4.Characteristics_of_Handwriting.ppt
- 2. REAL DOCUMENT/GENUINE DOCUMENT A Document which has no element of forgery and does not have any signs of any alteration and has been issued by the competent authority stands genuine till challenged. e.g. a) Frequency note wound by FBI. b) An educational certificate issued by the compiled authority. c) A cheque written by the holder of the cheque books.
- 3. FORGED DOCUMENT A forged document is one where forgery has been explained by the document expert with sufficient and sound reasons. Forged documents are made by i) Any alteration ii) Any addition iii) Erasures iv) Transplantation v) Replacement vi) A has singed for B its ‘b’
- 4. PAPER LESS DOCUMENTS Documents may be paper less. When no paper is involved the document will be paperless. a) Writing on wall b) Suicide note on a mirror written with soap c) The name of the murderer written with blood on his thigh /leg.
- 5. PERSONAL FEATURES Handwriting is identified by a careful study of personal features that are unique to the individual concerned. These includes:- a. General qualities b. Writing habits c. Individual characteristics
- 6. A. GENERAL QUALITIES The general qualities under personal features consist of pictorial effect in the handwriting, rhythmic aspects, the typical style that is used while writing, movement of the pen, position of the pen when used, quality of the line whether it is straight or wavy or sliding etc. some of these features are described in the normal hand to execute the writing, writing in a moving train or in an unnatural position or by using defective pen, paper, ink or support.
- 7. SOME OF THESE FEATURES ARE DESCRIBED IN THE FOLLOWING SECTION 7 1. PICTORIAL EFFECT 2. RHYTHM 3. STYLE 4. MOVEMENT 5. PEN POSITION 6. PEN PRESSURE 7. LINE QUALITY 8. SKILL 9. TREMORS
- 8. Writing habits vary a great deal from individual to individual due to the kind of training that the person had had in school some change, the early years of life. While understanding and analyzing the writing habit of a person. The following points should be kept in mind.
- 9. 1. HEADINGS: Some writers give headings not only at the top but to the paragraphs also. 2. PET WORDS AND PHRASES: Certain phrases and sentences are favorites with some writers. Their presence, frequency, use or misuse is useful clues especially in psycholinguistic analysis. 3. PARAGRAPHING: This depends mainly on the education and use of the language.
- 10. 4.SPACING: SPACING OF THE WORDS IN A LINE, OF LINES IN A PARAGRAPH AND OF PARAGRAPHS IN TEXT ARE VALUABLE POINTS TO BE STUDIED. SPACES LEFT ON THE RIGHT AND THE LEFT HAND SIDES ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE INDIVIDUAL. 5.ALIGNMENT: ALIGNMENT OF WRITING LINES WITH AN IMAGINARY BASE LINE AND WITH OTHER LINES, OF THE SIGNATURES WITH THE BASE LINES AND OF THE VARIOUS LINES IN AN ADDRESS ARE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES.
- 11. 6.PUNCTUATION: The shape of the punctuation marks, their position and frequency, the choice of a particular punctuation mark, under-scoring, bracketing are all characteristics of a handwriting. 7.FIGURES AND ABBREVIATIONS: The use and frequency of abbreviations and the arrangement of figures are all products of habit.
- 12. C. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS PEN PRESSURE: Those who writing with heavy pressure are slow writers and cause indentations in the writing line. The pressure may be uniform, graduated or impulsive. Those writers who write very light, their writings are relatively smoother and more rhythmic than those who put pressure on their writing.
- 13. SHADING: Shading is not easy to imitate, because it typically depends on the individual’s writing habit and practice. The particular writer in all materials that he or she writes will use this shading, which therefore is extremely difficult to imitate and could be one of the best clues one could have in identifying a writer. The forger tries to imitate this shading identifying a writer. The forger tries to imitate this shading through retouching, which in turn can be detected with the help of a microscope.
- 14. 14 PEN PAUSE: Pen pauses in a forgery are in the starting stroke, ending stroke, embellishments at difficult formation of the alphabets concerned and the connection between two alphabets. The pen pause generally deposit extra ink on that spot concerned, and thus are detected through a magnifier of a microscope. PEN LIFTS: Writers usually lift their pen when certain letter formations are met with. For example: to put a dot, to cross a ‘t’ to correct shading by retouching or to modify a letter in a certain way. Pen lifts in genuine writings are quite conspicuous, while in forgery, to give the impression that the writing is continuous, retouching is often used to cover up the forgery.
- 15. STARTING AND ENDING STROKES: Experienced writers start with a flourish of the pen in the air. When the pen touches the paper, the flourish continues and gives a fine starting line. This is absent in forgeries. The ending stroke tapers in to a fine tip. In forgeries, the end points are blunt. HESITATIONS: In a forgery, the starting and end strokes show hesitations through tremors or lack of firmness. In contrast, the strokes in genuine signatures are done rather more freely than the rest of the writing.
- 16. RETOUCHING: Retouching in a genuine handwriting is to complete, clarify or to produce a pictorial effect in some letters. Retouching in a fraudulent writing is intended to imitate the shading pattern. EMBELLISHMENTS: These are observed in the starting or in the ending of letters or with the underscoring line after the signatures. ABBREVIATIONS: Experienced writers consciously or unconsciously start simplifying letters and words and it becomes a characteristic feature of the handwriting.
- 17. PLACING: The position of the dots, crossing- strokes and placing of punctuation marks are highly characteristic in any handwriting. Every person places these marks are highly characteristic in any handwriting. Every person places these marks according to his or her own individual habits and style. For instance the comma may be either big or small; position of the dots may be exactly over the stems of ‘I’ or they may be placed towards the left or right. Similarly, the crossings of ‘t’ may be to the left of the stem or to the right, without touching the stem or it may cross the stem.
- 18. SLOPE: Slants of the letters like, ‘f’ , ‘g’ , ‘h’, ‘j’ , ‘k’ , ‘p’, ‘q’ , ‘t’ , and ‘y’ , should be studied. A forger may succeed to change the slant of his natural writing if he has to write only a few words. But if he has to write a larger paragraph, the forger tends to revert back to his actual style of writing.
- 19. SIZE: The length, breadth, and size of the curves of various letters and words are personal characteristic features, which become fixed with the passage of time with a writer.
- 20. CONNECTIVE STROKES: Connective stokes like pen-lift , joining of letters etc., is a very characteristic habit. Length, shape, and positioning characterize the stroke.