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This document discusses measuring innovation activities and developing indicators. It notes that innovation policy should be evidence-based and data is needed to understand innovation's relationship to economic growth. It describes international manuals for measuring innovation and R&D. Key challenges for Ukraine include rigid approaches, difficulties changing indicators, and political influences. The document calls for adopting international standards while preserving some national indicators, and developing new indicators to better capture Ukraine's innovation processes.
3 yegorov
- 1. Measuring Innovation Activities Igor Yegorov Short-term expert Enhance Innovation Strategies, Policies and Regulation in Ukraine – EU Project EuropeAid/127694/CSER/UA Paper Presented to the Final Conference of the Project Kyiv, Ukraine, October 19, 2011
- 2. Why measure innovation? Innovation policy should be evidence-based ; Innovation data ... to better understand innovation and its relation to economic growth; to provide indicators for benchmarking national performance.
- 3. Frascati Family of Manuals Frascati Manual Oslo Manual Canberra Manual Patent Manual Handbook of Economic Globalisation Indicators Guide to Measuring the Information Society Framework for Biotechnology Statistics Productivity manual
- 4. Standartisation of Indicators INTERNATIONAL LEVEL REGIONAL LEVEL NATIONAL LEVEL INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL
- 5. Functional classification of R&D and innovation indicators Input Indicators (cadres, finances) Process Indicators (number of projects) Output Indicators (publications, citations, patents) Indicators that describe the connections with other subsystems of the society (results of the opinion polls about the role of S&T) KEY: Economic results of innovation activities have to play a leading role in assessment
- 6. Oslo Manual Jointly with the EC Part of the Frascati family Used for CIS and national innovation surveys 1 st edition 1992 2 nd edition 1997 coverage expanded to services 3 rd edition 2005 including non-technological innovation
- 7. Types of Innovations The implementation of: Technological innovation New or significantly improved product (good or service); or New process; or Non-technological innovation New marketing method; or New organisational method.
- 8. Key features of the R&D and Innovation Statistics in Ukraine Reflect the situation in R&D and innovation (‘in general’) Rigidity in approaches (examples: problems with new output tables or even samplings) Difficulties in changes of indicators and forms The willingness to serve political interests State –sponsored system of organization of statistical surveys with Regular surveys and unified approach (standard statistical forms) Scientific –based sampling and centralized system of data processing Qualified and stable staff
- 9. R&D statistics and SNA (Financial Aspects) Differences between OECD Manuals and System of National Accounts: Key Dilemma: R&D expenses = Consumption R&D expenses = Investment ( This approach dominates in recent research!) No examples of R&D satellite accounts in the post-Soviet states
- 10. Innovation activities For product and process innovations: Intramural (in-house) R&D; Acquisition of R&D (extramural R&D); Acquisition of other external knowledge; Acquisition of machinery, equipment and other capital goods; Other preparations for product and process innovations; Market preparations for product innovations; Training. Preparations for marketing innovations: Activities related to the development and implementation of new marketing methods. Preparations for organisational innovations: Activities undertaken for the planning and implementation of new organisation methods.
- 11. Sources of Information: Traditional statistical forms (not in line with new realities) Data from sociological surveys (often – fragmented) Information from special databases (not in adequate format) Information from foreign sources (not oriented on the needs of the country - DHS)
- 12. Expenditures Current innovation expenditures: Labour costs; Other current costs; Capital expenditures: Land and buildings; Instruments and equipment; Computer software
- 13. Factors influencing innovation Objectives: Motives for innovating; Effects: Outcomes of innovations; Competition, demand and markets; Production and delivery; Workplace organisation ; Other ; Hampering factors: Reasons for not starting innovation activities at all, or factors that slow innovation activity or have a negative effect on expected results; Cost, Knowledge, Market and Institutional factors + Reasons not to innovate
- 14. Output indicators Problems with calculations of the number of publications (international statistics versus internal statistics) Problems with calculation of innovation expenditures Patent statistics (national patens, European patens, US patents, ‘tryadic family’ patents) Problems with assessment of economic results of innovation Other output indicators
- 15. New instruments of measurement of S&T and innovation activities European Innovation Scoreboard (29 complex indicators of innovation development plus Innovation index as an integral indicator) Indicators of Competitiveness and similar indicators (their innovation and technological components: IMI, UNCTAD, WB)
- 16. Positions of Ukraine according to EIS Innovation index, 2009
- 17. NEED for changes in the system of indicators The need of implementation of the international standards for the purposes of comparative analysis The need to preserve (partially) ‘old’ indicators, as they reflect local realities. Thus, ‘local’ and ‘international’ indicators would co-exist for (at least) some period. The need to develop new indicators, which will reflect real processes in R&D and innovation spheres better
- 18. Thinking ahead The role of entrepreneurs and their attitudes towards innovation. The intention to capture innovations driven by factors other than market forces, in particular public sector innovations. Innovation in the primary sector (particularly in agriculture). Better measuring minor or incremental changes, including innovative applications of existing products or processes, and the so-called 'backwards integration' of technological capability. The development of indicators reflecting sub-national (regional) innovation systems.
- 19. Issues arising in the follow-up Innovation in informal sector? Innovation from traditional knowledge? Surveying innovation, rather than R&D, in business (and informal) sector?
- 20. Thank You for Your attention !