942 bekey[2]
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The document proposes an extremely large swarm of picosatellites for Earth sensing and remote sensing of water-related phenomena. The swarm would consist of 1,000-100,000 picosatellites in a 100 km diameter constellation in geostationary orbit. Each picosatellite would be 20-200 grams and together they would function as a sparse phased array antenna for microwave radiometry. The picosatellite positions would be tracked and their transmission phases controlled to focus the antenna beam and achieve high-resolution sensing from GEO orbit. Initial analyses show this active illumination system could provide much higher resolution and more frequent coverage than current and planned Earth observation missions.
942 bekey[2]
- 1. EXTREMELY LARGE SWARM ARRAY OF PICOSATS FOR MICROWAVE / RF EARTH SENSING, RADIOMETRY, AND MAPPING Progress report March 16, 2005 Research Sub Award # 07605-003-029 Ivan Bekey Bekey Designs, Inc. Ibekey@cox.net (703) 978-1125
- 2. UTITLITY AND APPLICATIONS Principal aim: support NASA’s Earth Science activities “….improve the measurement and prediction of water-related phenomena” Sense and measure: •Soil moisture content •Freeze-thaw cycles •Snow accumulation levels •Flooding extent and precise geographical location •Emergency management after hurricanes and floods •Water content and temperature profile in atmosphere •Ocean salinity •Coastal salinity and river effluents •Other water-related Earth Science applicationsPrincipal requirement: •Observe in the low microwave frequencies because they interact best with water
- 3. OBJECTIVES SOIL MOISTURE / OCEAN SALINITY REMOTE SENSING •High resolution on the ground •High sensitivity •Rapid / frequent revisit •Flexible scan area and pattern, or continuous dwell •Coverage of nearly a hemisphere from one space system •AffordableThese objectives cannot be met by any current, programmed, or even planned systems
- 4. CAPABILITIES AND DESIREMENTS-HYDROLOGYSoil moistureOcean salinityEarth scienceTrafficabilityDeep seaCoastalSensitivity0.8-2.2°K<1°K0.8-2.2°K <1°K0.05°K 0.05°K0.05°K <0.1°KResolution/spot35 km100-300 m35 km< 100 m62 km> 1 km62 km100 mRevisit time3 days2-5 days3 days<1 day3-8 daysWeeks3-8 daysHoursFrequency1.4 GHz 1.4 GHz1.4 GHz 1.4 GHz1.4 GHz 1.4 GHz1.4 GHz 1.4 GHzSMOSDesiredSMOSDesiredSMOS/ AquariusDesiredSMOS/ AquariusDesired •SMOS = Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission. ESA. 2007. LEO •Aquarius = Sea Surface Salinity mission. NASA. 2008. LEO
- 5. THE RADIOMETRY PROBLEM •Earth remote sensing at low microwave frequencies is best for water detection (1.4 GHz) •Current systems have spot sizes of 30-100 kilometers and revisit times of 2-5 days •It is desirable to be able to resolve features 100-300 m size, and revisit them in hours •This is not possible with current, programmed, or even planned space systems •It requires a system in GEO, driven by the coverage and revisit needs •But from GEO a 100 m spot size requires an antenna size of ≈100 kilometers at 1.4 GHz •Even with inflatable antenna technologies this would weigh ≈1010kilograms •A new approach is clearly needed, which is the subject of this Phase I study
- 6. ACHIEVING 300 m GROUND RESOLUTION AT 1 GHz FROM GEO80 km80 km80 km10% sparse inflatable membraneantennaConventional rib-meshantennaInflatable membraneantenna30 kg/sq.m3 kg/sq.m0.3 kg/sq.m100,000,000,000kg10,000,000,000 kg1,000,000,000 kgComparative total weight of a hypothetical 80 km diameter antenna
- 7. THE APPROACH •Use highly sparse space-fed array •Eliminate all structure and trusses •Free-flying picosat repeaters Receiver No truss No Structure Very sparse free-flying array of very many picosat transponders. To Earth
- 8. INITIAL CONCEPT: LARGE PICOSAT SWARM ARRAY MICROWAVE PASSIVE RADIOMETER 100 km tether•10,000 -300,000 picosats•Weight 20 grams each•Total weight = 200 kg -6,000 kg in GEOReceivers and/or transmitters, central computer, DGPS reference20 g PicosatEarth50 cmGEO80 km40 km•3 km at 100 MHz•300 m at 1 GHz•30 m at 10 GHzSampling scanningGround resolution Pushbroom scanning
- 9. REQUIRED CONSTELLATION DIAMETER IN GEO0.11.010.0100.01,000.0101001,00010,000Ground resolution spot size, metersFrequency = 1.4 GHz
- 10. DETERMINING REQUIRED NUMBER OF PICOSATSF=2hf3c21ehfkT⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ −1⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ =1.8×10−19Jm2×sr×Hz Planck’s law for thermal fluxParameters of interest•Planck’s constant h= 6.6x10-34Js•Boltzman’sconstant k=1.38x10-23J/ºK•Speed of light = 3x108m/s•Temperature T=300 ºK•Frequency F= 1.4x109Hz•Bandwidth B = 1x107Hz•Integration time = 1 s•Radiating area = 3002π/4•Capture area = d2π/4•Distance R = 3.6x107m•Steradianssubtended sr= d2/R2•Receiver noise Pn= = kTBkTB= 6.55x10-14Watts•Received signal Pr≥2PnPr≥9.82x10-23d2Watts•d2= 8.42x108•a = 6.6x108m2•Individual picosat capture area = a a = =0.0035 m2Equivalent total capture area of all picosats = aSubtended solid angle = srTotal radiating area = 300 m diameterConstellation diameter λ24π Distance = RBLACK BODY RADIATION FROM THE EARTH1E-211E-201E-191E-181E-171E-161E-151E-141E-131E-121E-111E-100.11.010.0100.01,000.010,000.0100,000.0Frequency, GHzSweet spot for water measurements10 μ
- 11. NUMBER OF PICOSATS REQUIRED-PASSIVE SYSTEM1001,00010,000100,0001,000,00010,000,000100,000,0001,000,000,00010,000,000,000100,000,000,0001,000,000,000,00010,000,000,000,000100,000,000,000,000101001,00010,000100,0001,000,000Ground resolution spot size, meters5 cm picosat antenna50 cm picosat antenna1.25 m picosat antennaSpot size of interest
- 12. ACTIVE ILLUMINATOR SYSTEM PICOSAT SWARM ARRAY MICROWAVE EARTHSENSING100 km tetherCentral receiver, feed, metrology center, navigation reference, processor/computer, command center, command/control, communications with groundEarthGEO100 km100 km•Ground resolution spot = 100 meters•Flexible scan/dwell pattern•1,000 -100,000 picosats•Constellation size = 100 km diameterCounterweight and navigation referenceIlluminator: 1.4 GHz CW, large antenna Picosats
- 13. NUMBER OF PICOSATS REQUIRED-ACTIVE SYSTEM1001,00010,000100,0001,000,00010,000,000100,000,000101001,000Ground resolution spot size, metersIlluminator power = 100 WIlluminator power = 1 kWIlluminator power = 10 kWPicosats have omnidirectional antennasIlluminator has 20 m antenna
- 14. NUMBER OF PICOSATS REQUIRED-ACTIVE SYSTEM1001,00010,000100,0001,000,00010,000,000101001,000Ground resolution spot size, metersIlluminator power = 100 WIlluminator power = 1 kWIlluminator power = 10 kWPicosats have 50 cm long Yagi antennas Illuminator has 20 m antenna
- 15. HALO ORBITS CONSTELLATION DESIGN•Halo orbits obeying Hill’s equations are set up for picosats•Picosats deployed into an apparent plane in relative coordinates. •Picosats rotate around a central point in GEO•Plane is inclined 30 degrees to local horizontal•The motions of the picosats are circular around the central point at the 30 degree plane inclination•The constellation is 100 km in diameter•Its projection on the ground is an ellipse•There are 1,000 to 100,000 picosats in the constellation•Their location in the constellation is made quasi-random during deployment•The average separation between picosats is 1 km in a 10,000 picosat constellation•The required for stationkeeping is an order of magnitude less than if in non-KeplerianorbitΔV
- 16. FUNCTIONING OF SPACE-FED PHASED ARRAY Reference planeSpherical wavefrontsIncoming plane wavefrontsAdded phase delays, modulo 2π(ø4>ø5≥ø6) Added phase delays, modulo 2π(ø1>ø2>ø3) ø1ø2ø3ø4ø5ø6Incoming signals are in phase to and add coherently. Final signal is sum of individual picosat signals λ 20Phase delays introduced by picosats are calculated based on precision position metrology relative to the central receiver. The actual picosat positions are not critical Picosats A global phase shift pattern is superimposed on the individual picosat shifts across the array to focus and steer the beam
- 17. PATTERN OF SPARSE MICROWAVE ANTENNAWidth of main lobe = constellation diameter1.22λ/ Amplitude of near sidelobesreduced by tapering the aperture illuminationAmplitude of far sidelobes=1/number of picosats Grating lobes are suppressed by randomizing the position of the picosat positions -Angle off boresight+
- 18. FOCUSING THE ANTENNA BEAM SPOTDistance to spot is 3.6 x 107mGEO100 km Focusing (and scanning) is accomplished by superimposing a phase pattern across the entire antenna arrayFocusing the beam is possible in the near field of the antenna, within a distance of ≈m2D2 λ=1×1011Far field minimum spot size = 100 km Diffraction limited near-field spot focused to 100-300 m
- 19. PICOSAT POSITION METROLOGYTethered navigation reference units Orbiting navigation reference units Picosats in plane •Set up a GPS-like local navigation environment: a CMS (Constellation Metrology System) •5 reference units have stable oscillators and low power (short range) transmitters •Each picosat determines its own position, and then computes its required phase delay •Accuracy will be high: no ionosphere, atmosphere, or high relative velocities (highest is 4 m/s) •Navigation chips for picosats will be cheap. (Cell phone-mandated GPS chips will cost $10-30 by end of 05) •Could use GPS cell phone chips as-is, just add shielding. Total cost will be higher •Or make new CMS chips. Will be simpler: no security coding, anti-jam, or spread spectrum needed •These new chips might cost $1,000 in lots of 10,000-100,000. But this might still be too expensive •Alternative # 1 •Each picosat has a beacon. Navigation units triangulate picosatpositions and send to master •Alternative # 2 •Master units transmits ranging tones which are retransmitted by picosats. Master computes range and range rate to each picosat. Three masters compute picosat positions •Alternative # 3 •Same as above except that masters send ranging pulses rather than tones
- 20. PICOSAT POSITION KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS IN A SPACE-FED ARRAYd1d4d1Center picosatsEdge picosatsSensitivity, m/ΔΔfor 1 cm path delaySensitivity, m/ΔΔfor 1 cm path delayNormal to planeIn-plane0kilometers0.33.3 cm0.00005 Δ222.4 m 0.000014 Δ226.4 m d2d3Δd3d5d6 Δ3.3 cm26 m26 m>100 m22 m22 mReceiver
- 21. PICOSAT PHASE CONTROL•Need to control phase to about•Worst case: this is equivalent to about 1 cm at 1.4 GHz•But space-fed array increases the worst case to 3.3 cm, or •Since can go modulo 2 pi, need only control phase to 6 increments•This implies a 3 bit phase shifter. These are easy•Need to determine and set phase frequently due to 3.3 cm tolerance: •Velocity around constellation outermost diameter is 3.6 m/srelative to center•Thus phase must be adjusted every 10 ms•Command to set phase @3 bits 100 times/sec requires 3,300 bps inone channel•Set up 100 channels with 100 picosats each and command requires 3.3 kbps per channel•However the tolerances are much looser than 3.3 cm in most directions of drift•So that on average this command link will not be stressed•Furthermore, if picosats compute their own phase then command isonly required to set global phase for beam steering and focusing•This requires even lower bit rate because changes are expected very slowly λ 20 λ 6
- 22. PICOSAT DEPLOYMENT, RETRIEVAL, AND SCAVENGING CONCEPT •Picosats will deploy themselves from central unit. •Each picosat requires 8 micrograms of propellants (100 g picosat) at 3000 Ispfor deployment•Picosats will return to central storage depot when nearing EOL. •Central depot holds all 10,000 picosats (1,000 kg). •Depot has doors and sensors, and internal baffles/nets•Picosats are commanded from master to deploy; and then to returnto depot for storage•If a picosat dies prematurely a scavenger unit is sent to retrieve it and swallow it•The scavenger stays at the last dead picosat location until it has to go swallow another one•Returning to central location until needed again would require more propellants•This requires less propellant than to dispose of dead picosats into above-GEO disposal orbits•Scavenger can hold 1000 dead picosats (10% picosat failure rate). •Scavenger needs only about 9 kg of propellants total. Its grossweight is 300 kgScavenger•Transfers to dead picosat location•Has sticky foam inside•Swallows picosat•Stays at the location until needed againDepot•Located at center of constellation. •Contains baffles in “new”locations and sticky foam in “old”locations•Picosats fly into it under own guidance•Stores 10,000 picosatsDead picosatLive picosat
- 24. DAILY AREA RATE AS A FUNCTION OF SENSITIVITY 10 BEAM RECEIVER1.E+011.E+021.E+031.E+041.E+051.E+061.E+070.0010.0100.1001.00010.000Sensitivity, ÞK1,000 m spot316 m spot100 m spotAtlantaSan Fransico BayCheseapeake BayCaliforniaUnited StatesESA SMOSNASA AQUARIUSGeorgia Tech
- 25. AREA COVERED AS A FUNCTION OF REVISIT TIME: 10 BEAM RECEIVER1.E+011.E+021.E+031.E+041.E+051.E+061.E+070.0010.0100.1001.00010.000Revisit time, Days1,000 m spot316 m spot100 m spotAtlantaSan Fransico BayCheseapeake BayCaliforniaUnited StatesGeorgia techSoil moisture/ Water salinityTrafficability1 hour1 day1 min.
- 26. ACTIVE ILLUMINATOR SYSTEM PICOSAT SWARM ARRAY MICROWAVE EARTHSENSING100 km tetherCentral receiver, feed, metrology center, navigation reference, processor/computer, command center, command/control, communications with ground20-200 g satelliteEarth2-250 cmGEO100 km100 km•Ground resolution spot = 100 meters•Flexible scan/dwell pattern•1,000 -100,000 picosats•Weight 20-200 grams each•Constellation plane tilted 30 deg to local horizontal•Constellation size = 100 km circle•Picosat locations randomized in constellationCounterweight and navigation referencePicosat antennas could be omnidirectionalstubs or 6-16 element Yagiarrays (shown) Deployer/retriever stationed at centerIlluminator: 1 kW CW, 20 m antennaNavigation reference units
- 27. STATUS/SUMMARY •Initial concentration is on Earth Science hydrology missions •System sizing is nearly complete •An active illuminator system has been chosen •The resolution and coverage far exceed anything by SSIS, SMOS, Aquarius, Hydros •The choice of GEO altitude results in very flexible scanning andcoverage •The concept configuration and its elements still appear viable •No showstoppers have been found to date •Its utility will be unprecedented, and likely to be welcomed by the science community •Phase I will be completed on schedule
- 28. END
- 29. MISSION/SCIENCE CONTACTS MADE TO DATE NASA HQ •Granville Paules •John LaBreque •Craig Dobson •Eric Lindstrom •Jarred Entin •NASA GSFC •WaleedAbdalati •Edward Kim •JPL •George Hajj •CinzaRuffada •James Zumberge •Other •Phil Schwartz--Aerospace Corporation •Numerous web sites for systems: SMOS, Aquarius, Hydros, SSIS, others
- 30. DAILY AREA RATE AS A FUNCTION OF SENSITIVITY 1 BEAM RECEIVER1.E+011.E+021.E+031.E+041.E+051.E+061.E+070.0010.0100.1001.00010.000Sensitivity, ÞK1,000 m spot316 m spot100 m spotAtlantaSan Fransico BayCheseapeake BayCaliforniaUnited StatesESA SMOSNASA AQUARIUSGeorgia Tech
- 31. AREA COVERED AS A FUNCTION OF REVISIT TIM 1 BEAM RECEIVER1.E+011.E+021.E+031.E+041.E+051.E+061.E+070.0010.0100.1001.00010.000Revisit time, Days1,000 m spot316 m spot100 m spotAtlantaSan Fransico BayCheseapeake BayCaliforniaUnited StatesGeorgia Tech1 hour1 day1 min. Soil moisture/ Water salinityTrafficability
- 32. SPARSENESS OF SWARMED APERTUR0.000010.000100.001000.010000.100001.0000010.00000100.000001001,00010,000100,000Aperture diameter, meters% filled with 1000 picosats% filled with 10,000 picosats% filled with 100,000 picosatsPicosats in space-fed array •Operate as repeaters •Frequency = 1 GHz •Each has 10 dB antenna
- 33. CHOICE OF CONSTELLATION ALTITUDEPROCONLEOMEOGEO•Revisit time OK•Constellation size small--1 km•One constellation suffices--global coverage•Few picosats required in constellation•Passive system OK•Large ΔV in picosats for stationkeeping•High orbital debris creation problem•High impact probable with other satellites•Very long revisit time•Medium size constellation•Need many constellations•Must use active system•Orbital debris not a problem•Medium size constellation•Medium number of picosats needed•Short and flexible revisit time•Flexible scan/dwell patterns/options•Picosats can use omni small antennas•One constellation covers ≈a hemisphere•Orbital debris problem moderate•Large constellation size•Active system required•Many picosats required