4 IT Interview Question.pdf

1.Question 1. What Is Structured Analysis?
Answer :
Structured Analysis is a development method that allows the analyst to
understand the system and its activities in a logical way.
It is a systematic approach, which uses graphical tools that analyze and
refine the objectives of an existing system and develop a new system
specification which can be easily understandable by user.
It has following attributes :
o It is graphic which specifies the presentation of application.
o It divides the processes so that it gives a clear picture of system
flow.
o It is logical rather than physical i.e., the elements of system do
not depend on vendor or hardware.
o It is an approach that works from high-level overviews to lower-
level details.
2.Question 2. What Are Structured Analysis Tools?
Answer :
Structured Analysis Tools : During Structured Analysis, various tools and
techniques are used for system development. They are −
o Data Flow Diagrams.
o Data Dictionary.
o Decision Trees.
o Decision Tables.
o Structured English.
o Pseudocode.
System Administration Interview Questions
3.Question 3. Explain Data Flow Diagrams (dfd) Or Bubble Chart?
Answer :
o It is a technique developed by Larry Constantine to express the
requirements of system in a graphical form.
o It shows the flow of data between various functions of system
and specifies how the current system is implemented.
o It is an initial stage of design phase that functionally divides the
requirement specifications down to the lowest level of detail.
o Its graphical nature makes it a good communication tool between
user and analyst or analyst and system designer.
o It gives an overview of what data a system processes, what
transformations are performed, what data are stored, what results
are produced and where they flow.
4.Question 4. What Are The Types Of Dfd?
Answer :
Types of DFD : DFDs are of two types: Physical DFD and Logical DFD.
Physical DFD :
o It is implementation dependent. It shows which functions are
performed.

o It provides low level details of hardware, software, files, and
people.
o It depicts how the current system operates and how a system will
be implemented.
Logical DFD :
o It is implementation independent. It focuses only on the flow of
data between processes.
o It explains events of systems and data required by each event.
o It shows how business operates; not how the system can be
implemented.
Software Engineering Tutorial
5.Question 5. What Is Requirements Determination?
Answer :
A requirement is a vital feature of a new system which may include
processing or capturing of data, controlling the activities of business,
producing information and supporting the management.
Requirements determination involves studying the existing system and
gathering details to find out what are the requirements, how it works, and
where improvements should be made.
Software Engineering Interview Questions
6.Question 6. What Are The Activities In Requirement Determination?
Answer :
Major Activities in requirement Determination :
Requirements Anticipation :
o It predicts the characteristics of system based on previous
experience which include certain problems or features and
requirements for a new system.
o It can lead to analysis of areas that would otherwise go unnoticed
by inexperienced analyst. But if shortcuts are taken and bias is
introduced in conducting the investigation, then requirement
Anticipation can be half-baked.
Requirements Investigation :
o It is studying the current system and documenting its features for
further analysis.
o It is at the heart of system analysis where analyst documenting
and describing system features using fact-finding techniques,
prototyping, and computer assisted tools.
Requirements Specifications :
o It includes the analysis of data which determine the requirement
specification, description of features for new system, and
specifying what information requirements will be provided.
o It includes analysis of factual data, identification of essential
requirements, and selection of Requirement-fulfillment strategies.
7.Question 7. Explain Information Gathering Technique- Interviewing?
Answer :

Interviewing : Systems analyst collects information from individuals or
groups by interviewing. The analyst can be formal, legalistic, play politics,
or be informal; as the success of an interview depends on the skill of
analyst as interviewer.
It can be done in two ways
o Unstructured Interview : The system analyst conducts question-
answer session to acquire basic information of the system.
o Structured Interview :It has standard questions which user need
to respond in either close (objective) or open (descriptive) format.
Advantages of Interviewing :
o This method is frequently the best source of gathering qualitative
information.
o It is useful for them, who do not communicate effectively in
writing or who may not have the time to complete questionnaire.
o Information can easily be validated and cross checked
immediately.
o It can handle the complex subjects.
o It is easy to discover key problem by seeking opinions.
o It bridges the gaps in the areas of misunderstandings and
minimizes future problems.
Operating System Tutorial Operating System Interview Questions
8.Question 8. Explain Information Gathering Technique- Questionnaires?
Answer :
Questionnaires : This method is used by analyst to gather information
about various issues of system from large number of persons.
There are two types of questionnaires :
Open-ended Questionnaires − It consists of questions that can be easily
and correctly interpreted. They can explore a problem and lead to a specific
direction of answer.
Closed-ended Questionnaires − It consists of questions that are used
when the systems analyst effectively lists all possible responses, which are
mutually exclusive.
Advantages of questionnaires :
o It is very effective in surveying interests, attitudes, feelings, and
beliefs of users which are not co-located.
o It is useful in situation to know what proportion of a given group
approves or disapproves of a particular feature of the proposed
system.
o It is useful to determine the overall opinion before giving any
specific direction to the system project.
o It is more reliable and provides high confidentiality of honest
responses.
o It is appropriate for electing factual information and for statistical
data collection which can be emailed and sent by post.
9.Question 9. Explain Review Of Records, Procedures, And Forms?
Answer :

Review of Records, Procedures, and Forms : Review of existing records,
procedures, and forms helps to seek insight into a system which describes
the current system capabilities, its operations, or activities.
Advantages :
o It helps user to gain some knowledge about the organization or
operations by themselves before they impose upon others.
o It helps in documenting current operations within short span of
time as the procedure manuals and forms describe the format
and functions of present system.
o It can provide a clear understanding about the transactions that
are handled in the organization, identifying input for processing,
and evaluating performance.
o It can help an analyst to understand the system in terms of the
operations that must be supported.
o It describes the problem, its affected parts, and the proposed
solution.
Red Hat Linux System Administration Interview Questions
10.Question 10. Explain Joint Application Development (jad)?
Answer :
Joint Application Development (JAD) : It is a new technique developed by
IBM which brings owners, users, analysts, designers, and builders to define
and design the system using organized and intensive workshops. JAD
trained analyst act as facilitator for workshop who has some specialized
skills.
Advantages of JAD
o It saves time and cost by replacing months of traditional
interviews and follow-up meetings.
o It is useful in organizational culture which supports joint problem
solving.
o Fosters formal relationships among multiple levels of employees.
o It can lead to development of design creatively.
o It Allows rapid development and improves ownership of
information system.
Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC) Tutorial
11.Question 11. Explain Secondary Research Or Background Reading?
Answer :
Secondary Research or Background Reading : This method is widely used
for information gathering by accessing the gleaned information. It includes
any previously gathered information used by the marketer from any internal
or external source.
Advantages :
o It is more openly accessed with the availability of internet.
o It provides valuable information with low cost and time.
o It act as forerunner to primary research and aligns the focus of
primary research.

o It is used by the researcher to conclude if the research is worth it
as it is available with procedures used and issues in collecting
them.
System Verilog Interview Questions
12.Question 12. What Is Feasibility Study?
Answer :
Feasibility Study : Feasibility Study can be considered as preliminary
investigation that helps the management to take decision about whether
study of system should be feasible for development or not.
o It identifies the possibility of improving an existing system,
developing a new system, and produce refined estimates for
further development of system.
o It is used to obtain the outline of the problem and decide whether
feasible or appropriate solution exists or not.
o The main objective of a feasibility study is to acquire problem
scope instead of solving the problem.
o The output of a feasibility study is a formal system proposal act
as decision document which includes the complete nature and
scope of the proposed system.
Steps Involved in Feasibility Analysis :
The following steps are to be followed while performing feasibility analysis
o Form a project team and appoint a project leader.
o Develop system flowcharts.
o Identify the deficiencies of current system and set goals.
o Enumerate the alternative solution or potential candidate system
to meet goals.
o Determine the feasibility of each alternative such as technical
feasibility, operational feasibility, etc.
o Weight the performance and cost effectiveness of each
candidate system.
o Rank the other alternatives and select the best candidate system.
o Prepare a system proposal of final project directive to
management for approval.
System Administration Interview Questions
13.Question 13. What Are The Types Of Feasibility?
Answer :
Types of Feasibilities :
Economic Feasibility :
o It is evaluating the effectiveness of candidate system by using
cost/benefit analysis method.
o It demonstrates the net benefit from the candidate system in
terms of benefits and costs to the organization.
o The main aim of Economic Feasibility Analysis (EFS) is to
estimate the economic requirements of candidate system before
investments funds are committed to proposal.

o It prefers the alternative which will maximize the net worth of
organization by earliest and highest return of funds along with
lowest level of risk involved in developing the candidate system.
Technical Feasibility
o It investigates the technical feasibility of each implementation
alternative.
o It analyzes and determines whether the solution can be supported
by existing technology or not.
o The analyst determines whether current technical resources be
upgraded or added it that fulfill the new requirements.
o It ensures that the candidate system provides appropriate
responses to what extent it can support the technical
enhancement.
Operational Feasibility :
o It determines whether the system is operating effectively once it
is developed and implemented.
o It ensures that the management should support the proposed
system and its working feasible in the current organizational
environment.
o It analyzes whether the users will be affected and they accept the
modified or new business methods that affect the possible
system benefits.
o It also ensures that the computer resources and network
architecture of candidate system are workable.
Behavioral Feasibility :
o It evaluates and estimates the user attitude or behavior towards
the development of new system.
o It helps in determining if the system requires special effort to
educate, retrain, transfer, and changes in employee’s job status
on new ways of conducting business.
Schedule Feasibility :
o It ensures that the project should be completed within given time
constraint or schedule.
o It also verifies and validates whether the deadlines of project are
reasonable or not.
14.Question 14. What Is System Design?
Answer :
System design is the process of defining the architecture, components,
modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified
requirements. Systems design could be seen as the application of systems
theory to product development.
15.Question 15. What Are The Inputs And Outputs Of System Design?
Answer :
System design takes the following inputs :
o Statement of work.
o Requirement determination plan.
o Current situation analysis.

o Proposed system requirements including a conceptual data
model, modified DFDs, and Metadata (data about data).
o Outputs for System Design.
System design gives the following outputs :
o Infrastructure and organizational changes for the proposed
system.
o A data schema, often a relational schema.
o Metadata to define the tables/files and columns/data-items.
o A function hierarchy diagram or web page map that graphically
describes the program structure.
o Actual or pseudocode for each module in the program.
o A prototype for the proposed system.
Database Design Interview Questions
16.Question 16. What Are The Types Of Documentations In System Design?
Answer :
It comes to System Design, there are following four main documentations :
o Program documentation.
o System documentation.
o Operations documentation.
o User documentation.
17.Question 17. Explain System Documentation?
Answer :
System Documentation : System documentation serves as the technical
specifications for the IS and how the objectives of the IS are accomplished.
Users, managers and IS owners need never reference system
documentation. System documentation provides the basis for
understanding the technical aspects of the IS when modifications are
made.
o It describes each program within the IS and the entire IS itself.
o It describes the system’s functions, the way they are
implemented, each program's purpose within the entire IS with
respect to the order of execution, information passed to and from
programs, and overall system flow.
o It includes data dictionary entries, data flow diagrams, object
models, screen layouts, source documents, and the systems
request that initiated the project.
o Most of the system documentation is prepared during the system
analysis and system design phases.
o During systems implementation, an analyst must review system
documentation to verify that it is complete, accurate, and up-to-
date, and including any changes made during the implementation
process.
Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC) Interview Questions
18.Question 18. Explain User Documentation?
Answer :

User Documentation : It includes instructions and information to the users
who will interact with the system. For example, user manuals, help guides,
and tutorials. User documentation is valuable in training users and for
reference purpose. It must be clear, understandable, and readily accessible
to users at all levels.
The users, system owners, analysts, and programmers, all put combined
efforts to develop a user’s guide.
A user documentation should include:
o A system overview that clearly describes all major system
features, capabilities, and limitations.
o Description of source document content, preparation, processing,
and, samples.
o Overview of menu and data entry screen options, contents, and
processing instructions.
o Examples of reports that are produced regularly or available at
the user’s request, including samples.
o Security and audit trail information.
o Explanation of responsibility for specific input, output, or
processing requirements.
o Procedures for requesting changes and reporting problems.
o Examples of exceptions and error situations.
o Frequently asked questions (FAQs).
o Explanation of how to get help and procedures for updating the
user manual.
Software Engineering Interview Questions
19.Question 19. Explain Program Documentation And Operations
Documentation?
Answer :
Program Documentation :
o It describes inputs, outputs, and processing logic for all the
program modules.
o The program documentation process starts in the system
analysis phase and continues during implementation.
o This documentation guides programmers, who construct
modules that are well supported by internal and external
comments and descriptions that can be understood and
maintained easily.
Operations Documentation : Operations documentation contains all the
information needed for processing and distributing online and printed
output. Operations documentation should be clear, concise, and available
online if possible.
It includes the following information −
o Program, systems analyst, programmer, and system
identification.
o Scheduling information for printed output, such as report,
execution frequency, and deadlines.
o Input files, their source, output files, and their destinations.

o E-mail and report distribution lists.
o Special forms required, including online forms.
o Error and informational messages to operators and restart
procedures.
o Special instructions, such as security requirements.
20.Question 20. What Is Documentation Control? What Are The Advantages
Of Documentation Control?
Answer :
Documentation Control :
Documentation is a process of recording the information for any reference
or operational purpose. It helps users, managers, and IT staff, who require
it. It is important that prepared document must be updated on regular basis
to trace the progress of the system easily.
After the implementation of system if the system is working improperly,
then documentation helps the administrator to understand the flow of data
in the system to correct the flaws and get the system working.
Programmers or systems analysts usually create program and system
documentation. Systems analysts usually are responsible for preparing
documentation to help users learn the system. In large companies, a
technical support team that includes technical writers might assist in the
preparation of user documentation and training materials.
Advantages :
o It can reduce system downtime, cut costs, and speed up
maintenance tasks.
o It provides the clear description of formal flow of present system
and helps to understand the type of input data and how the
output can be produced.
o It provides effective and efficient way of communication between
technical and nontechnical users about system.
o It facilitates the training of new user so that he can easily
understand the flow of system.
o It helps the user to solve the problems such as troubleshooting
and helps the manager to take better final decisions of the
organization system.
o It provides better control to the internal or external working of the
system.
Computer Systems Analyst Interview Questions
21.Question 21. What Are The Types Of Files Used In An Organization
System?
Answer :
Types of Files used in an Organization System
Master file − It contains the current information for a system. For example,
customer file, student file, telephone directory.
Table file − It is a type of master file that changes infrequently and stored
in a tabular format. For example, storing Zipcode.

Transaction file − It contains the day-to-day information generated from
business activities. It is used to update or process the master file. For
example, Addresses of the employees.
Temporary file − It is created and used whenever needed by a system.
Mirror file − They are the exact duplicates of other files. Help minimize the
risk of downtime in cases when the original becomes unusable. They must
be modified each time the original file is changed.
Log files − They contain copies of master and transaction records in order
to chronicle any changes that are made to the master file. It facilitates
auditing and provides mechanism for recovery in case of system failure.
Archive files − Backup files that contain historical versions of other files.
22.Question 22. What Is File Organization?
Answer :
File Organization : It describes how records are stored within a file.There
are four file organization methods.
o Serial : Records are stored in chronological order (in order as
they are input or occur). Examples − Recording of telephone
charges, ATM transactions, Telephone queues.
o Sequential : Records are stored in order based on a key field
which contains a value that uniquely identifies a record. Examples
− Phone directories.
o Direct (relative) : Each record is stored based on a physical
address or location on the device. Address is calculated from the
value stored in the record’s key field. Randomizing routine or
hashing algorithm does the conversion.
o Indexed : Records can be processed both sequentially and non-
sequentially using indexes.
23.Question 23. What Is Systems Analysis?
Answer :
It is a process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying the problems,
and decomposition of a system into its components.
System analysis is conducted for the purpose of studying a system or its
parts in order to identify its objectives. It is a problem solving technique
that improves the system and ensures that all the components of the
system work efficiently to accomplish their purpose.
Safety Instrumented System Engineer Interview Questions
24.Question 24. What Is A System?
Answer :
The word System is derived from Greek word Systema, which means an
organized relationship between any set of components to achieve some
common cause or objective.
A system is “an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked
together according to a plan to achieve a specific goal.”
Operating System Interview Questions
25.Question 25. What Are The Constraints Of A System?

Answer :
A system must have three basic constraints −
o A system must have some structure and behavior which is
designed to achieve a predefined objective.
o Interconnectivity and interdependence must exist among the
system components.
o The objectives of the organization have a higher priority than the
objectives of its subsystems.
For example, traffic management system, payroll system, automatic library
system, human resources information system.
26.Question 26. What Are The Properties Of A System?
Answer :
A system has the following properties −
o Organization : Organization implies structure and order. It is the
arrangement of components that helps to achieve predetermined
objectives.
o Interaction : It is defined by the manner in which the components
operate with each other.
For example, in an organization, purchasing department must interact with
production department and payroll with personnel department.
o Interdependence : Interdependence means how the components
of a system depend on one another. For proper functioning, the
components are coordinated and linked together according to a
specified plan. The output of one subsystem is the required by
other subsystem as input.
o Integration : Integration is concerned with how a system
components are connected together. It means that the parts of
the system work together within the system even if each part
performs a unique function.
27.Question 27. What Is The Central Objective Of A System?
Answer :
The objective of system must be central. It may be real or stated. It is not
uncommon for an organization to state an objective and operate to achieve
another.
The users must know the main objective of a computer application early in
the analysis for a successful design and conversion.
Red Hat Linux System Administration Interview Questions
28.Question 28. What Are The Types Of Systems?
Answer :
Types of Systems :
Physical or Abstract Systems : Physical systems are tangible entities. We
can touch and feel them.
Physical System may be static or dynamic in nature. For example, desks
and chairs are the physical parts of computer center which are static. A

programmed computer is a dynamic system in which programs, data, and
applications can change according to the user's needs.
Abstract systems are non-physical entities or conceptual that may be
formulas, representation or model of a real system.
Open or Closed Systems : An open system must interact with its
environment. It receives inputs from and delivers outputs to the outside of
the system. For example, an information system which must adapt to the
changing environmental conditions.
A closed system does not interact with its environment. It is isolated from
environmental influences. A completely closed system is rare in reality.
Adaptive and Non Adaptive System : Adaptive System responds to the
change in the environment in a way to improve their performance and to
survive. For example, human beings, animals.
Non Adaptive System is the system which does not respond to the
environment. For example, machines.
Permanent or Temporary System : Permanent System persists for long
time. For example, business policies.
Temporary System is made for specified time and after that they are
demolished. For example, A DJ system is set up for a program and it is
dissembled after the program.
Natural and Manufactured System : Natural systems are created by the
nature. For example, Solar system, seasonal system.
Manufactured System is the man-made system. For example, Rockets,
dams, trains.
Deterministic or Probabilistic System : Deterministic system operates in a
predictable manner and the interaction between system components is
known with certainty. For example, two molecules of hydrogen and one
molecule of oxygen makes water.
Probabilistic System shows uncertain behavior. The exact output is not
known. For example, Weather forecasting, mail delivery.
Social, Human-Machine, Machine System : Social System is made up of
people. For example, social clubs, societies.
In Human-Machine System, both human and machines are involved to
perform a particular task. For example, Computer programming.
Machine System is where human interference is neglected. All the tasks
are performed by the machine. For example, an autonomous robot.
Man–Made Information Systems : It is an interconnected set of
information resources to manage data for particular organization, under
Direct Management Control (DMC).
This system includes hardware, software, communication, data, and
application for producing information according to the need of an
organization.
Man-made information systems are divided into three types −

o Formal Information System − It is based on the flow of
information in the form of memos, instructions, etc., from top
level to lower levels of management.
o Informal Information System − This is employee based system
which solves the day to day work related problems.
o Computer Based System − This system is directly dependent on
the computer for managing business applications. For example,
automatic library system, railway reservation system, banking
system, etc.
29.Question 29. What Are The System Models?
Answer :
Systems Models :
Schematic Models :
o A schematic model is a 2-D chart that shows system
elements and their linkages.
o Different arrows are used to show information flow,
material flow, and information feedback.
Flow System Models :
o A flow system model shows the orderly flow of the
material, energy, and information that hold the system
together.
o Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), for
example, is used to abstract a real world system in model
form.
Static System Models :
o They represent one pair of relationships such as activity–
time or cost–quantity.
o The Gantt chart, for example, gives a static picture of an
activity-time relationship.
Dynamic System Models : Business organizations are dynamic systems. A
dynamic model approximates the type of organization or application that
analysts deal with. It shows an ongoing, constantly changing status of the
system. It consists of −
o Inputs that enter the system
o The processor through which transformation takes place
o The program(s) required for processing
o The output(s) that result from processing.

4 IT Interview Question.pdf

More Related Content

Similar to 4 IT Interview Question.pdf (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

4 IT Interview Question.pdf