Syed IoT - module 5

HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU

Syllabus- Internet Of Things Technology
Dr. Syed Mustafa, HKBKCE. 2

Module – 5 IoT Physical Devices and End Point-Aurdino
Uno
Arduino:
 Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-
to-use hardware and software.
 Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a
finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an
output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online.

Module – 5 IoT Physical Devices and End Point-
Aurdino Uno
Arduino UNO:
 Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P.
 It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header and a reset button.
 "Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software
(IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the
reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases.

Aurdino Uno

1. Reset Button – This will restart any code that is loaded to the
Arduino board
2. AREF – Stands for “Analog Reference” and is used to set an
external reference voltage
3. Ground Pin – There are a few ground pins on the Arduino and
they all work the same
4. Digital Input/Output – Pins 0-13 can be used for digital input or
output
5. PWM – The pins marked with the (~) symbol can simulate
analog output
6. USB Connection – Used for powering up your Arduino and
uploading sketches
7. TX/RX – Transmit and receive data indication LEDs
8. ATmega Microcontroller – This is the brains and is where the
programs are stored
9. Power LED Indicator – This LED lights up anytime the board is
plugged in a power source
10. Voltage Regulator – This controls the amount of voltage going
into the Arduino board
11. DC Power Barrel Jack – This is used for powering your
Arduino with a power supply
12. 3.3V Pin – This pin supplies 3.3 volts of power to your projects
13. 5V Pin – This pin supplies 5 volts of power to your projects
14. Ground Pins – There are a few ground pins on the Arduino
and they all work the same
15. Analog Pins – These pins can read the signal from an analog
sensor and convert it to digital
Dr. Syed Mustafa, HKBKCE.
9
Aurdino Uno

Module – 5 IoT Physical Devices and End Point-Aurdino
Uno
Fundamentals of Arduino Programming:
Two required functions / methods / routines:
void setup()
{
// runs once
}
void loop()
{
// repeats
}

digitalWrite()
analogWrite()
digitalRead()
if() statements / Boolean
analogRead()
Serial communication
BIG6CONCEPTS

Comments, Comments, Comments
Comments
// this is for single line comments
// it’s good to put at the top and before anything ‘tricky’
/* this is for multi-line comments
Like this…
And this….
*/

Three commands to know…
pinMode(pin, INPUT/OUTPUT);
ex: pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(pin, HIGH/LOW);
ex: digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
delay(time_ms);
ex: delay(2500); // delay of 2.5 sec.
// NOTE: -> commands are CASE-sensitive

Arduino Code Basics
Arduino programs run on two basic sections:
void setup() {
//setup motors, sensors etc
}
void loop() {
// get information from sensors
// send commands to motors
}

16
SETUP
The setup section is used for assigning input and outputs
(Examples: motors, LED’s, sensors etc) to ports on the Arduino
It also specifies whether the device is OUTPUT or INPUT
To do this we use the command “pinMode”
16

SETUP
void setup() {
pinMode(9, OUTPUT);
}
port #
Input or Output

18
void loop() {
digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(9, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
LOOP
Port # from setup
Turn the LED on
or off
Wait for 1 second
or 1000 milliseconds

19
int val = 5;
DECLARING A VARIABLE
Type
variable name
assignment
“becomes”
value

20
USING VARIABLESint delayTime = 2000;
int greenLED = 9;
void setup() {
pinMode(greenLED, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(greenLED, HIGH);
delay(delayTime);
digitalWrite(greenLED, LOW);
delay(delayTime);
}
Declare delayTime
Variable
Use delayTime
Variable

21
Using Variables
int delayTime = 2000;
int greenLED = 9;
void setup() {
pinMode(greenLED, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(greenLED, HIGH);
delay(delayTime);
digitalWrite(greenLED, LOW);
delayTime = delayTime - 100;
delay(delayTime);
} subtract 100 from
delayTime to gradually
increase LED’s blinking
speed

Conditions
To make decisions in Arduino code we
use an ‘if’ statement
‘If’ statements are based on a TRUE or
FALSE question

23
VALUE COMPARISONS
GREATER THAN
a > b
LESS
a < b
EQUAL
a == b
GREATER THAN OR EQUAL
a >= b
LESS THAN OR EQUAL
a <= b
NOT EQUAL
a != b

IF Condition
if(true)
{
“perform some action”
}

25
int counter = 0;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
if(counter < 10)
{
Serial.println(counter);
}
counter = counter + 1;
}
IF Example

26
Input & Output
Transferring data from the computer to an Arduino
is done using Serial Transmission
To setup Serial communication we use the following
26
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}

27
Writing to the Console
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println(“Hello World!”);
}
void loop() {}

IF - ELSE Condition
if( “answer is true”)
{
}
else
{
“perform some other action”
}

29
int counter = 0;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
if(counter < 10)
{
Serial.println(“less than 10”);
}
else
{
Serial.println(“greater than or equal to 10”);
Serial.end();
}
counter = counter + 1;}
IF - ELSE Example

IF - ELSE IF Condition
if( “answer is true”)
{
}
else if( “answer is true”)
{
“perform some other action”
}

31
int counter = 0;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
if(counter < 10)
{
Serial.println(“less than 10”);
}
else if (counter == 10)
{
Serial.println(“equal to 10”);
}
else
{
Serial.println(“greater than 10”);
Serial.end();
}
counter = counter + 1;
}
IF - ELSE Example

32
BOOLEAN OPERATORS - AND
If we want all of the conditions to be true we need to use ‘AND’ logic (AND gate)
We use the symbols &&
• Example
32
if ( val > 10 && val < 20)

33
BOOLEAN OPERATORS - OR
If we want either of the conditions to be true we need to use ‘OR’ logic (OR gate)
We use the symbols ||
• Example
33
if ( val < 10 || val > 20)

34
BOOLEAN VARIABLES
boolean done = true;
boolean done = false;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);}
void loop() {
if(!done) {
Serial.println(“HELLOWORLD”);
done = true; }
}

Important functions
• Serial.println(value);
– Prints the value to the Serial Monitor on your computer
• pinMode(pin, mode);
– Configures a digital pin to read (input) or write (output) a digital value
• digitalRead(pin);
– Reads a digital value (HIGH or LOW) on a pin set for input
• digitalWrite(pin, value);
– Writes the digital value (HIGH or LOW) to a pin set for output

• Essential Programming Concepts
– Delay
– Infinite Loop
• General Input/Output
– Polling or Busy/Wait I/O
– Interrupt Processing
• Timers and Internal Inteerrupts
• High-Level Language Extensions
• Code Transformations for Embedded Computing
– Loop Unrolling
– Loop Merging
– Loop Peeling
– Loop Tiling
OUTLINE

• Delays are essential in embedded systems, unlike high-
performance systems where we want the program to
execute as fast as possible
• Delays are used to synchronize events, or read inputs
with a specific sampling freqency (more on Bus/Wait I/O)
DELAY (1/3)

• Okay, so how do we build a delay function?
• Our reference is the system clock frequency
• We use a register or a timer to measure ticks
• Each tick is 1/frequency
• Example: Assuming a 16-bit processor, an increment
and a jump instruction is 1-cycle each and a 10 MHz
system clock, build a 1-sec delay:
• T = 1/10 MHz = 100 ns
• 1 s/100 ns = 10,000,000
int i=5000000; //2 ticks per iteration
BACK: i--;
if (i!=0) goto BACK;
DELAY (3/3)

• Embedded Systems are mostly single-functioned
• Their core application never terminates
• Infinite loops are not forbidden as long as they are done
correctly
Infinite Loop (1/2)

void main()
{
light enum {RED, ORANGE, GREEN};
loop: light = RED; //no exit from loop!
delay(20000); //20-sec red
light = ORANGE;
delay(2000); //2-sed orange
light = GREEN;
delay(20000); //20-sec green
goto loop; //just repeat sequence
}
Infinite Loop (2/2)

Module – 5 IoT Physical Devices and End
RaspberryPi:
 Raspberry Pi is the name of a series of single-board computers made by the Raspberry Pi
Foundation, a UK charity that aims to educate people in computing and create easier
access to computing education.
 The Raspberry Pi launched in 2012, and there have been several iterations and variations
released since then. The original Pi had a single-core 700MHz CPU and just 256MB RAM,
and the latest model has a quad-core 1.4GHz CPU with 1GB RAM. The main price point
for Raspberry Pi has always been $35 and all models have been $35 or less, including the
Pi Zero, which costs just $5.

Hardware Layout:
raspi-config
• The Raspberry Pi configuration tool in Raspbian, allowing you to easily enable features such as the camera, and
to change your specific settings such as keyboard layout
config.txt
• The Raspberry Pi configuration file
Wireless networking
• Configuring your Pi to connect to a wireless network using the Raspberry Pi 3's or Pi Zero W's inbuilt wireless
connectivity, or a USB wireless dongle
Wireless access point
• Configuring your Pi as a wireless access point using the Raspberry Pi 3 and Pi Zero W's inbuilt wireless
connectivity, or a USB wireless dongle

Aurdino Uno
Using a proxy
• Setting up your Pi to access the internet via a proxy server
HDMI Config
• Guide to setting up your HDMI device, including custom settings
Audio config
• Switch your audio output between HDMI and the 3.5mm jack
Camera config
• Installing and setting up the Raspberry Pi camera board
External storage config
• Mounting and setting up external storage on a Raspberry Pi

Aurdino Uno
Localisation
• Setting up your Pi to work in your local language/time zone
Default pin configuration
• Changing the default pin states.
Device Trees config
• Device Trees, overlays, and parameters
Kernel command line
• How to set options in the kernel command line
UART configuration
• How to set up the on-board UARTS.
Firmware warning icons
• Description of warning icons displayed if the firmware detects issues

LED warning flash codes
• Description of the meaning of LED warning flashes that are shown if a Pi
fails to boot or has to shut down
Securing your Raspberry Pi
• Some basic advice for making your Raspberry Pi more secure
Screensaver
• How to configure screen blanking/screen saver
The boot folder
• What it's for and what's in it

Operating Systems on RaspberryPi:
You have a few options when it comes to interacting with the Raspberry Pi. The
first and most common is to use it like you would a full desktop computer (just
smaller). This involves connecting a keyboard, mouse, and monitor. With this
setup, you are likely best served by installing Raspbian with Desktop, which gives
you a full graphical user interface(GUI) to work with. This is the best option if you
want an experience similar to working with other operating systems (OS), such as
Windows, macOS, or other popular Linux flavors, like Ubuntu.

Programming RaspberryPi with Python:
The Raspberry Pi is an amazing single board computer (SBC) capable of running
Linux and a whole host of applications. Python is a beginner-friendly programming
language that is used in schools, web development, scientific research, and in many
other industries.

Wireless Temperature Monitoring System Using Pi:
Raspberry Pi which having inbuilt wi-fi, which makes Raspberry Pi to suitable for IoT
applications, so that by using IoT technology this monitoring system works by uploading
the temperature value to the Thingspeak cloud by this project you can able to learn to how
to handle cloud-based application using API keys. In this monitoring system, we used
Thingspeak cloud, the cloud which is suitable to view the sensor logs in the form of graph
plots. Here we created one field to monitor the temperature value, that can be
reconfigurable to monitor a number of sensor values in various fields. This basic will teach
you to how to work with a cloud by using LM35 as a temperature sensor, to detect the
temperature and to upload those values into the cloud.

HARDWARE REQUIRED
• Raspberry Pi
• SD card
• Power supply
• VGA to HDMI converter (Optional)
• MCP3008 (ADC IC)
• A temperature sensor(LM35)
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
• Raspbian Stretch OS
• SD card Formatter
• Win32DiskImager (or) Etcher
PYTHON LIBRARIES USED
• RPi.GPIO as GPIO (To access the GPIO Pins of
Raspberry Pi)
• Time library (For Time delay)
• Urllib2 to handle URL using
Python programming

The DS18B20 is a 1-wire programmable Temperature sensor from maxim integrated. It is
widely used to measure temperature in hard environments like in chemical solutions,
mines or soil etc. The constriction of the sensor is rugged and also can be purchased with
a waterproof option making the mounting process easy. It can measure a wide range of
temperature from -55°C to +125° with a decent accuracy of ±5°C. Each sensor has a unique
address and requires only one pin of the MCU to transfer data so it a very good choice for
measuring temperature at multiple points without compromising much of your digital pins
on the microcontroller.
DS18B20 Temperature Sensor

Applications:
Measuring temperature at hard environments
Liquid temperature measurement
Applications where temperature has to be measured at multiple points
Pin Configuration:
DS18B20 Temperature Sensor
No Pin
Name
Description
1 Ground Connect to the ground of the circuit
2 Vcc Powers the Sensor, can be 3.3V or 5V
3 Data This pin gives output the temperature value which can be read using 1-wire method

DS18B20 Temperature Sensor Pinout DS18B20 Temperature Sensor

Connecting Raspberry Pi via SSH:
You can access the command line of a Raspberry Pi remotely from another computer or device on the
same network using SSH.The Raspberry Pi will act as a remote device: you can connect to it using a
client on another machine.
1. Set up your local network and wireless connectivity
2. Enable SSH
3. Enable SSH on a headless Raspberry Pi (add file to SD card on another machine)
4. Set up your client

Accessing Temperature from DS18B20 sensors:
The DS18B20 is a digital thermometer that allows to get 9-bit to 12-bit Celsius temperature measurements
(programmable resolution). The temperature conversion time depends on the resolution used. For a 9-bit
resolution it takes at most 93.75 ms and for a 12-bit resolution it takes at most 750 ms.The device is able
to measure temperatures from -55°C to +125°C and has a ±0.5°C accuracy in the range from -10°C to +85°C.
Additionally, it has an alarm functionality with programmable upper and lower temperature trigger points.
These thresholds are stored internally in non-volatile memory, which means they are kept even if the device
is powered off .
The sensor communicates using the OneWire protocol, which means it only requires a pin from a
microcontroller to be connected to it. Furthermore, each sensor has a unique 64-bit serial code, allowing
multiple DS18B20 devices to function on the same OneWire bus.In terms of power supply, the device can
operate with a voltage between 3.0 V and 5.5 V, which means it can operate with the same voltage of the
ESP32 without the need for level conversion.

Remote access to RaspberryPi:
To access a Raspberry Pi (or any home computer for that matter) from outside your home network, you’d usually
need to jump through a lot of hoops, get an IP address, and tweak a few settings on your home router. If you just
need to control a few simple things on your Raspberry Pi, that’s overkill. We’re going to outline two methods that
skip all of that.
The first thing you need to do is get your Raspberry Pi set up and connected to your home network. Since you’re
exposing your Raspberry Pi to the internet, be sure you change your default password during the set up process.
Once that’s done, come back here to set up everything else.
Remote Log Into Your Raspberry Pi’s Full Operating System Using VNC Connect:
VNC has long been the best way to access any computer remotely on the same network. Recently, VNC Connect
came out to make it easy to access your Raspberry Pi from anywhere using a cloud connection. Once it’s set up,
you can access your Raspberry Pi’s graphic interface from any other computer or smartphone using the VNC
Viewer app.

RaspberryPi Interface:

RaspberryPi OS: (Not
linux)
1. RISC OS Pi
2. Free BSD
3. NetBSD
4. Plan 9
5. Haiku
RaspberryPi OS:
(Linux based)
1. Xbean
2. Open SUSE
3. Arc OS
4. Kano OS
5. Nard SDX
RaspberryPi OS:
(Media center based)
1. OSMC
2. OpenELEC
3. LitreELEC
4. Xbian
5. Rasplex
RaspberryPi OS:
(Audio based)
1. Volumio
2. Pimusixbox
3. Runeaudio

Module – 5 Smart City IoT Architecture:
 A smart city IoT infrastructure is a four-layered architecture, as shown in Figure
 Data flows from devices at the street layer to the city network layer and connect to
the data center layer, where the data is aggregated, normalized, and virtualized.
 The data center layer provides information to the services layer, which consists of
the applications that provide services to the city.
 In smart cities, multiple services may use IoT solutions for many different purposes.
These services may use different IoT solutions, with different protocols and different
application languages

Street Layer:
 The street layer is composed of devices and sensors that collect data and take action
based on instructions from the overall solution, as well as the networking
components needed to aggregate and collect data.
 A sensor is a data source that generates data required to understand the physical
world. Sensor devices are able to detect and measure events in the physical world.
 ICT connectivity solutions rely on sensors to collect the data from the world around
them so that it can be analyzed and used to operationalize use cases for cities.

Street Layer:
control has become an issue.

City Layer:
 At the city layer, which is above the street layer, network routers and switches must
be deployed to match the size of city data that needs to be transported.
 This layer aggregates all data collected by sensors and the end-node network into a
single transport network.
 The city layer may appear to be a simple transport layer between the edge devices
and the data center or the Internet.

City Layer:
 However, one key consideration of the city layer is that it needs to transport
multiple types of protocols, for multiple types of IoT applications. Some applications
are delay- and jitter sensitive, and some other applications require a deterministic
approach to frame delivery.
 A missed packet may generate an alarm or result in an invalid status report. As a
result, the city layer must be built around resiliency, to ensure that a packet coming
from a sensor or a gateway will always be forwarded successfully to the headend
station. Dr. Syed Mustafa, HKBKCE. 66

City Layer:
 In this model, at least two paths exist from any aggregation switch to the data
center layer. A common protocol used to ensure this resiliency is Resilient Ethernet
Protocol (REP).

Data Center Layer:
 Ultimately, data collected from the sensors is sent to a data center, where it can be
processed and correlated.
 Based on this processing of data, meaningful information and trends can be derived,
and information can be provided back.
 For example, an application in a data center can provide a global view of the city
traffic and help authorities decide on the need for more or less common transport
vehicles. At the same time, an automated response can be generated

Data Center Layer:
 The cloud model is the chief means of delivering storage, virtualization, adaptability,
and the analytics know-how that city governments require for the technological
mashup and synergy of information embodied in a smart city.
 Traditional city networks simply cannot keep up with the real-time data needs of
smart cities; they are encumbered by their physical limitations.
 The cloud enables data analytics to be taken to server farms with large and
extensible processing capabilities.

Data Center Layer:

Service Layer:
 Ultimately, the true value of ICT connectivity comes from the services that the
measured data can provide to different users operating within a city.
 Smart city applications can provide value to and visibility for a variety of user types,
including city operators, citizens, and law enforcement.
 The collected data should be visualized according to the specific needs of each
consumer of that data and the particular user experience requirements and
individual use cases.

Module – 5 Smart City Security Architecture
Smart City Security Architecture:
 A serious concern of most smart cities and their citizens is data security.
 Vast quantities of sensitive information are being shared at all times in a layered, real-
time architecture, and cities have a duty to protect their citizens’ data from
unauthorized access, collection, and tampering.
 In general, citizens feel better about data security when the city itself, and not a
private entity, owns public or city-relevant data.
 It is up to the city and the officials who run it to determine how to utilize this data.

 A security architecture for smart cities must utilize security protocols to fortify each
layer of the architecture and protect city data.
 Figure shows a reference architecture, with specific security elements highlighted.
 Security protocols should authenticate the various components and protect data
transport throughout.

 Starting from the street level, sensors should have their own security protocols.
 Some industry-standard security features include device/sensor identification and
authorization; device/sensor data encryption; Trusted Platform Module, which enables
self-destruction when the sensor is physically handled; and user ID authentication and
authorization.

 Sensor identification and authorization typically requires a pre-installed factory X.509
certificate and public key infrastructure (PKI) at the organization level, where a new
certificate is installed through a zero-touch deployment process.
 This additional processing may slow the deployment but ensures the security of the
exchanges.
 Another consideration may be the type of data that the sensor is able to collect and
process. For example, a roadside car counter may include a Bluetooth sensor that
uniquely identifies each driver or pedestrian

Syed IoT - module 5

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