation
Server (TFS)
Kovair
MS Project
Rational Team Concert
Team Foundation Server
(TFS)
Build BuildForge MS Build
BuildForge
Electric Cloud
MS Build
Configuration
Management
ClearCase TFS
ClearCase
Perforce
Subversion
TFS
Visual SourceSafe
Test Management Rational Quality Manager VSTS Tester
Kovair
Quality Center
Rational Quality Manager
Visual Studio
Issues/ Change
Management
ClearQuest TFS
Bugzilla
ClearQuest
JIRA
Kovair
Teamtrack
TFS
Helpdesk Tivoli
CA Service Desk
Kovair
Remedy
Tivoli
Note: The tools shown here are for illustration of the capability. At present not all tools mentioned
here are integrated in IBM, Microsoft or ALM Middleware solutions.
4. Flexibility of Integration Business Rules
Integration business rules do change over time for various reasons, including changes in
business conditions, group dynamics, and development methodologies. For example, how
the Requirements will be replicated from IBM RequisitePro to HP Quality Center so that the

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Traceability relation created in Quality Center may change over time. Integrated ALM
platform allows creation and management of these rules independent of the individual tool
adapters. Unlike point-to-point and single-vendor integrations where the logic is hard coded
in the integration codes, middleware adapters do not have any embedded business rules. The
business rules are managed in middleware administrative module with visual interface for the
empowered end users. This eliminates the necessity of development resources for changing
the integration codes and reduces the change implementation time drastically from weeks to
hours.
5. Traceability with Change Impact Analysis
ALM Middleware makes it simple to create Traceability relation between artifacts from various
tools. In case of Point-to-point integration where without a central framework only two tools
are integrated at a time, there is no way to visualize and manipulate Traceability relations of
three or more Artifacts in a single interface. But for ALM Middleware, a central framework
allows flexible ways of creating and managing these relationships among multiple (more than
a pair of) tools. Moreover, due to its flexibility in relationship management, ALM Middleware
promotes multi-tool proactive and reactive change impact analysis. This is impossible to do
both in point-to-point and single vendor integration solutions.
6. Process Automation without Boundary
Typically, Implementing SDLC Processes for multi-tool ALM requires discipline of individual
participants. Such a manual implementation of the process fails after a short time when
individuals do not follow it due to high overhead and high cost of retraining for each small
change. ALM Middleware, with its built-in process automation capability has a unique
advantage of creating a cross tools process and automating that for a transparent no-
overhead implementation with a much larger success potential. The typical example is a
Requirement that starts life in a Requirements Management tool, is reviewed and approved
by stakeholders in a Project Management tool, is implemented by a developer in an IDE, and
tested by testers in a Test Management tool. ALM Middleware automates the whole process
for all these users even when they are using different tools and may be based at different
locations.
7. Analytics and Dashboards
Once ALM Middleware has all the artifacts and meta information about the artifacts (e.g. not
just the Requirement but the information about the Requestor, Type, Priority, Approval status,
Approver, Lifecycle status…) in its repository either by replication (where the artifact
information is replicated to ALM Middleware repository) or federation (where the tool data is
retrieved on demand, avoiding replication), one can create all sorts of dashboard metrics and
reports for those data in real-time. These reports give valuable insight about the whole cross-
tool process, which is often impossible or difficult to get.

A Comparison of the 3 Approaches
Item
Point-to-point
Integrated Multi
Vendor Tools
Single Vendor
Integrated ALM Tools
Multi Vendor Best of
Breed Integrated ALM
Tools –ALM
Middleware
View artifacts
managed by one
Tool from another
Tool
Fair
Only artifacts of the
paired tool
Good
Artifacts in the IDE
and other paired tools
Excellent
All artifacts through the
ALM Middleware
interface
Create various
impacting and non-
impacting
relationship
between any
two Artifacts.
Fair
Only artifacts of the
paired tool
Good
Artifacts in the IDE
and other paired tools
Excellent
All artifacts through the
ALM Middleware
interface
Automate a process
cutting across the tool
Boundaries and
implementing the
complete ALM
lifecycle without a
break
Poor Poor
Excellent
With built-in process
automation in the ALM
Middleware interface
Manage Projects
and Resources
across the tools
Poor
Fair
Through integrated
project management
tool (if such an
integration exists)
Excellent
With built-in project and
resource management
in
the ALM Middleware
interface or external tool
Create Cross tools
Analytics and
Dashboards
Fair
Through reporting tool
with custom integration
Fair
Some limited built-in
analytics based on
individual tools’
reporting capability.
Excellent
With built-in reporting
and analytics tool on all
artifacts and meta
information available in
the ALM Middleware
interface

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Item
Point-to-point
Integrated Multi
Vendor Tools
Single Vendor
Tools –ALM
Middleware
Effort to create and
maintain integration
with
a tool
Poor
Point to point
hand-coded integration
code with hardcoded
business logic. This
involves custom coding,
testing and support
services.
To replace any tool by
another tool of same
function
or even by a new
version will involve
high effort
maintenance of all the
integration code for
that tool.
Good
Since existing tools
are to be modified for
integration in this
model, unless the tool
vendors are willing to
make
those changes such
tools cannot be
integrated by any
third party effort.
In case of IBM, needs
the creation of new
tool and adapting
existing tool compliant
to OSLC standard.
Excellent
Needs to create an
adapter per tool without
changing the tool
behavior or code.
Since tools adapters are
created without any
changes in the actual
tools, the adapters can
be created independent
of the tool
vendors, even by the
end user organizations,
using an open standard
based API.
Utilizing existing
tools
Excellent
Can integrate any
existing tool.
Poor
Integration of existing
tools needs
modification in
existing tools.
Excellent
Can integrate any
existing tool.
Migration and
Training Effort
Excellent
are involved, no
migration or training
effort is necessary.
Poor
Since the existing
tools are to be
replaced by new tools
a major data migration
and training is
required.
Excellent
Since existing tools are
involved, no migration
or
training effort is
necessary.

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Item
Point-to-point
Integrated Multi
Vendor Tools
Single Vendor
Tools –ALM
Middleware
Cost
High
For creating all
point-to-point
integration code by
development
resources the cost of
development and
maintenance is very
high.
High
are to be replaced by
new tools the cost is
very high both in
terms of new license
cost as well as cost of
deployment, training,
documentation and
lost opportunity.
Reasonable
Since no tools are to be
replaced and
deployment, only the
cost of middleware and
adapters
Availability
Almost all ALM vendors
offer limited point-to-
point integration with
selected tools. Individual
development groups
can develop their own
custom point-to-point
integration as well.
At this time IBM and
Microsoft are two
vendors offering
Integrated ALM using
their own tools only.
IBM’s solution is
developed around
Jazz technology and
Team Center project
management tool.
Microsoft’s solution is
around Visual Studio
Team System and
Team Foundation
server tools.
Kovair’s Omnibus
integration technology
is
the only ALM
Middleware
available today based
on
Enterprise Service Bus
(ESB) architecture. All
integrations use web
service based interface
so existing tools can be
integrated to Omnibus
using adapters
independent of their
locations and
technology
platform.

P a g e | 16
Conclusion
In this paper, we have discussed three approaches to Integrated ALM by comparing them for
technology, business values and cost. It has been shown that the method of ESB based ALM
integration is the most suitable method for implementing Integrated ALM in organizations having or
needing multiple vendor tools.
Kovair has the ALM Middleware technology called Omnibus Enterprise Service Bus, which is the
leading integration technology in the ALM industry today. For more information about Kovair’s
Omnibus technology please visit www.kovair.com or contact sales@kovair.com.
Each tool name used in this paper is the registered trademark of the corresponding tool vendor.

P a g e | 17
About Kovair
Kovair Software is a Silicon Valley based software product company specializing in the domain of
Integrated Application Lifecycle Management (ALM) solutions and supports global software
development and management. Kovair’s focus on integrating third party best-of-breed ALM tools
enables creation of applications in a synchronized tools environment.
Kovair has partnered with leading technology brands like Microsoft, IBM, CA, BMC and more to
provide customers a wide range of integration solutions.
Product Portfolio: Kovair’s flagship products Omnibus Integration Platform, ALM Studio,
QuickSync and Integrated DevOps are highly preferred solutions by some of the major corporations
globally.
Recognitions: The SD Times 100 has recognized Kovair as one of the top 100 software
innovators in the domain of Application Lifecycle Management. Kovair’s Innovations in ALM Tools
and ALM Integrations are well recognized both in the industry and by analysts at places like Gartner
and Forrester.
Business Focus: Application Lifecycle Management Products and Services, Integration Platform
Industry Verticals: IT Consulting and Services, Banking and Financial Services, Telecom,
Manufacturing, Networking, Healthcare, Defense and Government.
Contact: For more information about product and services contact sales@kovair.com. You may
follow Kovair updates on Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, Google+, Slideshare and YouTube.
Important Links: Why Kovair| Management | Product Updates | Tool Integrations | Product
Brochure | Videos | Datasheets | White Papers | Case Study | Technical Documents| Presentations |
Services | Blog | Press Releases | Events | Customers | Partners | Support | Contact | Site Map
© 2017, Kovair Software, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Integrated ALM Company.
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