55 reinders performance_modelling_of_pv_systems_in_a_virtual_environment
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VR4PV is a virtual reality software that enables fast visualization and simulation of photovoltaic (PV) systems. It allows users to render shades on PV systems from surrounding objects or self-shading during the design process. VR4PV has been used for cases involving PV integration in the built environment, designing movable PV boats, shadow analysis of a PV-powered street lamp, and allocating PV and renewable energy technologies on small islands. Future work may involve extending VR4PV's capabilities and transitioning to more performant gaming engines like Unity to improve processing speed while separating animation from energy simulations.
![TUV-PVPerformanceModelling
FLOW SCHEME
Relatively simple model
Irradiance
Diffuse-direct components: Orgill-Hollands
Tilt conversion: Liu-Jordan
Sun’s position: Blanco-Muriel
Shading
By surrounding objects: stencil mapping (in Quest3D)
Self-shading: stencil mapping (in Quest3D)
Photovoltaics
Performance solar cell: one-diode model based on fit
Temperature solar cell: Skoplaki, Ross, King [1]
Other, to be added based on interest user
Soiling, Mismatch, DC cabling, Inverter (etc)
[1] Veldhuis, A.J., Nobre, A.M., Peters, I.M., Reindl, T., Rüther, R. and A.H.M.E. Reinders. “An Empirical Model for Rack-Mounted
PV Module Temperatures for Southeast Asian Locations Evaluated for Minute Time Scales.” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol 5,
No 3 (2015): 774-782.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/55reindersperformancemodellingofpvsystemsinavirtualenvironment-151221210149/85/55-reinders-performance_modelling_of_pv_systems_in_a_virtual_environment-8-320.jpg)
![Irradiance in VR4PV
[2] Veldhuis, A. J., and A.H.M.E. Reinders. "Real-time irradiance simulation for PV products and building integrated PV in a virtual
reality environment.“, IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol 2, No 3 (2012): 352-358.
TUV-PVPerformanceModelling
Relative error in tilt conversion irradiance < 5%, data from Bolzano, minute data [2]
Hourly data and/or other locations show similar results
Tilt conversion of irradiance
validated for four locations:
- Bolzano, Italy
- Los Angeles, USA
- Jayapura, Indonesia
- Enschede, NL
On a hourly and minute basis](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/55reindersperformancemodellingofpvsystemsinavirtualenvironment-151221210149/85/55-reinders-performance_modelling_of_pv_systems_in_a_virtual_environment-9-320.jpg)
55 reinders performance_modelling_of_pv_systems_in_a_virtual_environment
- 1. Performance modelling of PV Systems in a Virtual Environment Angèle Reinders, Hans Veldhuis, Arend Jan Kamphuis, Twan van Leeuwen Energy Center ARISE, Faculty of Engineering Technology University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands e-mail: a.h.m.e.reinders@utwente.nl TUV-PVPerformanceModelling
- 2. CONTENTS Why VR4PV? How does VR4PV actually work? Applications of VR4PV: Case 1. PV in the built environment Case 2. Design of moving PV systems - PV powered boats Case 3. Shadow analysis for the design of a PV power lamp Case 4. Allocation of PV systems and other RETs on small islands Conclusions and recommendations TUV-PVPerformanceModelling
- 3. WHY VR4PV? Enabling fast visualisations of PV systems during design and evaluation Rendering of shades by surroundings as well as due to self-shading Including movement of PV systems in simulations Case 1: PV in the built environment
- 4. CASE 2: MOVING PV OBJECTS - PV BOATS TUV-PVPerformanceModelling Project in the framework of the Dong Energy Solar Challenge: a world championship for PV- powered boats in Friesland to stimulate development of PV boats
- 6. How does VR4PV actually work? VR4PV is a program created in Quest3D Virtual Reality software www.quest3d.com The Quest3D tool can import 3D models and produce real-time 3D Windows applications Programming happens in a visual way, by graphical programming Output: animations or export files Combining visualization with physical or other simulations as a background process Advantages: Fast visualizations Natural modelling of surroundings, dynamic, movements TUV-PVPerformanceModelling
- 7. How does VR4PV work? -Instead of ray-tracing, rasterization with real-time visualized simulations -3D CAD objects can be imported in a scene (to be rendered) -Rendering of shades: internal feature of Quest3D -PV cells / PV modules can be ‘glued’ on surfaces of objects in 3D scene -Camera positions can be determined in advance or by a preset scenario TUV-PVPerformanceModelling 1-min to hourly
- 8. TUV-PVPerformanceModelling FLOW SCHEME Relatively simple model Irradiance Diffuse-direct components: Orgill-Hollands Tilt conversion: Liu-Jordan Sun’s position: Blanco-Muriel Shading By surrounding objects: stencil mapping (in Quest3D) Self-shading: stencil mapping (in Quest3D) Photovoltaics Performance solar cell: one-diode model based on fit Temperature solar cell: Skoplaki, Ross, King [1] Other, to be added based on interest user Soiling, Mismatch, DC cabling, Inverter (etc) [1] Veldhuis, A.J., Nobre, A.M., Peters, I.M., Reindl, T., Rüther, R. and A.H.M.E. Reinders. “An Empirical Model for Rack-Mounted PV Module Temperatures for Southeast Asian Locations Evaluated for Minute Time Scales.” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol 5, No 3 (2015): 774-782.
- 9. Irradiance in VR4PV [2] Veldhuis, A. J., and A.H.M.E. Reinders. "Real-time irradiance simulation for PV products and building integrated PV in a virtual reality environment.“, IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol 2, No 3 (2012): 352-358. TUV-PVPerformanceModelling Relative error in tilt conversion irradiance < 5%, data from Bolzano, minute data [2] Hourly data and/or other locations show similar results Tilt conversion of irradiance validated for four locations: - Bolzano, Italy - Los Angeles, USA - Jayapura, Indonesia - Enschede, NL On a hourly and minute basis
- 10. TUV-PVPerformanceModelling MODELING PROCEDURE IN VR4PV USING QUEST3D AS MAIN SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT 3D CAD model Weather data Irradiance model Execute simulation Results Solid Works 3ds max Maya Input Global horizontal irradiance Wind speed & ambient temperature Date & time Location Input Isotropic model Input Add solar cells on surfaces Calculate irradiance on tilted planes Determine shadows Determine PV power production Export data Animation Analyze
- 11. CASE 3: SHADOW SIMULATIONS OF PV POWERED STREET LIGHT INSIDE A COURTYARD TUV-PVPerformanceModelling lamp
- 12. POSITION OF SOLAR CELLS ON TOP OF STREET LIGHT TUV-PVPerformanceModelling Three situations: PV cell 1 is in full shadow: It receives only the diffuse and ground reflected irradiance, PV cell 2 and 3 are partly shaded: They receive a fraction of the direct irradiance in addition to diffuse and ground reflected irradiance. PV cell 4 is fully lit: It receives the full amount of irradiance available.
- 13. VIEW FACTOR 69% sky view factor diffuse irradiance albedo TUV-PVPerformanceModelling View of PV cell 1 The amount of diffuse irradiance received by the PV cell, depends on the amount of the sky seen from the perspective of the PV cell, the so-called view factor. It is determined by rasterization of the view of a PV cell in a square of 16 by 16 pixels:
- 14. MOVIE - EXAMPLE OF USE VR4PV IN DESIGN PROCESS TUV-PVPerformanceModelling
- 15. TIME SERIES, INPUT & OUTPUT DATA 0 400 800 0 10 20 30 irradiance(W/m2) Windspeed(m/s) &temperature(°C) Tamb Vw Ghor 0 1 2 3 power(W) P1 P2 P3 P4 inputoutput TUV-PVPerformanceModelling
- 16. COMPARE VARIOUS CELL INTERCONNECTIONS 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 power(W) time A) All cells in series B) All cells in parallel C) Scheme P12-34 D) Scheme P14-23 TUV-PVPerformanceModelling Interconnection Energy (Wh) A 20.9 B 25.6 C 24.2 D 23.6
- 17. CONCLUSIONS VR4PV enables fast and easy shadow analysis for PV containing (1) self-shading, and (2) object shading. VR4PV can be used for simulations of power generated by PV cells and PV modules. The software can be also used in dynamic environments and moving objects with PV modules. Limitations of VR4PV are due to: Absence of complex spectrally dependent light interaction such as a.o. transmittance (so far) Processing speed depending on number of PV cells/modules applied Future work could include: 1. Extension of VR4PV with anisotropic irradiance models. 2. Application of VR4PV could be applied to VLS, for real-time plant monitoring. 3. Applications of VR4PV in BIPV projects with architects, because of fine visualisation features. Important notice: because of costs and current developments in VR software it may be necessary to shift to more timely VR /gaming platforms, for instance Unity or others, however then the animation and energy simulation will be separated, probably resulting in higher processing speed. TUV-PVPerformanceModelling
- 18. CASE 4: ALLOCATION OF PV SYSTEMS AND OTHER RETs ON SMALL ISLANDS TUV-PVPerformanceModelling This island, Kri, in Papua has to be fully powered by renewable energy.
- 19. INSTEAD OF QUEST3D in this case UNITY platform TUV-PVPerformanceModelling
- 20. ANIMATION AND SIMULATION SEPARATED TUV-PVPerformanceModelling VR / GAMING Environment (UNITY) ENERGY simulations (To be decided) Visualization + Quantification
- 21. PV SYSTEM ANIMATION ON THE SMALL ISLAND KRI TUV-PVPerformanceModelling
- 22. Aknowledgements Thanking Arend Jan Kamphuis, Twan van Leeuwen, Hans Veldhuis, Luna Mutiara and all students who contributed to the development of VR4PV. Contact by a.h.m.e.reinders@utwente.nl TUV-PVPerformanceModelling