3 computer basics
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Computers are electronic devices that can be programmed to perform tasks. They operate by processing digital information and are used in many aspects of modern life such as work, entertainment, communication, and education. Computers range in size from desktop machines to smartphones and have become indispensable tools for both personal and professional use.
3 computer basics
- 2. Components of a Computer- Based Information System (CBIS) Hardware Programs (Software) Data (Database) People Procedures Networks
- 3. What is a computer? an electronic device that has the ability to accept data, internally store and automatically execute a program of instructions, perform mathematical, logical, and manipulative operations on data, and report the results
- 4. Computer Components Central Processing Unit (CPU) arithmetic-logic unit control unit Primary Storage / Main Memory Input Devices Output Devices Secondary Storage Devices I/O Devices
- 5. Input Devices Input Devices Output Devices Output Devices Communication Devices Communication Devices Control Unit Arithmetic-Logic Unit Primary Storage Secondary Storage Secondary Storage Central Processing Unit Bus Bus External Network Bus Bus
- 6. Types of Storage Primary Storage: Internal temporary storage connected to CPU and used to house data and instructions for processing Secondary storage: External permanent location for storing data and instructions when not needed by CPU Cache . . .
- 7. Where do we put programs and data to work on them ? into primary storage from input devices secondary storage devices communications devices
- 8. How do we refer to a location in primary storage ? by its address
- 9. Primary Storage 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 00000 00001 00010 00011 00100 00101 00110 00111 01000 01001 01010 01011 01100 01101 01110 01111 10000 10001 10010 10011
- 10. How do we connect the components of a computer together ? through a bus
- 11. Where do we store instructions and data at the actual instant that they are being processed ? in registers
- 12. Buses & Registers Control Unit Arithmetic / Logic Unit Primary Storage Output Devices Input Devices Secondary Storage Devices CPU
- 14. Registers Special Purpose Program Address (PAR) (aka Program Counter) Data Address Instruction General Purpose
- 15. How fast can we execute instructions ? Millions of instructions per second MIPS Millions of floating point operations per second MegaFLOPS (MFLOPS) Logical inferences per second LIPS megahertz (MHz) million cycles per second
- 16. How fast can we execute instructions ? gigahertz (GHz) billion cycles per second billions of instructions per second BIPS
- 17. Timing Circuitry / Clock Clock Generator CPU Bus Controller RAM, ROM, or I/O Control Address Data Random Logic I / O Controller Bus Driver Interrupt Controller Bus Driver Bus Driver
- 18. Unit Fraction of a Second Time Units millisecond one - thousandth microsecond one - millionth nanosecond one - billionth picosecond one - trillionth femtosecond one - quadrillionth
- 19. Primary Storage Random-Access Memory (RAM) Working area for various activities Temporary holding place for data/programs Contents retained only when computer is on Read-Only Memory (ROM) Location of startup procedures Holding place for all permanent internal instructions Contents retained when computer is on
- 20. Memory / Storage Capacity kilobyte 210 = 1,024 ≈ 1 thousand bytes megabyte 220 = 1,048,576 ≈ 1 million bytes gigabyte 230 = 1,073,741,824 ≈ 1 billion bytes terabyte 240 ≈ 1 trillion bytes petabyte 250 ≈ 1 quadrillion bytes exabyte 260 ≈ 1 quintillion bytes
- 21. Levels of IC Integration SSI MSI LSI VLSI SLSI ULSI GSI
- 22. Trends in Chip Technology Capacity Speed Size Cost
- 24. Input Devices / Media Keyboard Mouse / Trackball /Joystick Touch Screen Light Pen Graphics Pad / Touchpad / Digitizer Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR) Microphone (Voice)
- 25. Input Devices / Media Digital Camera Optical Scanner UPC Mark Sense OCR Retinal / Thumb print / Image Microfilm (CIM) Other ????
- 26. Output Devices / Media Monitor, VDT, VDU, CRT, Screen text graphics picture element / pixel VGA / SVGA / XGA / UXGA / ... Printer dot-matrix / solid character impact / non-impact character / line / page single color / multi-color
- 27. Output Devices / Media Plotter flatbed / drum single color / multi-color Speaker (Voice) Slides / Film Microfilm (COM) Other ????
- 28. Input / Output Devices / Media Storage devices Internal & external bus controllers Communications ports Modems (and communication channels) Network interface cards (NIC) Wireless receivers / transmitters
- 30. Secondary Storage Punch Cards Paper Tape Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Hard Disk Diskette (“Floppy” Disk) / Zip Disk Optical Disk CD-ROM / CD-R / CD-RW DVD-ROM / DVD-R / DVD-RW / DVD+RW
- 31. Punch Card 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3031 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 4041 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 5051 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 7071 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3031 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 4041 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 5051 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 7071 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 012345678 9 A BCDE FGHI JKLM NOPQ RSTU VWXY Z .,- =()$
- 32. Paper Tape
- 33. Magnetic Tape 9 — track Tape EBCDIC code — even parity 4 6 0 1 2 P 3 7 5 A 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 A 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 C 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 S 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 I 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 S 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 9 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 8 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 M 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
- 34. Disk - Top View with Section of Track 1 0 10 1 0 1 0 101 0101 01 0 1 0 1 0 1
- 35. CD-ROM - Side View
- 36. Secondary Storage Magnetic Drum Magneto-Optical Disk Other Optical Disk Read-Only WORM Rewritable Optical Card Microfilm / Microfiche (COM / CIM )
- 37. NOTES On-Line versus Off-Line Devices Peripheral versus Auxiliary Devices Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) Source Data Automation / POS Terminals Data Capture versus Data Entry Multimedia
- 40. Computer Categories Purposes General / Special / Dedicated Business / Scientific
- 41. Computer Categories "Sizes" Micro / PC Desktop Notebook Workstations Mini Mainframe Super “Server”
- 42. Computer Categories "Sizes" Smart Card Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) Terminal Computers Network Computers Windows-Based Terminals Diskless Workstations
- 43. Computer Categories Number of Processors Single Processor pipeline processing Multiprocessor Power PC parallel processing massively parallel processing (MPP) primary & support processors
- 44. Determinants of Computer Power Processor Speed (Clock) Word Size Bus Registers Bus Speed Primary Storage Size Words / Bytes Primary Storage Speed
- 45. Determinants of Computer Power Secondary Storage Size Secondary Storage Speed Instruction Set CISC RISC ASIC Cache Size, Speed, Location
Editor's Notes
- #14: Bus — a channel / path / "set of wires" for communications among the parts of a computer. internal bus vs. external bus
- #24: Just a few years ago, Rodney Zaks quantified these terms SSI - up to 10 transistors MSI - up to 500 LSI - up to 20,000 VLSI - up to 100,000 SLSI - more than 100,000 these figures are no longer meaningful At the Indiana ICIS meeting an IBM spokesperson said that IC technology costs $9.7 trillion an acre. But, we sell it in nanoacres.