A Deep Dive in the World of IT Networking (Part 2)

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Agenda
•OSI Model.
•TCP/IP (D.O.D) Model.
•Networking protocols.
•Networking and data security.
•Q&A.

The OSI Model
•The Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) reference
model is used to define how data
communication occurs on
computer networks.
•This model is divided into layers,
each of which provides services to
the layers above and below.
•These layers are associated with
protocols and devices.

Application
Presentation
Session
The Application layer
defines several standard network
Services that fall into categories
such as file transfer, print access
the Presentation layer
deals with character-set translation Like
ASCII , Binary
Session layer of the OSI model
are responsible for
establishing, maintaining, and breaking sessions

Transport
Network
Data-Link
Physical
responsible for reliable end-to-end data delivery and
flow control
responsible for network addressing and routing
responsible for dividing datagrams into packets as well as
physical addressing
responsible for placing data on the network in the form of
electrical signals

Advantages Of the OSI Model
Provides a common language or
reference point between network
professionals.
Divides networking tasks into
logical layers for easier
comprehension.
Allows specialization of features
at different levels.
Aids in troubleshooting.
Promotes standards.
interoperability between networks
and devices.

Limitations of the OSI model
OSI layers are theoretical and do
not actually perform real functions.
Industry implementations rarely
have a layer-to-layer
correspondence with the OSI layers.
Different protocols within the stack
perform different functions that help
send or receive the overall message.
A particular protocol
implementation may not represent
every OSI layer (or may spread
across multiple layers).

The TCP/IP (D.O.D) Model
Application
Transport
Internet
Network
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data-link
Physical
OSI model
TCP/IP model
Layer 1: Data link layer
(also simply known as the
link layer).
Layer 2: Network layer
(also known as the Internet
layer).
Layer 3: Transport layer.
Layer 4: Application layer.

The Networking Protocols
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols
Connection-Oriented (CO)
Protocols
Connectionless (CL) Protocols
They perform session initiation, error
detection, and error correction. They
identify and retransmit lost packets.
assume an existing link between
devices and allow transmission without
extensive session establishment.
Have larger headers and more overhead Have smaller headers and less
overhead
Provide packet acknowledgments, data
segmentation, flow control, and error
detection and correction
Do not provide additional services
Acknowledge transmitted packets, so they
are considered reliable
Do not acknowledge transmitted
packets, so they are considered
unreliable

Protocol Description
OSI Model
Layer
DOD Model
Layer
Transmission
Control Protocol
(TCP)
It provides
connection-
oriented services
and performs
segment
sequencing and
service
addressing. It also
performs important
error-checking
functions and is
considered a host-
to-host protocol.
Transport
Host-to-Host
(Transport)

OSI Model
Layer
DOD Model
Layer
User Datagram
Protocol (UDP)
Considered a host-
to-host protocol
like TCP. It also
performs functions
at the Transport
layer. However, it
is not connection-
oriented like TCP.
Because of less
overhead, it
transfers data
faster, but is not as
reliable.
Transport
Host-to-Host
(Transport)

OSI Model
Layer
DOD Model
Layer
File Transfer
Protocol (FTP)
Provides a generic
method of
transferring files. It
can include file
security through
usernames and
passwords, and it
allows file transfer
between dissimilar
computer systems.
Application,
Presentation,
Session
Application/Process

OSI Model
Layer
DOD Model
Layer
The Hypertext
Transfer Protocol
(HTTP)
Used by Web
browsers and Web
servers to exchange
files (such as Web
pages) through the
World Wide Web
and intranets. It is
typically used to
request and send
Web documents, but
is also used as the
protocol for
communication
between agents
using different
TCP/IP protocols.
Application,
Presentation,
Session
Application/Process

Protocol Description OSI Model Layer
DOD Model
Layer
Simple Network
Management
Protocol (SNMP)
Designed for
managing complex
networks. SNMP
lets network hosts
exchange
configuration and
status information.
This information can
be gathered by
management
software and used
to monitor and
manage the
network.
Application,
Presentation,
Session
Application/Process

DOD Model
Layer
Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP)
used to route
electronic mail
through the
internetwork. E-mail
applications provide
the interface to
communicate with
SMTP or mail
servers.
Application,
Presentation,
Session
Application/Process

DOD Model
Layer
Domain Name
System (DNS)
Is distributed
throughout the
internetwork to
provide
address/name
resolution. For
example, the name
"www.testout.com"
would be identified
with a specific IP
address.
Transport
Host-to-Host
(Transport)

DOD Model
Layer
DHCP
The Dynamic Host
Configuration
Protocol (DHCP)
delivering IP
configuration
parameters from a
DHCP server to a
host
specifying how IP
addresses are
assigned.
Network Internet

DOD Model
Layer
Internet Protocol
(IP)
The main TCP/IP
protocol. It is a
connectionless
protocol that makes
routing path
decisions, based on
the information it
receives from ARP.
It also handles
logical addressing
issues through the
use of IP addresses.
Network Internet

Networking and data security
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
A connection between two or more computers or devices that are
not on the same private network.
In order to ensure that only the proper users and data sessions
cross to a VPN device, data encapsulation and encryption are used.
A “tunnel” is created, so to speak, through the LANs and WANs that
might intervene.

Security devices such as firewalls are the main defense for a company’s
networks, whether they are LANs, WANs, intranets, or extranets.
Firewalls are used to protect a network from malicious attack and
unwanted intrusion.
They are the most commonly used type of security device in an
organization’s perimeter.
Perimeter security zones such as demilitarized zones (DMZs) help keep
certain information open to specific users or to the public while keeping the
rest of an organization’s data secret.
Security Devices and zones

A network intrusion detection
system (NIDS) is a type of IDS that
attempts to detect malicious network
activities (e.g., port scans and DoS
attacks) by constantly monitoring
network traffic.
The NIDS will then report any issues
that it finds to a network administrator
as long as it is configured properly.
A network intrusion prevention
system (NIPS) is designed to inspect
traffic, and, based on its configuration
or security policy, it can remove,
detain, or redirect malicious traffic in
addition to simply detecting it.
Network Intrusion Detection System

A perimeter network or demilitarized
zone (DMZ) is a small network that is set
up separately from a company’s private
local area network and the Internet.
It is called a perimeter network
because it is usually on the edge of a
LAN, but DMZ has become a much more
popular term.
A DMZ allows users outside a company
LAN to access specific services located
on the DMZ.
However, when the DMZ set up
properly, those users are blocked from
gaining access to the company LAN.
The DMZ might house a switch with
servers connected to it that offer web,
email, and other services.
DMZ

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A Deep Dive in the World of IT Networking (Part 2)

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