8 - setting of teeth for class I, II and II arch relation ship (Edited)

Prof. Amal Fathy Kaddah
Dr. Mohamaed Kandel
Prosthodontic Department,
Faculty of Oral &Dental Medicine, Cairo University
Dr. Marwa Anas El-Wegoud
Dr. Mohamed Adel
Dr. Mohamed Esawi
Dr. Ramy kalaifa
Dr. Mariam Ahmed Roshdy
Dr. Heba Salama
Dr. Samah Ahmed
Dr. Abobakir abasho

When you realize you've made a mistake,
take immediate steps to correct it.

Contents:
I-Introduction
II-Factors affecting teeth arrangement
1. Pattern of bone resorption
2. Esthetics and phonetics requirements.
3. Stability
4. Occlusal plane
5. Arch form ( Arrangement of teeth in harmony with
ridge contour)
6. Interdigitation of the teeth
7. The inclination for proper occlusion
8. Arch relationship
III- Guidelines governing the position of artificial teeth
IV- Arrangement of teeth in normal cases.
V- Atypical arrangement of teeth (Class II, Class II)
VI- Common errors in teeth setting.

Guidelines for arrangement of
teeth
A- Key of occlusion
a.Canine key of occlusion
b.Molar key of occlusion
B- Anatomical landmarks
C- The normal Overjet & overbite

Identifying the problem
Through:
1) Clinical examination
Extra-oral & intra-oral
2) Diagnostic bite record
and mounting on
articulators
3) Radiographic analysis

Introduction
 According to the relation between the
bones of the face and the jaws, facial
skeletal pattern is classified into:
Angle’s classification of the facial skeletal pattern

Introduction
 The selection of teeth for edentulous patients
requires a knowledge and understanding of some
physical, biological and mechanical factors.
 Any choice of artificial teeth must be considered
as a preliminary selection until the teeth are
arranged on trial denture bases and viewed in the
patient’s mouth.
 The teeth are not only an important component of
facial appeal, they give each face a unique
identity and make it easily recognized ( Important
factor for denture success ).

NORMAL OCCLUSION
The mesial incline of the maxillary canine occludes with the distal incline of
the mandibular canine. The distal incline of the maxillary canine occludes
with the mesial incline of the mandibular first premolar.
Normal Line of Occlusion, normal smooth curves. normal overbite and
overjet and coincident maxillary and mandibular midlines.
Molar Relationship:
• According to Angle, the mesiobuccal
cusp of the maxillary first molar aligns
with the buccal groove of the mandibular
first molar.
Canine Relationship: The maxillary
canine occludes with the distal half of
the mandibular canine and the mesial
half of the mandibular first premolar.

Class I Malocclusion
Molar Relationship and Canine Relationship as normal occlusion, but
Line of Occlusion: ALTERED in the maxillary and mandibular arches
Individual tooth irregularities (crowding/spacing/other localized tooth
problems).
Inter-arch problems (open bite/ deep bite/cross bite).
Mesognathic: normal, straight face profile with flat facial
appearance.

• Molar relationship: The molar
relationship shows the mesiobuccal
groove of the mandibular first molar is
DISTALLY (posteriorly) positioned when
in occlusion with the mesiobuccal cusp
of the maxillary first molar.
• Usually the mesiobuccal cusp of
maxillary first molar rests in between
the first mandibular molar and second
premolar.
Class II malocclusion
• Canine Relationship: The mesial incline of the maxillary canine
occludes ANTERIORLY with the distal incline of the mandibular
canine. The distal surface of the mandibular canine is POSTERIOR
to the mesial surface of the maxillary canine by at least the width
of a premolar.

CLASS II DIVISION 2
Condition when class II
molar relationship is
present with retroclined
upper central incisors,
upper lateral incisors
may be proclined or
normally inclined.
Overjet is usually
minimal
CLASS II DIVISION 1
Condition when
class II molar
relationship is
present with
proclined upper
central incisors.
There is an
increase in overjet.
CLASS II SUB-
DIVISION
Condition when
the class II molar
relationship exists
on only one side
with normal molar
relationship on
the other side.

1. TRUE class III malocclusion (SKELETAL)
which is genetic in origin due to excessively large
mandible or smaller than normal maxilla.
The mesiobuccal cusp of the lower fist molar
occludes mesial to the class I position
Class III malocclusion
has 3 subdivisions:

(FALSE or postural) which occurs when mandible shifts
anteriorly during final stages of closure due to premature
contact of incisors or the canines. It’s also known as
postural class III.
Forward movement of the mandible during jaw closure can also result
from premature loss of deciduous posterior teeth.
2- PSEUDO Class III malocclusion

3- Class III Sub-division:
• Class III molar relationship exists on one
side and the other side as a normal
Class I molar relationship.

Certain rules and
principles that should
be followed during
managing complete
denture cases

1. In the cases with abnormal arch relationships, The
relationship cannot be changed by setting up the
teeth, and any attempt to make the occlusion
normal in abnormal arch relationships would
compromise esthetics, phonetics and function.
2. In the cases with abnormal arch relationships,
treatment should be restored in the Centric
relation.
 Positions other than centric relation are not
repeatable
 However, some modifications during setting-up are
necessary.

3. Mandibular posterior denture teeth must be
placed over the lower residual ridge, and
adjustments made with the maxillary occlusal
table.
The horizontal
relations to
the residual
ridges
The vertical
positions of the
occlusal surfaces
and incisal edges
between the
residual ridges

4. Freedom of movement is a must during
eccentric movements.
5. Multiple occlusal contacts must be
established in centric and eccentric
positions whatever the occlusal scheme
used. (with the use of Anatomic Teeth, a
Steep Occlusal Plane, a More Pronounced
Curve Of Spee, and with monoplane teeth
use of a Balancing Ramp which is necessary
for protrusive balance).

6. Whether the relation is class
I,II or III, when setting up
dentures, the upper and
lower first molars must have
the same relationship to
each other as in an Angle
class I.
i. e: Upper mesio-buccal cusp of first molar has contact
between the lower mesial buccal and buccal cusp of
first molar.
Note: in class III, reverse cusp fossa relationship could
be done

 In the maxilla: After extraction of the teeth
resorption of bone occurs vertically, labially
and buccally, so it becomes small in size.
 In the mandible: bone resorption occurs
vertically and lingually, so it becomes wide.
 By understanding this pattern setting of the
anterior teeth should be inclined labial to
the crest of the ridge to restore the natural
position of the anterior teeth.
Factors affecting setting of teeth
1- Pattern of bone resorption

2- Esthetics and phonetics:
 Labial surface of teeth should support the lips.
 It's important to produce pleasant appearance and
to simulate the natural teeth to a great extent.

3- Role of The occlusal plane on Esthetics,
phonetics and stability:
a. Anterior teeth should be 2mm below the upper lip.
b. In flat lower ridges, occlusal plane should be as
close as possible to the ridge.

c. The horizontal
relations to the
residual ridges
d. The vertical
positions of the
occlusal surfaces
and incisal edges
between the
residual ridges

Factors must be considered:
1- Aesthetic base
2- Functional base
(chewing and speech)
3- Physical and mechanical
(leverage action and parallelism)

 It is the ability of a denture to be
firm, steady or constant, by
functional stresses and not to be
subjected to change of position when
forces are applied .
 It is the ability of a denture to resist
displacement by functional stresses.
4- Stability:

 If the teeth are placed too far forward, they
will displace the denture due to active lip
muscles.
 If they are placed too lingualy, they can cause
tongue crowding which also results in denture
displacement during tongue movement .
 If placed too far buccally, the action of the
buccinator muscles can dislodge the denture
too.

 The level of the occlusal plan should be
below the level of the maximum convexity of
the tongue to provide denture stability

VD CO # CR
Uneven
pressure
Cuspal
interference
Teeth off
ridge
Tuberosity
of opposite
side
In upper buccal
sulcus of
working side
White sore
area on the
site of
pressure
VD
(Neurological
pain)
VD (white
patch)

5- Interdigitation of teeth
 Maximum interdigitation
should be achieved.
 The upper and lower
teeth should be set to
have a definite cuspal
relation to each other, in
order to maintain both
positional and functional
relationship .

 The maxillary arch:
U-shaped form.
While
 The mandibular arch:
V-shaped form.
6- Arch form:

The arch form can be:
 Square Arch:
Central incisors are in
line with canines.
 Tapering Arch:
Central incisors are at
a greater distance
forward than canines.
 Ovoid Arch:
In between

 According to the relation between the
bones of the face and the jaws, facial
skeletal pattern is classified into:
7- Jaw relationship

Factors governing the position
of artificial teeth
I- Key of occlusion
1. Canine key of occlusion
2. Molar key of occlusion
II- Anatomical landmarks
III- The normal Overjet & overbite

I-Key of occlusion:
It denotes the relationship of
upper and lower teeth during
function.
1- Canine relationship:
the mesial incline of the
upper canine aligns with the
distal incline of lower canine

2- Molar relationship:
 The mesiobuccal cusp of
maxillary first molar should
aligns with the mesiobuccal
groove of mandibular first
molar.
 The mesiolingual cusp tip
of mandibular first molar
should fit into the central
fossa of the upper first
molar.

II. Anatomical Landmarks
1)Incisive papilla as a guide
2) The canine lines
3) Midline
4) High Lip Line
5) Interpupillary line
6) Ala- Tragus line
7) Retromolar pad
8)The maxillary tuberosity

The anteroposterior positioning of
anterior teeth is important for
esthetics and phonetics, because of
the support that is provided to the lips,
cheeks and other tissues of the oral
cavity from the teeth.
Anterior teeth
Therefore, anterior artificial teeth should be placed in the
same position or as close as possible to that occupied by
the natural teeth to maintain natural patient appearance.
II. Anatomical Landmarks
1) Incisive papilla as a guide

• Mark corners of mouth on wax occlusal rims.
• A line perpendicular to midline of palate
through distal border of incisive papilla.
1) Incisive papilla as a guide

 The incisive papilla is a
valuable guide for
anterior teeth placement
because it has a
constant relationship to
the natural central
incisors.
 The labial surfaces of upper central incisors
are 8-10 mm anterior (in front) of the middle of
to the incisive papilla.

Incisive papilla as a guide
The incisive papilla is situated on a transverse
line passing through the tips of the canines in
the dentate person.

2) The canine lines:
The six maxillary anterior teeth
occupy the space between the
distal of the right canine
eminence and the distal of the
left canine eminence.
3) Midline:
A line drawn anteroposteriorly
bisecting the midsagittal suture,
incisive papilla and labial
frenum coincide with the
midline of upper dental arch.

• Nose – Distance between tips of canine is same as
width of base of nose
• A vertical line extending along the lateral surface of the
ala often will pass through the middle of the natural
upper canine.
• Philtrum – Width of upper centrals, approximates the
width of philtrum

4- High Lip Line
• Highest point of upper
lip when smiling
• Cervical necks lie at or
above this line
• If shorter teeth are
selected, esthetics
compromised

5) Interpupillary line:
The occlusal plane of
maxillary anterior teeth
should be parallel to the
interpupillary line.
The posterior occlusal
plane should be parallel to
the ala-tragus line (from the
ala of the nose to the
tragus of the ear).
6) Ala- Tragus line

7:
• It is the anatomic landmark used most frequently as a
reference for teeth arrangement as it applies in three
dimensions: vertically, laterally and anteroposteriorly.
• Laterally, it guides the buccolingual position of
posterior teeth.

7) Retromolar pad:
• Anteroposteriorly, no
artificial teeth are placed
posterior to the anterior
boundary of the pad, to avoid
having a tooth over an incline
which results in denture
sliding.
• The posterior occlusal plane
should be at the level of 2/3
the height of retromolar pad.
Fixed Position
Measurable
Identifiable
Relationship to natural dentition
Mesiodistal Width available.

Aligned Occlusal Groove
The occlusal groove
of the posterior
teeth should lie on
the straight line
joining the distal arm
or the tip of the
canine anteriorly and the midpoint of the
occlusal rim posteriorly.

 The posterior teeth are
generally placed to enhance
the stability of the
mandibular denture.
 The mandibular teeth should
be arranged so that they are
positioned over the crest of
mandibular residual ridge.
 The Retro molar pad is used as a guideline to
determine the buccolingual position.

• Not to encroach on tongue space
and buccal corridor.

8)The maxillary tuberosity
•It lies immediately
posterior to the
maxillary second molar.
•Teeth should not be set
on the tuberosity as it
can lead to lever
imbalance and cheek
biting in posterior
region.

Buccolingual Width
• Sufficient to act as a
table to hold food.
• Less than width of
natural teeth.
• Limits forces directed
to ridge

Determined by available inter ridge space,
occlusal plane and height of anterior teeth.
Occluso-gingival Height

III- Overjet and overbite:
The overjet is measured in horizontal plane while
the overbite represents the vertical plane.
 Normal overjet should be: 1.5 mm
 Normal overbite should be: 0.5 mm

 The horizontal overlap
between upper and lower
anterior teeth is
automatically decided by
the relation between the
upper and lower residual
ridges.
 The upper and lower
anterior teeth shouldn't
be in contact in centric
occlusion.

• The middle of the crest of the mandibular ridge should be
recorded.
• Mark the midline of the patient’s face by placing a dot on the
incisive papilla and marking this midline on the maxillary
anterior land area, extending down the front of the cast. The
incisive papilla is a much more reliable landmark for the
midline than the labial frenum.

1. Arranging the maxillary anterior
teeth
a. Maxillary central incisors
• The long axis of the tooth should incline slightly distally.
• The contact point should coincide with the midline of the
face.
• The incisal edge should touch the mandibular occlusion rim.
• The facial surface of the central incisors should be 8-10
anterior to the center of the incisive papilla.
• The neck is slightly depressed.

b. Maxillary lateral incisors
1. The long axis should
inclined slightly distally.
2. The neck is more
depressed.
3. The incisal edge of the lateral should be
raised approximately 1 mm from the
mandibular occlusion rim.

1. The canine tooth is an
important tooth in any tooth
arrangement because it
forms the corner of dental
arch . The incisal edge of the
canine should touch the
mandibular occlusion rim.
2. The long axis should be perpendicular or slightly
inclined distally to the occlusal plane. The cervical
third of the labial portion of the canine should incline
buccally to achieve some prominence.
3. Distal aspect of the canine should coincide with the
crest of the ridge.

Relations and inclinations of maxillary anterior teeth.
Incisal views of anterior
teeth showing their angle
of rotation.

Lower central incisor
• Long axis should be set perpendicular to the occlusal plane.
• The neck of tooth should be slightly
depressed.
• The incisal edge should form (1-
2mm) horizontal and vertical
overlap in respect with upper
central incisor
Lower lateral incisor:
• Long axis slightly inclined.
• The occlusal height should be the same as the central incisors.
Lower canine:
• Long axis is nearly perpendicular to the occlusal plane
• The neck of tooth should be set prominent and the cusp tip 2mm
above the occlusal plane .

N.B. Anterior teeth are set to follow the
arch form of the patient's residual
ridges. The incisal edges of the anterior
teeth should be set to correspond to the
shape of the arch.

• Make a cut with a heated, sharp knife, at
the midline in the anterior wax rim. Cut
all the way to the baseplate. Make a
similar cut just distal to the canine point.
Remove this section of wax in its entirety.

• Use a flat plate to position the central incisor
so that it contacts the occlusal plane.
• Set the rest of the anterior teeth on the right
side according to the curve defined by
(occlusal rim).

• Use a flexible plastic ruler to verify that
the incisal portion of the tooth’s labial
surface is properly located and in contact
with the anterior curvature of the
occlusion rim.

• An anterior view of the maxillary anterior
teeth shows that only the lateral incisors
do not touch the occlusal plane as
recorded by mandibular wax rim.

• Mark the midline of the mandibular ridge on the
mandibular wax rim and cut out a section
representing the right mandibular anterior teeth from
the rim.
• Arrange the lower anterior teeth following the arch
shape
• Position the teeth over the crest of the ridge.

Set the mandibular
central incisors so that
the maxillary incisors
cover them, 1mm
vertically and 1mm
horizontally (1mm
horizontal and vertical
overlap) if you are using
anatomic posterior
teeth

Arrangement of
posterior teeth

Upper first premolar
• The facial surface of 1st premolar must harmonies with canine.
• Long axis of tooth perpendicular to the occlusal plane.
• Buccal and palatal cusps touch the occlusal plane
• Palatal cusp over crest of mandibular ridge
Upper second premolar
• Long axis of tooth perpendicular to the occlusal plane.
• Palatal cusp is about 1 mm over the occlusal plane.
• Palatal cusp over crest of mandibular ridge

Upper first molar
• Mesiopalatal cusp touch the occlusal plane
• The facial surface 1st molar must harmonies with 1st and 2nd premolar
• The distobuccal cusp is raised about 1/2 mm and the distoPalatal
cusp is raised about 1/2 to 3/4 mm above the occlusal plane.
Upper second molar
• All four cusps are above the occlusal plane
• The facial surface of 2nd molar must harmonies with 1st molar
• Cusps of the second molar are raised from the occlusal plane
following the position of the first molar.

• Remove the wax on one side of the maxillary
baseplate.
• The rim is left intact on the opposite side
because this will help you to maintain the
location of the occlusal plane.
Relation of maxillary posterior
teeth to occlusal plane.

• Set the teeth on the maxillary right side so that the
mesiolingual cusp of the maxillary first molar rests in the
central fossa of the mandibular first molar.
• Set the teeth so that the buccal surfaces of the premolar(s)
and mesial cusp of the first molar line up with the mid-
buccal surface of the canine.
• The distobuccal cusp of the first molar should deviate
approximately 20o from this plane and the second molar will
fall along this plane.

Lower first premolar
Long axis of tooth perpendicular to the occlusal plane.
Buccal cusp above the occlusal plane
Lingual cusp is below the occlusal plane.
Lower second premolar
Long axis of tooth perpendicular to the occlusal plane.
Buccal and palatal cusps above the occlusal plane

Upper first molar
All cusps above the occlusal plane
Upper second molar
All four cusps are above the occlusal plane

• Remove enough wax to allow setting most of the posterior.
•Check the position of the teeth over the crest of the ridge.

• Buccal cusp of the lower 1st premolar
contacts the mesial marginal ridge of
the upper 1st premolar.
• Buccal cusp of the lower 2nd premolar
contacts the fossa between two upper
premolars.
• Mesiobuccal cusp of the lower 1st molar
occludes in the fossa between upper 2nd
premolar and 1st molar.
• Mesiobuccal cusp of the lower 2nd molar
occludes in the fossa between upper 1st
and 2nd molars.

Problems and
possible solutions

Problem >> Convex face profile
resulting from a mandible that is
too small or maxilla that is too
large.
class II

• Distobuccal cusp of
maxillary first molar falls
on the mesio-buccal
groove of mandibular first
permanent molar.
Class II
It is divided into:
Class II Div 1: Upper incisors are proclined
Class II Div 2: Upper laterals overlap
centrals and the centrals are retroclined

• Prosthodontical problems in angle class II
Problem in static relationship and functional
relationship
-Anterior Posteriorly
• Functional

1. Ridge is narrower than the
upper and associated with
a receding chin.
2. Setting the upper teeth
inside the ridge and lower
teeth outside the ridge
does not produce marked
stability
3. Large overjet is preserved. Angulations of the upper
teeth give the patient a rabbit appearance Angulations
of the lower tend to unstabilise the denture
Prosthodontical problems in angle class II

1.Modifications Done In Setting Up Of
Teeth for Angle Class II
2.Modifications Done In Posterior Teeth
Morphology: SR Orthotyp Teeth

Modifications Done In Setting Up of Teeth for
Angle Class II
Anterior teeth arrangement
1- Vertical overlap should be
kept as minimal as the
esthetics and phonetics
permit.
2-Maxillary anteriors are set-up
with their incisal edges
inclined more palatal than
their necks.
3- Labial inclination of lower anteriors.
4- Leave out a lower central or lateral incisor, or overlap
lower teeth.

Angle Class II
5. When retrusion is not extreme,
 Narrower lower anteriors.
 Slight spaces between the upper anterior teeth or
 Slight crowding of lower anterior teeth

6. When it is too great and can not be fixed
by modification of anterior teeth
Remove lower first bicuspid

Angle’s Class II division 2 :
If the overbite and minimal
overjet of these cases is
reproduced in an artificial
tooth set-up, the patient could
be locked into an impossible
situation. So there needs to
be some re-positioning of the
teeth to reduce the overbite
as much as possible without
overly compromising
aesthetics.

Slight labial inclination of lower anteriors + Slight lingual
inclination of upper anteriors
Slight spacing of upper anteriors or Slight crowding of
lower anteriors

The incisal edge of the upper anteriors should point
toward the lower mucolabial fold

Posterior teeth arrangement
1. Non-anatomic teeth or
teeth with shallow inclines
are selected to reduce the
stress on the weaker lower
ridge.
2. Eliminate lower 4
3. Upper posterior teeth can
be placed slightly palatal
to provide a working occlusal contact with the
lower teeth.

4. The lower posterior teeth are placed over
crest of the ridge. The upper teeth are then
set so that they occlude with the lower
teeth
5. Upper palatal cusp ...........‫؟؟؟‬............ (lingualized
occlusion)
6. A combination of lever balance and
occlusal balance is possible by
incorporating both a buccal tilt and a lingual
tilt in the posterior arrangement.

If the upper arch is much wider than lower arch :
- Set the lower first on the ridge
- Set the upper and lower separately

- lingualized occlusion
Occlusal scheme
- Monoplane occlusion

Problem >>
Concave face profile
with prominent
mandible is
associated with
Class III
malocclusion.
Angle class III

Problems associated with class
III cases
1. The relation between the ridges
may vary from edge to edge
relationship to extreme
prognathism of the lower arch.
2. Wider lower arch leads to
problems in selecting the size
of the teeth as selecting the
same mold size for both arches leads to spacing between
lower anterior teeth which reduce aesthetics.
3. The Crest of the lower arch is located further buccally than
that of the upper one, leading to problems in obtaining an
adequate occlusal relation between upper and lower teeth.

Anterior teeth arrangement:
1. Edge to edge relationship
2. Inclining the mandibular anteriors
lingually as possible without
encroaching the tongue space.
Angle Class III
3. Inclimig the maxillary anteriors more anterior to the
crest of the ridge than usual, with their incisal edges
being inclined more labial than their necks

Slight crowding of upper anteriors
4. Addition of lower lateral or central incisor
5. Wider lower anteriors
6. Slight crowding in upper anteriors

Posterior teeth arrangement:
1. Monoplane posterior teeth or cuspless teeth (preferred)
2. Upper posterior teeth can be placed slightly buccal to
the crest of the upper ridge.
3. Cross-bite is accomplished to avoid unfavorable
leverage that compromises denture stability
4. Larger sized upper posteriors + Medium sized lower
posteriors
5. In case of wider lower arch, an interchange can be
done by using upper teeth on the lower denture and
lower teeth on the upper denture.

Lingualized articulation
• “an occlusion for all reasons” There is hardly a clinical situation where
it is not applicable and the adjustments, especially at the chairside,
• This scheme use cusped upper teeth 30_ or 33_ cuspal angles, modified
to ensure that the buccal cusps take no part in the articulation.
• The lower teeth use 20_ or 0_ teeth,
• Occlusal surfaces are in harmony with the angles of the upper palatal
cusps, as well as the
• Refers to the inner maxillary cusps as
palatal cusps, for obvious reasons. The
main problem with posterior tooth
placement in these cases, is that of a
medio-lateral arch discrepancy and the
need for a cross-bite arrangement.
• In this case, the lingualized concept
becomes a “buccalized” one

2. Modifications Done In Posterior Teeth Morphology:
SR Orthotyp Teeth
 It was Designed by Dr. R Strack in the 1950’s
and manufactured by Ivoclar Vivadent.
 His morphology recognizes the three bite
classifications:
Class I (normal bite –N mould)
Class II (deep bite- T mould) and
Class III (cross bite – K mould).
 They differ in the cusp angulations and the
guiding surfaces.

• Failure to make the canine the turning point of the arch
• Setting mandibular 1st premolar to the buccal side of
the canines.
• Setting the mandibular posterior teeth too far to the
lingual side in the 2nd molar region which cause tongue
interference and mandibular denture displacement
• Failure to establish the occlusal plane at the proper
level and inclination
• Establishing the occlusal plane by an arbitrary line on
the face
Common errors in arrangement
of teeth

Buccal Corridor
• Space between buccal Surface of posterior teeth and
inner surface of cheeks.
• Excessive Buccal Corridor results when posterior
teeth are set too far lingually.
• Resulting dark space appears excessive and
unaesthetic.
• Inadequate Buccal Corridor
occurs when posterior teeth
are set too far buccally,
causing obliteration of the
buccal corridor.

Conclusion:
Generally monoplane teeth are more
adaptable for unusual jaw relationships
and permits the use of a simplified and
less time consuming technique
Lingualised articulation is also
recommended for the majority of cases
where it can easily solve most difficulties
provided the principles of balanced
articulation .

References
• Kaddah A, and Libshtien IA.: Occlusion in Prosthodontics:
Varieties, aberrations and managements. 1988
• Applebaum M. (1984): Plans of occlusion. In: Dental Clinics of
North America:
• Becker C.M., Swoope C.C. and Guckes A.d. (1977): Lingualized
occlusion for removable prosthodontics. Journal of Prosthetic
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