A novel technique of visual cryptography for maintaining the security of visual information transaction
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This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel technique for visual cryptography to securely transmit visual information. The technique encrypts images into shares using chaotic pseudo-random number generation, zigzag scan pattern, and pixel index reversal to increase security. It also aims to reduce image degradation by applying the methods to individual RGB color channels rather than just grayscale. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach increases security without increasing file size like previous methods, and improves image quality by enabling color images.
![Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (IJECET)
ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online)
Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 194-199
© IAEME: http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.2836 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com
194
IJECET
© I A E M E
A NOVEL TECHNIQUE OF VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY FOR
MAINTAINING THE SECURITY OF VISUAL INFORMATION
TRANSACTION
Akshatha M M#1 Lokesh B#2 Nuthan A C#3
#1Student, Dept. of ECE, SIT Mangalore
#2Dept. of EEE, SIT Mangalore
#3Research Scholar, Jain University
ABSTRACT
As the growth in the technology increases maintaining the security of visual information
during its transaction has to be increased. Rapid growth in the techniques for doing so is also
increasing. Internet has become most commonly used media for communication and hence text,
voice, video, Images and many more are transmitted through Internet. These might include Military
Secrets, Commercial Secrets and Information of individuals and therefore it has to be transmitted by
safer means with enhanced security. In the process of Visual Cryptography a secret image is
encrypted into shares which refuse to divulge information about the original secret image. In this
paper, Chaotic Pseudo – Random Number generation, Zigzag Scan Pattern Method, Method to
reduce the degradation of the resultant image is proposed by an extension from gray to color image.
Pixel Index Method is discussed to improve the security for images.
Keywords: Security, Visual Information, Visual Cryptography.
I. INTRODUCTION
Cryptography refers to the study of mathematical techniques and related aspects of
information security like data confidentiality, data integrity and of data authentication. In the process
of Visual Cryptography a secret image is encrypted into shares which refuse to divulge information
about the original secret image. Decryption is through a separate decryption algorithm. A basic
model for Visual Cryptography for natural images was proposed by Naor and Shamir [2], where the
resultant image is twice the size of secret image.
As the advent of electronic applications increases, providing the security for information in
an open network environment is required. Encryption is a method of transforming original data,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/anoveltechniqueofvisualcryptographyformaintainingthesecurityofvisualinformationtransaction-141006044100-conversion-gate02/85/A-novel-technique-of-visual-cryptography-for-maintaining-the-security-of-visual-information-transaction-1-320.jpg)
![Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
called plain text or clear text into a form that appears to be random and unreadable which is called
Cipher text. Plain text is either in the form that can be understood by a person (document) or by a
computer (executable code).
195
Once it is transformed into Cipher text, neither human nor machine can properly process it
until it is decrypted. This enables the transmission of confidential information over insecure channels
without unauthorized disclosure. When data is stored on a computer it is protected by logical and
physical access controls. When this same sensitive information is sent over a network, the
information is in much more vulnerable state. Naor and Shamir introduced the new concept of Visual
Cryptography in 1994[1], requiring no computation except human Visual System to decrypt. They
proposed a basic (2, 2) Visual Cryptography scheme where a secret image is divided into 2 shares
[3], revealing the secret image through Share Stacking.
Fig. 1: Example of Visual Cryptography
In figure 1 a secret image that has to be sent is divided into shares. When these two shares are
stacked together and put into a Human Visual System the resultant image is revealed. In the visual
secret sharing model [1], a secret picture must be shared among n participants. The picture is divided
into n shares so that if m transparencies (shares) are placed together the picture is visible. When there
are fewer m transparencies it is invisible. This ensures that the secret picture is viewed as a set of
black and white pixels with each pixel being handled separately.
II. RELATED WORK
2.1 Basic (2, 2) Scheme
The (2, 2) VC scheme divides the secret image into two shares so that reconstruction of an
image from a share is impossible. Each share is printed in transparency. A share is a random noise.
Encryption is performed for each pixel. Fig.2 shows the 2 different shares for black and white pixels.
The figure shows how a pixel in a image in divided into two sub pixels depending on whether the
pixel is black or white. By doing so the width of the share increases. This is termed as Pixel
Expansion.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/anoveltechniqueofvisualcryptographyformaintainingthesecurityofvisualinformationtransaction-141006044100-conversion-gate02/85/A-novel-technique-of-visual-cryptography-for-maintaining-the-security-of-visual-information-transaction-2-320.jpg)
![Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
196
Fig. 2: A (2,2) Visual Cryptography Scheme
2.2 Pseudo Randomized Visual Cryptography Scheme
Figure 3 shows how the shares are generated by pixel reversal [7] and using pseudo random
technique [10]. Each pixel is being handled separately. The input is a secret image and the output is
the shares. Here there is no pixel expansion. The decoded image and the original secret image are of
the same sizes. But the secret image which is decoded had a darker resolution than the original
image. Preprocessing technique was used to overcome this problem [6].
Fig. 3: Pseudo Random Scheme
III. PROPOSED WORK
In this paper, the problem of pixel expansion is eliminated and also a method is proposed for
color image usage and thus the degradation of the resultant image is reduced. Chaotic random
number generation technique is used to provide much more security. Pixel index reversal is applied
where the index of each pixel is reversed and applied to a Zigzag scan pattern technique to increase
the scrambling and thus there will be increase in the security. The secret image can be revealed by a
decryption algorithm. A secret image is first split into R G B component and then the security
techniques are applied for each pixel of R G B. A secret image is taken and is split into RGB
components. Each component is handled separately. Each pixel is decomposed using Bit Plane](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/anoveltechniqueofvisualcryptographyformaintainingthesecurityofvisualinformationtransaction-141006044100-conversion-gate02/85/A-novel-technique-of-visual-cryptography-for-maintaining-the-security-of-visual-information-transaction-3-320.jpg)
![Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
198
Fig. 6: Results for Color Image as input
Fig. 7: Results for Color Image after applying the Security Methods
Fig. 8: Complete Encrypted Result
3.2 Comparison of the Algorithms
Table. 1: Comparison of Algorithms
Algorithm Pixel Security Quality
Naor,
Double Increase Poor
Shamir
(k, n)
scheme
Double Increase Poor
Existing
Method
No
Expansion
Increase Increase
Proposed
Work
No
Expansion
Increase Color
Image
In the early technique of Visual Cryptography given by Naor and Shamir [2] the pixel was
expanded in width wise and so there was a problem of pixel expansion. The quality of the resultant
image was also poor. The (k, n) Visual Cryptography scheme was also suggested to improve the
concept of Visual Cryptography by Naor and Shamir. In the existing method given by Ch. Ratna
Babu and team the problem of pixel expansion was eliminated and pixel reversal method was
suggested [10]. The security also increased because of Chaotic Randomization. In the proposed
technique pixel reversal and pixel index reversal is suggested to eliminate pixel expansion. The
security increases due to Scan Pattern method and Chaotic Randomization. This technique is also
applicable for color images and so the quality increases.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/anoveltechniqueofvisualcryptographyformaintainingthesecurityofvisualinformationtransaction-141006044100-conversion-gate02/85/A-novel-technique-of-visual-cryptography-for-maintaining-the-security-of-visual-information-transaction-5-320.jpg)
A novel technique of visual cryptography for maintaining the security of visual information transaction
- 1. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND 17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (IJECET) ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print) ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online) Volume 5, Issue 8, August (2014), pp. 194-199 © IAEME: http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.2836 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com 194 IJECET © I A E M E A NOVEL TECHNIQUE OF VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY FOR MAINTAINING THE SECURITY OF VISUAL INFORMATION TRANSACTION Akshatha M M#1 Lokesh B#2 Nuthan A C#3 #1Student, Dept. of ECE, SIT Mangalore #2Dept. of EEE, SIT Mangalore #3Research Scholar, Jain University ABSTRACT As the growth in the technology increases maintaining the security of visual information during its transaction has to be increased. Rapid growth in the techniques for doing so is also increasing. Internet has become most commonly used media for communication and hence text, voice, video, Images and many more are transmitted through Internet. These might include Military Secrets, Commercial Secrets and Information of individuals and therefore it has to be transmitted by safer means with enhanced security. In the process of Visual Cryptography a secret image is encrypted into shares which refuse to divulge information about the original secret image. In this paper, Chaotic Pseudo – Random Number generation, Zigzag Scan Pattern Method, Method to reduce the degradation of the resultant image is proposed by an extension from gray to color image. Pixel Index Method is discussed to improve the security for images. Keywords: Security, Visual Information, Visual Cryptography. I. INTRODUCTION Cryptography refers to the study of mathematical techniques and related aspects of information security like data confidentiality, data integrity and of data authentication. In the process of Visual Cryptography a secret image is encrypted into shares which refuse to divulge information about the original secret image. Decryption is through a separate decryption algorithm. A basic model for Visual Cryptography for natural images was proposed by Naor and Shamir [2], where the resultant image is twice the size of secret image. As the advent of electronic applications increases, providing the security for information in an open network environment is required. Encryption is a method of transforming original data,
- 2. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014 17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India called plain text or clear text into a form that appears to be random and unreadable which is called Cipher text. Plain text is either in the form that can be understood by a person (document) or by a computer (executable code). 195 Once it is transformed into Cipher text, neither human nor machine can properly process it until it is decrypted. This enables the transmission of confidential information over insecure channels without unauthorized disclosure. When data is stored on a computer it is protected by logical and physical access controls. When this same sensitive information is sent over a network, the information is in much more vulnerable state. Naor and Shamir introduced the new concept of Visual Cryptography in 1994[1], requiring no computation except human Visual System to decrypt. They proposed a basic (2, 2) Visual Cryptography scheme where a secret image is divided into 2 shares [3], revealing the secret image through Share Stacking. Fig. 1: Example of Visual Cryptography In figure 1 a secret image that has to be sent is divided into shares. When these two shares are stacked together and put into a Human Visual System the resultant image is revealed. In the visual secret sharing model [1], a secret picture must be shared among n participants. The picture is divided into n shares so that if m transparencies (shares) are placed together the picture is visible. When there are fewer m transparencies it is invisible. This ensures that the secret picture is viewed as a set of black and white pixels with each pixel being handled separately. II. RELATED WORK 2.1 Basic (2, 2) Scheme The (2, 2) VC scheme divides the secret image into two shares so that reconstruction of an image from a share is impossible. Each share is printed in transparency. A share is a random noise. Encryption is performed for each pixel. Fig.2 shows the 2 different shares for black and white pixels. The figure shows how a pixel in a image in divided into two sub pixels depending on whether the pixel is black or white. By doing so the width of the share increases. This is termed as Pixel Expansion.
- 3. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014 17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India 196 Fig. 2: A (2,2) Visual Cryptography Scheme 2.2 Pseudo Randomized Visual Cryptography Scheme Figure 3 shows how the shares are generated by pixel reversal [7] and using pseudo random technique [10]. Each pixel is being handled separately. The input is a secret image and the output is the shares. Here there is no pixel expansion. The decoded image and the original secret image are of the same sizes. But the secret image which is decoded had a darker resolution than the original image. Preprocessing technique was used to overcome this problem [6]. Fig. 3: Pseudo Random Scheme III. PROPOSED WORK In this paper, the problem of pixel expansion is eliminated and also a method is proposed for color image usage and thus the degradation of the resultant image is reduced. Chaotic random number generation technique is used to provide much more security. Pixel index reversal is applied where the index of each pixel is reversed and applied to a Zigzag scan pattern technique to increase the scrambling and thus there will be increase in the security. The secret image can be revealed by a decryption algorithm. A secret image is first split into R G B component and then the security techniques are applied for each pixel of R G B. A secret image is taken and is split into RGB components. Each component is handled separately. Each pixel is decomposed using Bit Plane
- 4. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014 17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India Decomposition technique. ATMF and De – noising is done to eliminate the presence of noise. This result is then encrypted using Chaotic Random Number Generator and the bit planes are re – ordered and Re – combined. Pixel Index Reversal is done to reverse the index of the pixel to improve the Security. At this stage Zigzag Scan Pattern is applied to increase the scrambling, thus increasing the Security. The output after the Scan is then applied to Pseudo Random Scheme as shown in Figure 4. 197 Fig. 4: Block Diagram of the Cryptographic Technique 3.1 Simulations and Results The algorithm is implemented in MATLAB. Figure 5 shows the experiment results for the gray image. Fig. 5: Results for gray image as input
- 5. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014 17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India 198 Fig. 6: Results for Color Image as input Fig. 7: Results for Color Image after applying the Security Methods Fig. 8: Complete Encrypted Result 3.2 Comparison of the Algorithms Table. 1: Comparison of Algorithms Algorithm Pixel Security Quality Naor, Double Increase Poor Shamir (k, n) scheme Double Increase Poor Existing Method No Expansion Increase Increase Proposed Work No Expansion Increase Color Image In the early technique of Visual Cryptography given by Naor and Shamir [2] the pixel was expanded in width wise and so there was a problem of pixel expansion. The quality of the resultant image was also poor. The (k, n) Visual Cryptography scheme was also suggested to improve the concept of Visual Cryptography by Naor and Shamir. In the existing method given by Ch. Ratna Babu and team the problem of pixel expansion was eliminated and pixel reversal method was suggested [10]. The security also increased because of Chaotic Randomization. In the proposed technique pixel reversal and pixel index reversal is suggested to eliminate pixel expansion. The security increases due to Scan Pattern method and Chaotic Randomization. This technique is also applicable for color images and so the quality increases.
- 6. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014 17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India 199 IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK The security increases as the scrambling is more. The time consumption is also in terms of Nano seconds and hence this method can be applicable in most of the fields. The problem of pixel expansion is also eliminated. Future work can include the application of this technique for bit map images. Some techniques can be made to improve the quality of resultant image and also to reduce the power consumption. V. REFERENCES 1. Adi Shamir, “How to Share a Secret”, published in ACM, Laboratory for Computer science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1979. 2. Naor M. and Shamir A, “Visual cryptography” , In Proc. Eurocrypt 94, Perugia, Italy, May 9–12, LNCS 950, Springer Verlag, 1994, 1–12. 3. “What are Visual Secret Sharing Schemes”, General concept. 4. Giuseppe Ateniese, Carlo Blundo, Alfredo De Santis, and Douglas R. Stinson, “Visual Cryptography for general access structure”, ICALP'96, Italy, 1996. 5. Frank Stajano, “Visual Cryptography Kit”, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 1998, http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~fms27/vck/. 6. Zhi Zhou, Gonzalo R. Arce and Giovanni Di Crescenzo, “Half tone Visual Cryptography”, IEEE Transaction on image processing, vol.15, no.8, 2006. 7. Stelvio Cimato, Alfredo De Santis, Anna Lisa Ferrara, Barbara Masucci, “Ideal contrast visual cryptography schemes with reversing”, Information Processing Letters, Elsevier. 8. Jim Cai, “A Short Survey On Visual Cryptography Schemes”, 2004. 9. M.Naor and A.Shamir. “Visual cryptography II: Improving the contrast via the cover base”. Theory of Cryptography Library, (96-07), 1996. 10. Ch. Ratna Babu, M.Shridhar, Dr. B. Raveendra Babu “Information Hiding in a Gray Scale Image using Pseudo – Randomised Visual Cryptography Algorithm for Visual Information Security”, IEEE, 2013. BIOGRAPHY Akshatha M M Completed her BE under Visvesvaraiah Technological University, Belgaum in Electronics and Communication Engineering. She completed her M. Tech degree, under the same university in VLSI and Embedded Systems. At present she is working as an Asst. Professor in Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru. Lokesh B Is the Associate Professor and HOD in the department of Electronics and Electricals in SIT, Mangalore. He is also a research scholar under Visveswaraiah Technological University, Belgaum. Nuthan A C Completed his BE in Electronics and Communication Engineering and M. Tech in Digital Electronics under Visvesvaraiah Technological University. At present he is working as Assistant Professor in the department of Electronics and Communication in GMIT, Mandya. He is also a research scholar under Jain University, Bangalore.