7th sem open elective list and syllabus
- 1. 1 ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI AFFILIATED INSTITUTIONS B.E. ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING REGULATIONS – 2017 CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM OPEN ELECTIVES (Offered by Other Branches) V SEMESTER OPEN ELECTIVE I S.No COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE CATEGORY CONTACT PERIODS L T P C 1. OCY551 Advanced Engineering Chemistry OE 3 3 0 0 3 2. OCE551 Air Pollution and Control Engineering OE 3 3 0 0 3 3. OAT551 Automotive Systems OE 3 3 0 0 3 4. OIT551 Database Management Systems OE 3 3 0 0 3 5. OIT552 Cloud Computing OE 3 3 0 0 3 6. OMF551 Product Design and Development OE 3 3 0 0 3 7. OME552 Vibration and Noise Control OE 3 3 0 0 3 VII SEMESTER OPEN ELECTIVE II S.No COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE CATEGORY CONTACT PERIODS L T P C 1. OBT751 Analytical Methods and Instrumentation OE 3 3 0 0 3 2. OEC752 Communication Networks OE 3 3 0 0 3 3. OME751 Design of Experiments OE 3 3 0 0 3 4. OME754 Industrial Safety OE 3 3 0 0 3 5. OCS752 Introduction to C Programming OE 3 3 0 0 3 6. OMF751 Lean Six Sigma OE 3 3 0 0 3 7. OCH751 Process Modeling and Simulation OE 3 3 0 0 3 8. OEC753 Signals and Systems OE 4 4 0 0 4 9. OML751 Testing of Materials OE 3 3 0 0 3
- 2. 11 OBT751 ANALYTICAL METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION L T P C 3 0 0 3 UNIT I SPECTROMETRY 9 Properties of electromagnetic radiation- wave properties – components of optical instruments– Sources of radiation – wavelength selectors – sample containers – radiation transducers – Signal process and read outs – signal to noise ratio - sources of noise – Enhancement of signal to noise - types of optical instruments – Applications. UNIT II MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 9 Molecular absorption spectrometry – Measurement of Transmittance and Absorbance – Beer’s law – Instrumentation - Applications -Theory of fluorescence and Phosphorescence –Theory of Infrared absorption spectrometry – IR instrumentation – Applications – Theory of Raman spectroscopy – Instrumentation – applications. UNIT III NMR AND MASS SPECTROMETRY 9 Theory of NMR –– chemical shift- NMR-spectrometers – applications of 1H and 13C NMR- Molecular mass spectra – ion sources. Mass spectrometer. Applications of molecular mass - Electron paramagnetic resonance- g values – instrumentation. UNIT IV SEPARATION METHODS 9 General description of chromatography – Band broadening and optimization of column performance- Liquid chromatography – Partition chromatography – Adsorption chromatography – Ion exchange chromatography -size exclusion chromatography- Affinity chromatography- principles of GC and applications – HPLC- Capillary electrophoresis – Applications. UNIT V ELECTRO ANALYSIS AND SURFACE MICROSCOPY 9 Electrochemical cells- Electrode potential cell potentials – potentiometry- reference electrode – ion selective and molecular selective electrodes – Instrument for potentiometric studies – Voltametry – Cyclic and pulse voltametry- Applications of voltametry . Study of surfaces – Scanning probe microscopes – AFM and STM. TOTAL: 45 PERIODS TEXT BOOKS 1. Skoog, D.A. F. James Holler, and Stanky, R.Crouch “Instrumental Methods of Analysis”.Cengage Learning , 2007. 2. Willard, Hobart, etal., “Instrumental Methods of Analysis”. VIIth Edition, CBS, 1986. 3. Braun, Robert D. “ Introduction to Instrumental Analysis”. Pharma Book Syndicate, 1987. 4. Ewing,G.W. “Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis”, Vth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1985 REFERENCE 1. Sharma, B.K. “Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis : Analytical Chemistry” GoelPublishing House, 1972. 2. Haven, Mary C., etal., “Laboratory Instrumentation “. IVth Edition, John Wiley, 1995.
- 3. 12 OEC752 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS L T P C 3 0 0 3 OBJECTIVES: The student should be made to: • Understand the division of network functionalities into layers. • Be familiar with the components required to build different types of networks • Be exposed to the required functionality at each layer • Learn the flow control and congestion control algorithms UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS & LINK LAYER 9 Overview of Data Communications- Networks – Building Network and its types– Overview of Internet - Protocol Layering - OSI Mode – Physical Layer – Overview of Data and Signals - introduction to Data Link Layer - Link layer Addressing- Error Detection and Correction UNIT II MEDIA ACCESS & INTERNETWORKING 9 Overview of Data link Control and Media access control - Ethernet (802.3) - Wireless LANs – Available Protocols – Bluetooth – Bluetooth Low Energy – WiFi – 6LowPAN–Zigbee - Network layer services – Packet Switching – IPV4 Address – Network layer protocols ( IP, ICMP, Mobile IP) UNIT III ROUTING 9 Routing - Unicast Routing – Algorithms – Protocols – Multicast Routing and its basics – Overview of Intradomain and interdomain protocols – Overview of IPv6 Addressing – Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 UNIT IV TRANSPORT LAYER 9 Introduction to Transport layer –Protocols- User Datagram Protocols (UDP) and Transmiision Control Protocols (TCP) –Services – Features – TCP Connection – State Transition Diagram – Flow, Error and Congestion Control - Congestion avoidance (DECbit, RED) – QoS – Application requirements UNIT V APPLICATION LAYER 9 Application Layer Paradigms – Client Server Programming – World Wide Web and HTTP - DNS- - Electronic Mail (SMTP, POP3, IMAP, MIME) – Introduction to Peer to Peer Networks – Need for Cryptography and Network Security – Firewalls. TOTAL:45 PERIODS OUTCOMES: At the end of the course, the student should be able to: • Identify the components required to build different types of networks • Choose the required functionality at each layer for given application • Identify solution for each functionality at each layer • Trace the flow of information from one node to another node in the network TEXT BOOK: 1. Behrouz A. Forouzan, “Data communication and Networking”, Fifth Edition, Tata McGraw – Hill, 2013 REFERENCES: 1. James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross, “Computer Networking - A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet”, Seventh Edition, Pearson Education, 2016. 2. Nader. F. Mir,“ Computer and Communication Networks”, Pearson Prentice Hall Publishers,
- 4. 13 2nd Edition, 2014. 3. Ying-Dar Lin, Ren-Hung Hwang, Fred Baker, “Computer Networks: An Open Source Approach”, Mc Graw Hill Publisher, 2011. 4. Larry L. Peterson, Bruce S. Davie, “Computer Networks: A Systems Approach”, Fifth Edition, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2011. OME751 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS L T P C 3 0 0 3 OBJECTIVE: • To impart knowledge on various types of experimental designs conduct of experiments and data analysis techniques. UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS 9 Hypothesis testing – single mean, two means, dependant/ correlated samples – confidence intervals, Experimentation – need, Conventional test strategies, Analysis of variance, F-test, terminology, basic principles of design, steps in experimentation – choice of sample size – Normal and half normal probability plot – simple linear and multiple linear regression, testing using Analysis of variance. UNIT II SINGLE FACTOR EXPERIMENTS 9 Completely Randomized Design- effect of coding the observations- model adequacy checking- estimation of model parameters, residuals analysis- treatment comparison methods-Duncan’s multiple range test, Newman-Keuel’s test, Fisher’s LSD test, Tukey’s test- testing using contrasts- Randomized Block Design – Latin Square Design- Graeco Latin Square Design – Applications. UNIT III FACTORIAL DESIGNS 9 Main and Interaction effects - Two and three factor full factorial designs- Fixed effects and random effects model - Rule for sum of squares and Expected Mean Squares- 2K Design with two and three factors- Yate’s Algorithm- fitting regression model- Randomized Block Factorial Design - Practical applications. UNIT IV SPECIAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 9 Blocking and Confounding in 2K Designs- blocking in replicated design- 2K Factorial Design in two blocks- Complete and partial confounding- Confounding 2K Design in four blocks- Two level Fractional Factorial Designs- one-half fraction of 2K Design, design resolution, Construction of one-half fraction with highest design resolution, one-quarter fraction of 2K Design UNIT V TAGUCHI METHODS 9 Design of experiments using Orthogonal Arrays, Data analysis from Orthogonal experiments- Response Graph Method, ANOVA- attribute data analysis- Robust design- noise factors, Signal to noise ratios, Inner/outer OA design. TOTAL: 45 PERIODS OUTCOME: • Able to apply experimental techniques to practical problems to improve quality of
- 5. 14 processes / products by optimizing the process / product parameters. TEXT BOOK: 1. Krishnaiah K, and Shahabudeen P, “Applied Design of Experiments and Taguchi Methods”, PHI, India, 2011. REFERENCES: 1. Douglas C. Montgomery, “Design and Analysis of Experiments”, John Wiley & sons, 2005 2. Phillip J. Ross, “Taguchi Techniques for Quality Engineering”, Tata McGraw-Hill, India, 2005. OME754 INDUSTRIAL SAFETY L T P C 3 0 0 3 OBJECTIVES : To impart knowledge on safety engineering fundamentals and safety management practices. UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9 Evolution of modern safety concepts – Fire prevention – Mechanical hazards – Boilers, Pressure vessels, Electrical Exposure. UNIT II CHEMICAL HAZARDS 9 Chemical exposure – Toxic materials – Ionizing Radiation and Non-ionizing Radiation - Industrial Hygiene – Industrial Toxicology. UNIT III ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 9 Industrial Health Hazards – Environmental Control – Industrial Noise - Noise measuring instruments, Control of Noise, Vibration, - Personal Protection. UNIT IV HAZARD ANALYSIS 9 System Safety Analysis –Techniques – Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), HAZOP analysis and Risk Assessment UNIT V SAFETY REGULATIONS 9 Explosions – Disaster management – catastrophe control, hazard control ,Safety education and training - Factories Act, Safety regulations Product safety – case studies. TOTAL : 45 PERIODS OUTCOMES: • Students must be able to identify and prevent chemical, environmental mechanical, fire hazard through analysis and apply proper safety techniques on safety engineering and management. TEXT BOOK: 1. John V.Grimaldi, “Safety Management”, AITB S Publishers, 2003. REFERENCES: 1. Safety Manual, “EDEL Engineering Consultancy”, 2000. 2. David L.Goetsch, “Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists”, 5th Edition, Engineers and Managers, Pearson Education Ltd., 2005.
- 6. 15 OCS752 INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING L T P C 3 0 0 3 OBJECTIVES • To develop C Programs using basic programming constructs • To develop C programs using arrays and strings • To develop applications in C using functions and structures UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9 Structure of C program – Basics: Data Types – Constants –Variables - Keywords – Operators: Precedence and Associativity - Expressions - Input/Output statements, Assignment statements – Decision-making statements - Switch statement - Looping statements – Pre-processor directives - Compilation process – Exercise Programs: Check whether the required amount can be withdrawn based on the available amount – Menu-driven program to find the area of different shapes – Find the sum of even numbers Text Book: Reema Thareja (Chapters 2,3) UNIT II ARRAYS 9 Introduction to Arrays – One dimensional arrays: Declaration – Initialization - Accessing elements – Operations: Traversal, Insertion, Deletion, Searching - Two dimensional arrays: Declaration – Initialization - Accessing elements – Operations: Read – Print – Sum – Transpose – Exercise Programs: Print the number of positive and negative values present in the array – Sort the numbers using bubble sort - Find whether the given is matrix is diagonal or not. Text Book: Reema Thareja (Chapters 5) UNIT III STRINGS 9 Introduction to Strings - Reading and writing a string - String operations (without using built-in string functions): Length – Compare – Concatenate – Copy – Reverse – Substring – Insertion – Indexing – Deletion – Replacement – Array of strings – Introduction to Pointers – Pointer operators – Pointer arithmetic - Exercise programs: To find the frequency of a character in a string - To find the number of vowels, consonants and white spaces in a given text - Sorting the names. Text Book: Reema Thareja (Chapters 6 & 7) UNIT IV FUNCTIONS 9 Introduction to Functions – Types: User-defined and built-in functions - Function prototype - Function definition - Function call - Parameter passing: Pass by value - Pass by reference - Built-in functions (string functions) – Recursive functions – Exercise programs: Calculate the total amount of power consumed by ‘n’ devices (passing an array to a function) – Menu-driven program to count the numbers which are divisible by 3, 5 and by both (passing an array to a function) – Replace the punctuations from a given sentence by the space character (passing an array to a function) Text Book: Reema Thareja (Chapters 4) UNIT V STRUCTURES 9 Introduction to structures – Declaration – Initialization – Accessing the members – Nested Structures – Array of Structures – Structures and functions – Passing an entire structure – Exercise programs: Compute the age of a person using structure and functions (passing a structure to a function) – Compute the number of days an employee came late to the office by considering his arrival time for 30 days (Use array of structures and functions) Text Book: Reema Thareja (Chapters 8) TOTAL:45 PERIODS
- 7. 16 OUTCOMES Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to • Develop simple applications using basic constructs • Develop applications using arrays and strings • Develop applications using functions and structures TEXT BOOK 1. Reema Thareja, “Programming in C”, Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2016 REFERENCES: 1. Kernighan, B.W and Ritchie,D.M, “The C Programming language”, Second Edition, Pearson Education, 2006 2. Paul Deitel and Harvey Deitel, “C How to Program”, Seventh edition, Pearson Publication 3. Juneja, B. L and Anita Seth, “Programming in C”, CENGAGE Learning India pvt. Ltd., 2011 4. Pradip Dey, Manas Ghosh, “Fundamentals of Computing and Programming in C”, First Edition, Oxford University Press, 2009 OMF751 LEAN SIX SIGMA L T P C 3 0 0 3 OBJECTIVE: • To gain insights about the importance of lean manufacturing and six sigma practices. UNIT I LEAN & SIX SIGMA BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTALS 9 Historical Overview – Definition of quality – What is six sigma -TQM and Six sigma - lean manufacturing and six sigma- six sigma and process tolerance – Six sigma and cultural changes – six sigma capability – six sigma need assessments - implications of quality levels, Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ), Cost of Doing Nothing – assessment questions UNIT II THE SCOPE OF TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES 9 Tools for definition – IPO diagram, SIPOC diagram, Flow diagram, CTQ Tree, Project Charter – Tools for measurement – Check sheets, Histograms, Run Charts, Scatter Diagrams, Cause and effect diagram, Pareto charts, Control charts, Flow process charts, Process Capability Measurement, Tools for analysis – Process Mapping, Regression analysis, RU/CS analysis, SWOT, PESTLE, Five Whys, interrelationship diagram, overall equipment effectiveness, TRIZ innovative problem solving – Tools for improvement – Affinity diagram, Normal group technique, SMED, 5S, mistake proofing, Value stream Mapping, forced field analysis – Tools for control – Gantt chart, Activity network diagram, Radar chart, PDCA cycle, Milestone tracker diagram, Earned value management. UNIT III SIX SIGMA METHODOLOGIES 9 Design For Six Sigma (DFSS),Design For Six Sigma Method - Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA), FMEA process - Risk Priority Number (RPN)- Six Sigma and Leadership, committed leadership – Change Acceleration Process (CAP)- Developing communication plan – Stakeholder
- 8. 17 UNIT IV SIX SIGMA IMPLEMENTATION AND CHALLENGES 9 Tools for implementation – Supplier Input Process Output Customer (SIPOC) – Quality Function Deployment or House of Quality (QFD) – alternative approach –implementation – leadership training, close communication system, project selection – project management and team – champion training – customer quality index – challenges – program failure, CPQ vs six sigma, structure the deployment of six sigma – cultural challenge – customer/internal metrics UNIT V EVALUATION AND CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT METHODS 9 Evaluation strategy – the economics of six sigma quality, Return on six Sigma (ROSS), ROI, poor project estimates – continuous improvement – lean manufacturing – value, customer focus, Perfection, focus on waste, overproduction – waiting, inventory in process (IIP), processing waste, transportation, motion, making defective products, underutilizing people – Kaizen – 5S TOTAL: 45 PERIODS OUTCOME: • The student would be able to relate the tools and techniques of lean sigma to increase productivity REFERENCES: 1. Michael L.George, David Rownalds, Bill Kastle, What is Lean Six Sigma, McGraw – Hill 2003 2. Thomas Pyzdek, The Six Sigma Handbook, McGraw-Hill,2000 3. Fred Soleimannejed , Six Sigma, Basic Steps and Implementation, AuthorHouse, 2004 4. Forrest W. Breyfogle, III, James M. Cupello, Becki Meadows, Managing Six Sigma:A Practical Guide to Understanding, Assessing, and Implementing the Strategy That Yields Bottom-Line Success, John Wiley & Sons, 2000 5. James P. Womack, Daniel T.Jones, Lean Thinking, Free Press Business, 2003 OCH751 PROCESS MODELING AND SIMULATION L T P C 3 0 0 3 OBJECTIVE: • To give an overview of various methods of process modeling, different computational techniques for simulation. UNIT I INTRODUCTION 7 Introduction to modeling and simulation, classification of mathematical models, conservation equations and auxiliary relations. UNIT II STEADY STATE LUMPED SYSTEMS 9 Degree of freedom analysis, single and network of process units, systems yielding linear and non- linear algebraic equations, flow sheeting – sequential modular and equation oriented approach, tearing, partitioning and precedence ordering, solution of linear and non-linear algebraic equations. UNIT III UNSTEADY STATE LUMPED SYSTEMS 9 Analysis of liquid level tank, gravity flow tank, jacketed stirred tank heater, reactors, flash and distillation column, solution of ODE initial value problems, matrix differential equations, simulation of closed loop systems.
- 9. 18 UNIT IV STEADY STATE DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM 7 Analysis of compressible flow, heat exchanger, packed columns, plug flow reactor, solution of ODE boundary value problems. UNIT V UNSTEADY STATE DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM & OTHER MODELLING APPROACHES 13 Analysis laminar flow in pipe, sedimentation, boundary layer flow, conduction, heat exchanger, heat transfer in packed bed, diffusion, packed bed adsorption, plug flow reactor. Empirical modeling, parameter estimation, population balance and stochastic modeling. TOTAL : 45 PERIODS OUTCOME: • Upon completing the course, the student should have understood the development of process models based on conservation principles and process data and computational techniques to solve the process models. TEXT BOOKS: 1. Ramirez, W.; “ Computational Methods in Process Simulation “, 2nd Edn., Butterworths Publishers, New York, 2000. 2. Luyben, W.L., “ Process Modelling Simulation and Control “,2nd Edn, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1990 REFERENCES: 1. Felder, R. M. and Rousseau, R. W., “ Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes “, John Wiley, 2000. 2. Franks, R. G. E., “ Mathematical Modelling in Chemical Engineering “, John Wiley, 1967. 3. Amiya K. Jana,”Process Simulation and Control Using ASPEN”, 2nd Edn,PHI Learning Ltd (2012). 4. Amiya K. Jana,”ChemicalProcess Modelling and Computer Simulation” 2nd Edn,PHI Learning Ltd,(2012). OEC753 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS L T P C 4 0 0 4 OBJECTIVES: • To understand the basic properties of signal & systems • To know the methods of characterization of LTI systems in time domain • To analyze continuous time signals and system in the Fourier and Laplace domain • To analyze discrete time signals and system in the Fourier and Z transform domain UNIT I CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 12 Standard signals- Step, Ramp, Pulse, Impulse, Real and complex exponentials and Sinusoids_ Classification of signals – Continuous time (CT) and Discrete Time (DT) signals, Periodic & Aperiodic signals, Deterministic & Random signals, Energy & Power signals - Classification of systems- CT systems and DT systems- – Linear & Nonlinear, Time-variant & Time-invariant, Causal & Non- causal, Stable & Unstable.
- 10. 19 UNIT II ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS 12 Fourier series for periodic signals - Fourier Transform – properties- Laplace Transforms and properties UNIT III LINEAR TIME INVARIANT CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS 12 Impulse response - convolution integrals- Differential Equation- Fourier and Laplace transforms in Analysis of CT systems - Systems connected in series / parallel. UNIT IV ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS 12 Baseband signal Sampling – Fourier Transform of discrete time signals (DTFT) – Properties of DTFT - Z Transform & Properties UNIT V LINEAR TIME INVARIANT-DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS 12 Impulse response – Difference equations-Convolution sum- Discrete Fourier Transform and Z Transform Analysis of Recursive & Non-Recursive systems-DT systems connected in series and parallel. TOTAL: (L:45+T:15): 60 PERIODS OUTCOMES: At the end of the course, the student should be able to: • To be able to determine if a given system is linear/causal/stable • Capable of determining the frequency components present in a deterministic signal • Capable of characterizing LTI systems in the time domain and frequency domain • To be able to compute the output of an LTI system in the time and frequency domains TEXT BOOK: 1. Allan V.Oppenheim, S.Wilsky and S.H.Nawab, “Signals and Systems”, Pearson, 2015. REFERENCES: 1. B. P. Lathi, “Principles of Linear Systems and Signals”, Second Edition, Oxford, 2009. 2. R.E.Zeimer, W.H.Tranter and R.D.Fannin, “Signals & Systems - Continuous and Discrete”, Pearson, 2007. 3. John Alan Stuller, “An Introduction to Signals and Systems”, Thomson, 2007. OML751 TESTING OF MATERIALS L T P C 3 0 0 3 OBJECTIVE: To understand the various destructive and non destructive testing methods of materials and its industrial applications. UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS TESTING 9 Overview of materials, Classification of material testing, Purpose of testing, Selection of material, Development of testing, Testing organizations and its committee, Testing standards, Result Analysis, Advantages of testing.
- 11. 20 UNIT II MECHANICAL TESTING 9 Introduction to mechanical testing, Hardness test (Vickers, Brinell, Rockwell), Tensile test, Impact test (Izod, Charpy) - Principles, Techniques, Methods, Advantages and Limitations, Applications. Bend test, Shear test, Creep and Fatigue test - Principles, Techniques, Methods, Advantages and Limitations, Applications. UNIT III NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING 9 Visual inspection, Liquid penetrant test, Magnetic particle test, Thermography test – Principles, Techniques, Advantages and Limitations, Applications. Radiographic test, Eddy current test, Ultrasonic test, Acoustic emission- Principles, Techniques, Methods, Advantages and Limitations, Applications. UNIT IV MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION TESTING 9 Macroscopic and Microscopic observations, Optical and Electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) - Principles, Types, Advantages and Limitations, Applications. Diffraction techniques, Spectroscopic Techniques, Electrical and Magnetic Techniques- Principles, Types, Advantages and Limitations, Applications. UNIT V OTHER TESTING 9 Thermal Testing: Differential scanning calorimetry, Differential thermal analysis. Thermo-mechanical and Dynamic mechanical analysis: Principles, Advantages, Applications. Chemical Testing: X-Ray Fluorescence, Elemental Analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. TOTAL: 45 PERIODS OUTCOMES: 1. Identify suitable testing technique to inspect industrial component 2. Ability to use the different technique and know its applications and limitations TEXT BOOKS: 1. Baldev Raj, T.Jayakumar, M.Thavasimuthu “Practical Non-Destructive Testing”, Narosa Publishing House, 2009. 2. Cullity, B. D., “Elements of X-ray diffraction”, 3rd Edition, Addison-Wesley Company Inc., New York, 2000. 3. P. Field Foster, “The Mechanical Testing of Metals and Alloys” 7th Edition, Cousens Press, 2007. REFERENCES: 1. Metals Handbook: Mechanical testing, (Volume 8) ASM Handbook Committee, 9th Edition, American Society for Metals, 1978. 2. ASM Metals Handbook, “Non-Destructive Evaluation and Quality Control”, American Society of Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, USA. 3. Brandon D.G., “Modern Techniques in Metallography”, Von Nostrand Inc. NJ, USA, 1986.