A Review of Previous Work on an Approach to Design and Construction of Low Height Gravity Dam

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A REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK ON AN APPROACH TO DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION OF LOW HEIGHT GRAVITY DAM
Anupam Kumar Pandey1, Rohit Rai2
1Chartered Engineer & Scholar of M tech (Structure Engineering), Department of Civil Engineering, Maharishi
University of Information Technology, Lucknow.
2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Maharishi University of Information Technology, Lucknow.
-----------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract : -This paper presents a comprehensive
review of published literature on gravity dams especially
earthen dams. The first tools to design earth dams to resist
piping were developed during 1910–1935. Filter criteria for
dispersive soils was refined in the 1970’s. Piping phenomena
are generally defined as: (1) heave, (2) internal erosion, (3)
backwards erosion, although other modes are possible. Tim
Stephens restrict to the construction of earth dams no
higher than 5 m from streambed to finished crest level.
Grishin, M. M. Gidrotekhnicheskie sooruzheniia. Moscow,
suggest about the type of section of earthen dam and
materials to be used for the construction of the dam. Murray
Fredlund1 , Ph.D., P.Eng., HaiHua Lu1 , M.Sc., and Tiequn
Feng2 , Ph.D., P.Eng. Shell Albian Sands, Ft. McMurray,
Alberta, Canada had been given an important conclusion on
topic ‘Combined Seepage and Slope Stability Analysis of
Rapid Drawdown Scenarios for Levee Design’ in which They
concluded that The strength of levees can be affected during
fluctuations in the water table. The construction of dam at
suitable site is needed on those rivers which carry huge
amount of rain water. It is needed to review the work
carried out by different researchers in context of the especial
need arisen at Lucknow in river Gomti, where the
construction of dam is to be carried out in flowing water
without diverting it.
Kew Words: Geo Bags, R.B.M.(river bed
material),Barrage, River front, Boulder.
Introduction : -
A dam is a hydraulic structure constructed across a river
or natural stream to store water on its upstream side. It is
an impervious or semi impervious barrier put across a
natural stream so that the reservoir is formed. It is very
difficult to say as where and when the first man made dam
was built. Archeological evidences helps in estimating that
the very first man made dam is at least 3000 - 5000 years
old.
The first Modern dam of the world was constructed on
the Nile river in Egypt at Aswan. It was completed in 1902
and was as major engineering project. Material used in this
dam construction was stone. The Second Modern dam of
the world was Roosevelt Dam constructed on the salt River
of Arizona (U.S.A.) completed in 1911. Material used in its
construction was the solid blocks of concrete. Which was
the type known as “Solid Masonry Gravity Dam.`` Hoover
Dam (726’high) Bhakhra Dam (740’high) are some of
example of “Solid concrete gravity dam type”. The material
of construction is generally earth, wooden planks, stone,
bricks, sand, coarse aggregate, cement and steel which is
used in most of the construction of dams. After proper
designing, the site is vacated from the water by diverting
the water through side channel spillway by constructing a
coffer dam on upstream side. In conditions where if, river
of water is stopped in downstream side away few
kilometers from the construction site by structure like
barrage, as it has to be done in Lucknow just to maintain
level of water in river to feed a pump house for the
purpose of supplying drinking water to nearby localities,
Obviously it is impossible to vacate the construction site in
this condition and construction of new gravity dam is to be
done in water as already flows in river because the level of
water in river could not be lowered otherwise water
pumped by the said pumping station could be stopped and
the people of the nearby, who are served by these pumps,
could be agitated, the result of which would be as the
problem of law and order in the city. This would be
possible by various ways but here the requirement of a
such type of dam which has to serve for three to five years.
By intensive studying a large number of literature of dam
construction. It is found to construct the dam by using E.C.
Bags, Geo bags, Boulders, Bali Piling and earth.
Literature Review : --
Gravity dam is designed for various forces especially for
the overturning moment and for the sliding forces. Proper
design is also required to safeguard against piping which is
a severe problem in the design of Earthen dam.

[1] Rajendra Deshpande, Hindustan Construction Co.
Ltd. Mumbai, India on the topic of ‘’Geo-Textile Sand
Container Mattresses ( GSCM ) Lining For Temporary
River Diversion Channels ‘’.Traditionally, diversion
channels are lined with (rip rap) boulders, 600 to 800 mm
thick, in concrete ribs. Well graded sand filter of thickness
varying from 300 to 600 mm is provided below the
boulders. Collection of large quantity of boulders, its
transportation to the site and stacking in a very short time
frame involves unavoidable delays and higher costs. In
some cases, like the one faced by HCC at Teesta hydro-
electric project, the unavailability of the boulders itself was
the bottleneck in lining constructing. Considering the
constraints associated with this traditional design, a need
was felt to develop an economical, speedy and reliable
method of lining. Geo-Textile Sand Container
Mattresses (GSCM) Lining was conceived, designed and
installed for the Teesta IV Hydro electric project by HCC.
Geo bags are used for construction of dam and also used to
protect the open surfaces of dam to protect it against
erosion.Sand filled Geo textile bag can be used for river
revetments, Riverbank protection and River training
works. Traditionally stone boulders are used for river
revetments, bank protection and river training works, but
it is costly country like Bangladesh. Geo textile bags found
best in place of stone boulders.
[2] Rajendra Deshpande, Hindustan Construction Co.
Ltd. Mumbai, India on the topic of ‘’Geo-Textile Sand
Container Mattresses ( GSCM ) Lining For Temporary
River Diversion Channels ‘’.1.Geo textile bags launch
down the slope when the river erodes the bank under a
launching heap or a falling apron. Slopes after launching
are approximately 1V:2H, according to field observations
and model tests. Diving investigations indicate that the
gaps between adjacent launched bags are small, less than
hand size. These observations make geo textile bags
suitable for providing erosion protection on banks
consisting of consolidated sandy soil. 2. Geo textile bags of
the dimensions used in providing stable elements for long
parallel slope protection or revetments along riverbanks.
Flow velocities along revetments are generally less than
half those at exposed corners or spur heads, as indicated
by physical model tests . 3. Geo textile bags of 126 kg filled
weight are stable against near bed velocities of up to 2.9
and 2.6 m/s on slopes of 1V:2H and 1V:1.5H respectively.
This corresponds to depth-averaged velocities of more
than 3 m/s. Bags of 90 kg are stable for slightly lower
velocities. These values are well above observed at the
sites. 4. Geo textile bags provide high stability against
currents. The main reason is the substantial difference in
shape: flexible geo textile bags lying flat on the bank show
high resistance to flow forces. Also, bags are flexible and
over time form a smooth layer, so that they do not project
into the flow and generate local turbulence.
[3] Kevin S. Richards Æ Krishna R. Reddy ‘Critical
appraisal of piping phenomena in earth dams’
Excluding the advances in filter engineering, there have
been few significant advances with respect to piping in non
cohesive soils since Lane’s weighted creep method was
published in 1934. Other than Moffat and Fanning (2006)
and A˚ berg (1993), very little recent work has been done
with respect to piping in cohesion less soils. Although
some headway is being made with the recent focus on
related failures, dams are still failing by piping and more
work remains to be done in this field. Even in spite of the
number of advances in our understanding of piping
phenomena, there are still a large number of incidents that
occur due to concentrated leakage or formation of
sinkholes in embankment dams. This re - flects a need for
increased attention to the prevention of these potential
failure modes .
[4] Murray Fredlund1, Ph.D., P. Eng. Hay Hue Lu1,
M.Sc., and Tiequn Feng2 , Ph.D., P. Eng. Shell Albion
Sands, Ft. McMurray, Alberta, Canada ‘Combined
Seepage and Slope Stability Analysis of Rapid
Drawdown Scenarios for Levee Design’ .The strength of
levees can be affected during fluctuations in the water
table. It is also possible for the climate to have an influence
on the position of the water table in an earth levee.
Traditional methods have resulted in approximate
methods for dealing with the transient fluctuations of the
water table in a levee. These approximations are generally
accepted in engineering practice but the question can be
rightfully raised as to how these approximations compare
to a rigorous transient combined seepage and slope
stability analysis. There are new questions that can be
asked. Does an effective stress analysis diverge
significantly from the 3-stage Duncan (1990) analysis? The
primary difference is related to consideration of transient
pore water pressures in the slope stability analysis. A
secondary influence is the effect of geometry on the flow
regime in an earth dam or levee. As a general note the total
stress Duncan et al. (1990) 3-stage analysis seems to be
conservative. There is an opportunity to more closely
simulate soil behavior with respect to time and thereby
optimize the design of levees with the result that there is a
saving in costs by utilizing an effective stress analysis.
[5] Tim Stephen, Investment center division, FOOD
AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED
NATIONS, Rome .( Manual on small earth dams A guide
to siting, design and construction. In all dam
construction, safety must be given priority and designer
should follow the guidelines below: Designer should

restrict themselves to the construction of earth dams no
Dams on catchment areas exceeding 25 km2 or with
reservoir areas storing more than 50 000 m3 may require
the advice of a hydrologist to assist in the design of
spillways and other outlets and for the estimation of
freeboard. No spillway should be less than 10 m wide and
1 m deep for catchments up to 5 km2 and should be at least
15 m wide and 1.5 m deep for catchments exceeding this
area. Any dam that involves out of the ordinary
topography (i.e. steep slopes upstream, risks of landslips),
hydrology (i.e. flash floods, droughts, snowmelt) or soils
(i.e. poor quality soils, sodic soils, permeable layers in the
soil, bare earth surfaces in the catchment) should only be
designed and constructed under the supervision of a
qualified engineer. Before any dam is constructed, an
assessment of the hazard potential should be made.
[6] Raghvendra Singh QIP Scholar, Department of Civil
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur721302, WB. ‘Investigation of Liquefaction
Failure in Earthen Dams during Bhuj Earthquake’
Damaging effects of Bhuj Earthquake on embankment
dams have been considered with particular reference to
Chang Dam, Fatehgadh Dam and Kaswati Dam.
Liquefaction to various extents of the foundation soils
underneath these embankment dams during Bhuj
Earthquake have been reported as one of the major causes
of the distress within these dams. The data presented in
this paper indicate that liquefaction within the shallow
foundation soils would have been widespread underneath
Chang Dam, while that underneath Fatehgadh Dam and
Kaswati Dam were relatively localized. This assessment is
in qualitative agreement with the facts that the damage to
Chang Dam was near total, while those inflicted on the
other two dams were relatively less pronounced. The
sliding block method was then used to estimate the
magnitude of observed deformations. This exercise
indicates that the inferred failure pattern and magnitudes
of deformation for the three dams are in reasonable
agreement with observations.
[7]Grishin, M. M. Gidrotekhnicheskie sooruzheniia. Mo
scow, 1968. Stroitel’stvo, vol. 1. Moscow, 1964.(Entsikl
opediiasovremennoi tekhniki.)Adam built of soil materi
als (sand, loam, clay, and so on), with a trapezoidal or nearl
y trapezoidal cross section. Earthendams are usually of the
fixed type (without the flow of water over the crown); the
y are commonly used in many countriesbecause of their si
mplicity of construction and maintenance.
[8] New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation Bureau of Flood Protection and Dam
Safety. When the Wachusett Reservoir was constructed at
the turn of the last century, the earthen dams - or dikes -
were intended to remain free of trees and shrubs to ensure
their integrity. In addition to the new weir and spillway,
the contract calls for raising the height of the
existing earthen dam approximately three feet by
constructing a 12,000-foot-long concrete parapet wall atop
the existing dam. Regular monitoring is essential to detect
seepage and prevent dam failure. Knowledge of the dam's
history is important to determine whether the seepage
condition is in a steady or changing state. It is important to
keep written records of points of seepage exit, quantity
and content of flow, size of wet area, and type of vegetation
for later comparison. Photographs provide invaluable
records of seepage.
[9] GUIDELINES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF EARTH-
FILL DAMS State of Tasmania 2008 .Population at Risk
(PAR) is defined in the ANCOLD Guidelines on Assessment
of the Consequences of Dam Failure (May 2000): ‘Includes
all those persons who would be directly exposed to flood
waters within the dam break affected zone if they took no
action to evacuate’. and considers: ‘Flood depths and
velocities are relevant in estimating PAR (generally, an
inundation depth of 0.3 metres or more can be used as an
indication of the area where the population is at risk)’.
When estimating the PAR the following issues should be
taken into account: • Groupings of dwellings. • Roads and
railway lines. • Camping areas and occupancy times. •
Allowance for itinerants (fisherman, bushwalkers,
birdwatchers, and picnickers). • River crossing and
bridges. • Occupation of schools, factories, retirement
homes, hospitals, institutions, commercial and retail areas.
[10] G S R Murthy1, Katta G Murty2 and G Raghupathy3
1 Indian Statistical Institute, Hyderabad. Designing
Earth Dams Optimally Engineering design of an earth
dam is a crucial issue from the view point of safety and
economy of construction cost. In this paper we have
looked the problem of designing earth dams as an
optimization problem. Majority of the dams constructed
are earth dams as they are most economical. Factor of
safety is an important and mandatory aspect of designing
earth dams. The factor of safety is evaluated using slip
circle method. This method is most widely used and
recommended method for evaluating the factor of safety.
As per the mandatory recommendations, the factors of
safety should be evaluated under different conditions.
[11] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ilding of a dam
and the filling of the reservoir behind it places a new
weight on the floor and sides of a valley. The stress of the
water increases linearly with its depth. Water also pushes
against the upstream face of the dam, a nonrigid structure
that under stress behaves semi plastically, and causes

greater need for adjustment (flexibility) near the base of
the dam than at shallower water levels. Thus the stress
level of the dam must be calculated in advance of building
to ensure that its break level threshold is not
exceeded.[4]Overtopping or overflow of an embankment
dam beyond its spillway capacity will cause its
eventual failure. The erosion of the dam's material by
overtopping runoff will remove masses of material whose
weight holds the dam in place and against the hydraulic
forces acting to move the dam.
[12] ACGI Department of Civil & Environmental
Engineering Imperial College of Science, Technology &
Medicine London, United Kingdom September 2013
Many earth dams around the world are located in zones
characterized by moderate to high seismicity. Their
seismic stability can be particularly critical for the safety of
the areas in the downstream side and therefore an in
depth understanding of their response during earthquakes
is required.
[13] Bhyravamurth, Panthragadi, "Design and
construction of earth dams." (1949).The dam is to be
constructed as per the design and the specifications. The
compaction is attained by the mechanical effort at the
optimum moisture content. The mechanical effort is
influenced by the type of roller, its weight and the number
of passes. Field control is affected by vigilant supervision,
needle penetration, ring test and sand test. The
construction is to be carried out according to a plan of
seven stages.
[14] E. Yıldız & A.F. Gürdil Temelsu International
Engineering Services Inc., Ankara, Turkey. Review on
Seismic Design of Concrete Gravity or RCC Dams It is
not economical to increase the strength requirements
because of the stress concentrations at areas where abrupt
geometry changes are inevitable. There may be
considerable permanent displacements along the assumed
cracking surface in case of MDE loading. However, these
deformations and the relevant damage may be considered
as acceptable where the inelastic behavior is evaluated in a
realistic way by advanced analysis methods, and the
stability of the dam or critical blocks are satisfied during
and after the earthquake considering the post-earthquake
material and load conditions and possible aftershocks.
[15] I found very helpful the book ‘’ Irrigation Engineering
and Hydraulic Structures ‘’ written By Santosh Kumar
Garg .In this book writer has given very comprehensive
analysis and design methods and in evaluation of various
forces encountered by a dam in its service periods.
[16] The book ‘’ Irrigation and Water Power Engineering ‘’
written By Dr. B. C. Punamia is found very useful the
detailed discussion about the design of filter materials
which is helpful in controlling the failure due to seepage .
[17] I also found helpful the book ‘’ Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulic Structures ‘’ written By P.N. Modi and Seth. The
writer has given very elaborate materials about the
various liquid forces enacting on the various surfaces.
Results and discussions : --- By Reviewing of
the findings and conclusions of the various reputed
researchers, it could be understand the importance of site
selection, structural designing, selection of appropriate
materials and various aspects related to gravity dams
construction specially earthen dams .
The guidelines laid down by Tim Stephens about the
design and construction of earthen dam is found very
useful. He restrict to the construction of earth dams no
Dams on catchment areas exceeding 25 km2 or with
reservoir areas storing more than 50 000 m3 may require
the advice of a hydrologist to assist in the design of
spillways and other outlets and for the estimation of
freeboard.
It is also found useful the suggestions of
Grishin, M. M. Gidrotekhnicheskie sooruzheniia. Moscow,a
bout the type of section of earthen dam and materials to be
used for the construction of the
dam.Adam built of soil materials (sand, loam, clay, and so o
n), with a trapezoidal or nearly trapezoidal cross section. E
arthendams are usually of the fixed type (without the flow
of water over the crown). It is relevant to collect the data
required for calculating the PAR value as suggested in
Guidelines for the Construction of earth-fill dams state of
tasmania 2008 .While estimating the PAR the following
issues should be taken into account: • Groupings of
dwellings. • Roads and railway lines. • Camping areas and
occupancy times. • Allowance for itinerants (fisherman,
bushwalkers, birdwatchers, and picnickers). • River
crossing and bridges. • Occupation of schools, factories,
retirement homes, hospitals, institutions, commercial and
retail areas.
It is relevant here to mention the work carried out by
Murray Fredlund1 , Ph.D., P.Eng., HaiHua Lu1 , M.Sc., and
Tiequn Feng2 , Ph.D., P.Eng. Shell Albian Sands, Ft.
McMurray, Alberta, Canada on topic ‘Combined Seepage
and Slope Stability Analysis of Rapid Drawdown Scenarios
for Levee Design’ in which They concluded that The
strength of levees can be affected during fluctuations in the
water table. It is also possible for the climate to have an
influence on the position of the water table in an earth
levee. Traditional methods have resulted in approximate
methods for dealing with the transient fluctuations of the

water table in a levee. These approximations are generally
accepted in engineering practice but the question can be
rightfully raised as to how these approximations compare
to a rigorous transient combined seepage and slope
stability analysis. There are new questions that can be
asked. Does an effective stress analysis diverge
significantly from the 3-stage Duncan (1990) analysis? The
primary difference is related to consideration of transient
pore water pressures in the slope stability analysis. A
secondary influence is the effect of geometry on the flow
regime in an earth dam or levee. As a general note the total
stress Duncan et al. (1990) 3-stage analysis seems to be
conservative. There is an opportunity to more closely
simulate soil behavior with respect to time and thereby
optimize the design of levees with the result that there is a
saving in costs by utilizing an effective stress analysis.
It will also be useful here to quote the study carried out by
Raghvendra Singh QIP Scholar, Department of Civil
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
721302, WB. On topic ‘Investigation of Liquefaction Failure
in Earthen Dams during Bhuj Earthquake’ and arrived at
the conclusions as Damaging effects of Bhuj Earthquake on
embankment dams have been considered with particular
reference to Chang Dam, Fatehgadh Dam and Kaswati
Dam. Liquefaction to various extents of the foundation
soils underneath these embankment dams during Bhuj
Earthquake have been reported as one of the major causes
of the distress within these dams. The data presented in
this paper indicate that liquefaction within the shallow
foundation soils would have been widespread underneath
Chang Dam, while that underneath Fatehgadh Dam and
Kaswati Dam were relatively localized. This assessment is
in qualitative agreement with the facts that the damage to
Chang Dam was near total, while those inflicted on the
other two dams were relatively less pronounced. The
sliding block method was then used to estimate the
magnitude of observed deformations. This exercise
indicates that the inferred failure pattern and magnitudes
of deformation for the three dams are in reasonable
agreement with observations.
By studying a no of researches carried out by the learned
researchers we found that they are all concerned to dam
design and construction on such a site where there are no
water present at work site or the construction site is first
vacated by the construction of coffer dam or through sheet
piling.
As concern to the dam construction without diverting the
water from the river as if specific conditions compel is yet
to be explored. I would find perhaps useful the geo textile
bags discussed by Rajendra Deshpande, Hindustan
Construction Co. Ltd. Mumbai, India on the topic of ‘’Geo-
Textile Sand Container Mattresses ( GSCM ) Lining For
Temporary River Diversion Channels. As A challenge was
arisen before us to construct a dam in river Gomti at
Lucknow without diverting the water from the river as the
specific conditions compel and we found a way to design
the same and construct it by using geo bags along with clay
and materials required to lay down the filter at the toe of
the dam.
Conclusion : -
By studying a no of researches carried out by the learned
researchers we found that they are all concerned to dam
design and construction on such a site where there are no
water present at work site or the construction site is first
vacated by the construction of coffer dam or through sheet
piling.
A challenge was arisen to construct a dam in river Gomti at
Lucknow to fulfill two objectives –
First, to maintain the level of water in river which was
already maintained by the gates of barrage to fulfill the
need of pumping station situated 9.50 km.on upstream
side of barrage. It was decided to construct the dam in
somewhere between pumping station and barrage.
Obiviously, there was no chance to remove water from the
site where the construction of dam was proposed. So the
construction had to be executed in somewhat still water
and somewhat flowing with little velocity.
Second, to clean the river by Drezing and to execute the
work related to river front development downstream from
the construction site and it is also required to run the dam
at least the time till the development work is to be
completed about four to five years.
Obviously a specific condition arises where construction of
a dam in river Gomti at Lucknow without diverting the
water from the river is required and the construction of a
dam without diverting the water from the river is needed
to be explored .
REFRENCES :--
1. Rajendra Deshpande, Hindustan Construction Co. Ltd.
Mumbai, India on the topic of ‘’Geo-Textile Sand
Container Mattresses (GSC) Lining For Temporary
River Diversion Channels ‘’.
2. By Northwest Hydraulic Consultants, Edmonton ,
Alberta , Canada ‘’ and ‘’ Bangladesh Water
Development Board Motijheel , Bangladesh.’’

3. Critical appraisal of piping phenomena in earth dams
Kevin S. Richards Æ Krishna R. Reddy
4. Tim Stephens , Investment center division, FOOD AND
AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED
NATIONS, Rome .( Manual on small earth dams A
guide to siting, design and construction.
5. Grishin, M. M. Gidrotekhnicheskie sooruzheniia. Mosco
w, 1968. Stroitel’stvo, vol. 1. Moscow, 1964.(Entsiklop
ediiasovremennoi tekhniki.)
6. ‘Investigation of Liquefaction Failure in Earthen Dams
during Bhuj Earthquake’ Raghvendra Singh QIP
Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology, Kharagpur.
7. New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation Bureau of Flood Protection and Dam
Safety.
8. GUIDELINES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF EARTH-
FILL DAMS © State of Tasmania 2008 Water
Resources Division Department of Primary Industries
and Water GPO Box 44 Hobart TAS 7001
9. Designing Earth Dams Optimally G S R Murthy1 , Katta
G Murty2 and G Raghupathy3 1 Indian Statistical
Institute, Hyderabad.
10. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
11. LOIZOS PELECANOS MEng(Hons) ACGI Department of
Civil & Environmental Engineering Imperial College of
Science, Technology & Medicine London, United
Kingdom September 2013 .
12. Bhyravamurthy, Panthragadi, "Design and
construction of earth dams." (1949). Electronic Theses
and Dissertations. Paper 2345.
13. Bureau, G.J. (2003). Dams and Appurtenant Facilities.
Earthquake Engineering Handbook, Chapter 26, Chen
W. And Scawthorn C. ed., CRC Press. Chopra, A.K.
(1988).
14. Earthquake Response Analysis of Concrete Dams.
Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction
and Rehabilitation, Chapter 15, Rober B. Jansen ed.,
Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
15. El-Aidi, B. (1988). Nonlinear Reponse of Concrete
Gravity Dam Systems. Report No. EERL-88-02,
Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory,
California Institute of Technology. FEMA. (2005).
16. Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety, Earthquake
Analysis and Design of Dams. Gürdil, A. F. (2004),
Cindere Barajının Yapısal Tasarımı. 1. Ulusal Baraj ve
Hidroelektrik Santralar Sempozyumu – DSİ, Ankara.
ICOLD. (1989).
17. Selecting Seismic Parameters for Large Dams , Bulletin
72. ICOLD European Club. (2004). Working Group on
Sliding Safety of Existing Gravity Dams, Final Report.
Itasca Consulting Group, Inc. (2008).
18. FLAC ver 6.0 User’s Guide, Dynamic Analysis,
Minneapolis:Itasca. Martin, J.R. (2010). Pervari Dam
and HEPP Project Final Seismic Risk Assessment
Report. Pervari Elektrik Üretim Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.
Mirzabozorg, H. Ve Kianoush, M.R. (2008).
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Damage Mechanics Approach. 14th World Conference
on Earthquake Engineering, October 12-17, Beijing,
China Panel on Earthquake Engineering for Concrete
Dams. (1990).
20. Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams: Design,
Performance and Research Needs. National Academy
Press, Washington DC.
21. Scheulen, F., Gersdorff, V.N., Duran, Z. Knarr, M.
(2010). Numerical Model Validation for Large
Concrete Gravity Dams. USSD 30th Annual USSD
Conference, Sacramento, California, April 12-16, 233-
248 USACE. (1995).
22. Gravity Dam Design, EM 1110-2-2200. USACE. (2000).
Roller Compacted Concrete, EM-1110-2-2006. USACE.
(2003). Time History Dynamic Analyses of Concrete
Hydraulic Structures, EM-1110-2-6051. USACE.
(2007).
23. Earthquake Design and Evaluation of Concrete
Hydraulic Structures, EM-1110-2-6053. Wieland, M.
(2008). Analysis Aspects of Dams Subjected to Strong
Ground Shaking. International Water Power and Dam
Construction, March 2008, 28-31. Yamaguchi, Y., Hall,
R., Takashi, S.,Matheu, E., Kanenawa, K., Chudgar, A.,
Yule, D. (2004).
24. Seismic Performance Evaluation of Concrete Gravity
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concrete gravity dams. Proc. ASCE, EM4.

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