4 IOT 18ISDE712 MODULE 4 IoT Physical Devices and End Point-Aurdino Uno.pdf
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The document discusses the Arduino Uno microcontroller board. It provides details about the Arduino platform and describes the Arduino Uno board, which is based on the ATmega328P microcontroller. It lists the main components of the Arduino Uno board and explains the functions of pins and inputs/outputs. The document also provides an overview of the fundamentals of Arduino programming, including key functions, variables, conditions, and serial communication.
4 IOT 18ISDE712 MODULE 4 IoT Physical Devices and End Point-Aurdino Uno.pdf
- 1. Module β 4 IoT Physical Devices and End Point-Aurdino Uno 1 Arduino: ο Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy- to-use hardware and software. ο Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online.
- 2. Module β 4 IoT Physical Devices and End Point- Aurdino Uno 2 Arduino UNO: ο Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. ο It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. ο "Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases.
- 3. Module β 4 IoT Physical Devices and End Point- Aurdino Uno 3
- 4. 1. Reset Button β This will restart any code that is loaded tothe Arduino board 2. AREF β Stands for βAnalog Referenceβ and is used to set an external reference voltage 3. Ground Pin β There are a few ground pins on the Arduinoand they all work the same analog output 4.Digital Input/Output β Pins 0-13 can be used for digital input or 12. 3.3V Pin β This pin supplies 3.3 volts of power to your projects output 13. 5V Pin β This pin supplies 5 volts of power to your projects 5. PWM β The pins marked with the (~) symbol can simulate 6. USB Connection β Used for powering up your Arduino and uploading sketches 7. TX/RX β Transmit and receive data indicationLEDs 8. ATmega Microcontroller β This is the brains and is where the programs are stored 9. Power LED Indicator β This LED lights up anytime the board is plugged in a power source 10. Voltage Regulator β This controls the amount of voltage going into the Arduino board 11. DC Power Barrel Jack β This is used for poweringyour Arduino with a power supply 14. Ground Pins β There are a few ground pins on theArduino and they all work the same 15. Analog Pins β These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor and convert it to digital 9 Module β 4 IoT Physical Devices and End Point- Aurdino Uno
- 5. Module β4 IoT Physical Devices and End Point-Aurdino Uno Fundamentals of Arduino Programming: Two required functions / methods / routines: void setup() { // runs once } void loop() { // repeats } 10
- 7. Comments, Comments, Comments Comments // this is for single line comments // itβs good to put at the top and before anything βtrickyβ /* this is for multi-line comments Like thisβ¦ And thisβ¦. */
- 8. comments
- 9. Three commands to know⦠pinMode(pin, INPUT/OUTPUT); ex: pinMode(13, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(pin, HIGH/LOW); ex: digitalWrite(13, HIGH); delay(time_ms); ex: delay(2500); // delay of 2.5 sec. // NOTE: -> commands are CASE-sensitive
- 10. Arduino Code Basics Arduino programs run on two basic sections: void setup() { //setup motors, sensors etc } void loop() { // get information from sensors // send commands to motors }
- 11. SETUP 16 16 The setup section is used for assigning input and outputs (Examples: motors, LEDβs,sensors etc) to ports on theArduino It also specifies whether the device is OUTPUT or INPUT To do this we use the command βpinModeβ
- 12. SETUP void setup() { pinMode(9, OUTPUT); } port # Input or Output
- 13. void loop() { digitalWrite(9, HIGH); delay(1000); digitalWrite(9, LOW); delay(1000); } L OOP Port # from setup Turn the LED on or off Wait for 1 second or 1000 milliseconds 13
- 14. int val = 5; DECLARING A VARIABLE Type assignment βbecomesβ variable name value 14
- 15. USING VARIABLES int delayTime = 2000; digitalWrite(greenLED, HIGH); delay(delayTime); } int greenLED = 9; void setup() { Declare delayTime pinMode(greenLED, OUTPUT)V;ariable } void loop() { Use delayTime digitalWrite(greenLED, LOVWa)ri;able delay(delayTime); 15
- 16. Using Variables int delayTime = 2000; int greenLED = 9; } void setup() { pinMode(greenLED, OUTPUT); } void loop() { digitalWrite(greenLED, HIGH); delay(delayTime); digitalWrite(greenLED, LOW); delayTime = delayTime - 100; delay(delayTime); subtract 100 from 16 delayTime to gradually increase LEDβs blinking speed
- 17. Conditions To make decisions in Arduino code we use an βifβ statement βIfβ statements are based on a TRUE or FALSE question
- 18. 23 VALUE COMPARISONS GREATER THAN a > b LESS a < b EQUAL a == b GREATER THAN OR EQUAL a >= b LESS THAN OR EQUAL a <= b NOT EQUAL a != b
- 19. IF Condition if(true) { βperform some actionβ }
- 20. 25 int counter = 0; void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { if(counter < 10) { Serial.println(counter); } counter = counter + 1; } IF Example
- 21. Input & Output Transferring data from the computer to an Arduino is done using Serial Transmission To setup Serial communication we use the following 26 void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); } 21
- 22. Writing to the Console void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); Serial.println(βHello World!β); } void loop() {} 22
- 23. IF - ELSE Condition if( βanswer is trueβ) { βperform some actionβ } else { βperform some other actionβ }
- 24. 29 int counter = 0; void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { if(counter < 10) { Serial.println(βless than 10β); } else { Serial.println(βgreater than or equal to 10β); Serial.end(); } counter = counter + 1;} IF - ELSE Example
- 25. IF - ELSE IF Condition if( βanswer is trueβ) { βperform some actionβ } else if( βanswer is trueβ) { βperform some other actionβ }
- 26. 31 int counter = 0; void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { if(counter < 10) { Serial.println(βless than 10β); } else if (counter == 10) { Serial.println(βequal to 10β); } else { Serial.println(βgreater than 10β); Serial.end(); } counter = counter + 1; } IF - ELSE Example
- 27. BOOLEAN OPERATORS - AND 27 32 If we want all of the conditions to be true we need to use βANDβ logic (AND gate) We use the symbols && β’ Example if ( val > 10 && val < 20)
- 28. BOOLEAN OPERATORS - OR 28 If we want either of the conditions to be true we need to use βORβ logic (OR gate) We use the symbols || β’ Example if ( val < 10 || val > 20)
- 29. 34 BOOLEAN VARIABLES boolean done = true; boolean done = false; void setup() { Serial.begin(9600);} void loop() { if(!done) { Serial.println(βHELLOWORLDβ); done = true; } }
- 30. Important functions β’ Serial.println(value); β Prints the value to the Serial Monitor on your computer β’ pinMode(pin, mode); β Configures a digital pin to read (input) or write (output) a digital value β’ digitalRead(pin); β Reads a digital value (HIGH or LOW) on a pin set for input β’ digitalWrite(pin, value); β Writes the digital value (HIGH or LOW) to a pin set for output
- 31. β’ Essential Programming Concepts β Delay β Infinite Loop β’ General Input/Output β Polling or Busy/Wait I/O β Interrupt Processing β’ Timers and Internal Inteerrupts β’ High-Level Language Extensions β’ Code Transformations for Embedded Computing β Loop Unrolling β Loop Merging β Loop Peeling β Loop Tiling OUTLINE
- 32. β’ Delays are essential in embedded systems, unlike high- performance systems where we want the program to execute as fast as possible β’ Delays are used to synchronize events, or read inputs with a specific sampling freqency (more on Bus/Wait I/O) DELAY (1/3)
- 33. β’ Okay, so how do we build a delay function? β’ Our reference is the system clock frequency β’ We use a register or a timer to measure ticks β’ Each tick is 1/frequency β’ Example: Assuming a 16-bit processor, an increment and a jump instruction is 1-cycle each and a 10 MHz system clock, build a 1-sec delay: β’ T = 1/10 MHz = 100 ns β’ 1 s/100 ns = 10,000,000 int i=5000000; //2 ticks per iteration BACK: i--; if (i!=0) goto BACK; DELAY (3/3)
- 34. β’ Embedded Systems are mostly single-functioned β’ Their core application never terminates β’ Infinite loops are not forbidden as long as they are done correctly Infinite Loop (1/2)
- 35. void main() { light enum {RED, ORANGE, GREEN}; loop: light = RED; //no exit from loop! delay(20000); //20-sec red light = ORANGE; //2-sed orange delay(2000); light = GREEN; delay(20000); goto loop; //20-sec green //just repeat sequence } Infinite Loop (2/2)