324 10 observational learning
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This document discusses observational learning, which is a change in behavior that occurs due to observing and watching the behavior of others. It describes classical conditioning studies where observers showed conditioning responses after watching a model receive shocks or eye blink conditioning. The document also discusses operant observational learning studies using monkeys and cats. It reviews factors that influence observational learning like the characteristics of the model and consequences received by the model. Finally, it briefly discusses theories of observational learning like social cognitive theory and Miller-Dollard modeling.
324 10 observational learning
- 1. Human Learning Topic 9: Observational Learning CEDP324 Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 1 3/30/2012
- 2. Observational Learning Change in behavior due to the experience of observing a model Observation and classical conditioning Confederate and observer Confederate receives shock after a buzzer sounds (acting) – observer watches Observer later showed conditioning to the buzzer Eyelid conditioning Observer watched conditioning trials – they eventually produced a CR to the CS CEDP324 Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 2 3/30/2012
- 3. Observational learning - classical Alternate explanation Maybe watching a blink is a CS for blinking Tone paired with the sight – now produces the blink Might be higher order conditioning CEDP324 Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 3 3/30/2012
- 4. Observational learning - classical Monkeys reared in captivity with wild parents Parents show fear of snakes – subjects do not Subjects will reach across a snake for food in the same compartment Then have them watch a parent in the presence of a snake The subjects then show fear of snakes. CEDP324 Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 4 3/30/2012
- 5. Observational Learning - operant Monkey learned to do a task to receive SR (pull a chain) An observer watched the model perform the task 5 times Observers given six trials Observers benefitted Many responded correctly on 1st trial 75% of solutions 30s 47% in 10s Failures were close to correct CEDP324 Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 5 3/30/2012
- 6. Observational Learning - Operant Cats solving a problem Spin a disk to receive SR 4 Watched while one worked Two watched for the full 30 trials Two watched for the last 15 trials Observers OUTPERFORMED the models Models – 62s to solve trial 1 Observers 15 trials – 57s to solve on trial 1 Observers 30 trials – 16s to solve on trial 1 CEDP324 Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 6 3/30/2012
- 7. Imitation and generalized imitation Observer duplicates the behavior of a model Imitation of a behavior may not lead to the consequence (contingency) Must immediately follow Must look similar Model must be the Sd for the behavior CEDP324 Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 7 3/30/2012
- 8. Generalized Imitation Generalized imitation (getting SR for imitating in general) Baer and Sherman - Sr imitative behavior Puppet modeled 4 behaviors (mouthing, head nodding, speaking nonsense and lever pressing) First three when imitated resulted in positive feedback from the puppet Imitation of the lever press was never reinforced All imitating increased Reinforced the general tendency to imitate CEDP324 Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 8 3/30/2012
- 9. Variables effecting observational learning Consequences of a model’s behavior Consistency is important Consequences of the observers behavior Learning history Have you been reinforced for observing/imitating in the past Model characteristics influence learning Attractive Competent – fellow student vs. lab assistant – learned more from the assistant Likable Prestigious CEDP324 Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 9 3/30/2012
- 10. other characteristics Attention getting The eye patch The mood Age Young ones don’t necessarily learn more than older Recalling what you saw (novel performances of a model)– adults were much better Survival Polar bears and the Inuit – dangle seals So observing (and imitating) can increase survivability CEDP324 Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 10 3/30/2012
- 11. Bandura Social Cognitive Theory 4 processes Attentional Retentional Motor reproductive processes Overt or covert Motivational processes Must be value CEDP324 Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 11 3/30/2012
- 12. Problems with Bandura Only applies to humans Other critters display observational learning Assumes the processes No direct observation Cannot separate experience from motivation, etc. CEDP324 Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 12 3/30/2012
- 13. Miller-Dollard Reinforcement history The consequence of the observer is what is important Model does a behavior Observer imitates They are reinforced for the imitating Doesn’t explain imitating other non trained models A case of generalization CEDP324 Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 13 3/30/2012
- 14. Foraging Imitating behavior to find food Half and Half tubs Some birds open them / some don’t Group 1 - 5 trials of observation Group 2 – 5 trials without observation (practice) Group one opened the tubs later, group 2 did not Cats and rats CEDP324 Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 14 3/30/2012
- 15. TV The Bobo doll experiment Rocky the selfish child experiment Crime on tv leads to crime Strong experimental support Hard to test in the lab Not everyone imitates what they see CEDP324 Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 15 3/30/2012