A Review on Channel Capacity Enhancement in OFDM

ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp: (101-106), Month: July 2015 - September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 101
Paper Publications
A Review on Channel Capacity Enhancement
in OFDM
1
Pawandeep Kaur, 2
Sonia
1
Student, 2
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electronics and Communication, Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Engineering
College, Fatehgarh Sahib, India
Abstract: The growing demand on wireless communication service has created the necessity to support higher data
rates for multimedia services. .As next generation wireless communication networks are expected to provide
broadband multimedia services such as voice, web browsing, video conferencing etc. For high data rate
achievement one must enhance the capacity of the wireless communication system. The capacity of a
communication system can be enhanced by using OFDM system. OFDM is commonly used for communication
system due to its high transmission rate and robustness against multipath fading So as to enhance the capacity of
fading channels the OFDM system are combined to form hybrid system. Capacity is the measure of maximum
information that can be transmitted reliably over a channel. This paper review on different channel capacity
enhancement techniques used in OFDM system is SVD (Singular Value Decomposition), water Filling algorithm.
Keywords: OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), Singular value decomposition, Water Filling
Algorithm.
1. INTRODUCTION1
High data-rate wireless access is demanded by many applications. Traditionally, more bandwidth is required for higher
data-rate transmission. However, due to spectral limitations, it is often impractical or sometimes very expensive to
increase bandwidth. Wireless communication systems disadvantages have esteemed ISI which emerges from multipath
propagation and characteristic delay spread. The schemes which are based on multicarrier like Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) can be utilized for varnishing ISI to enhance the capacity and spectral efficiency (bps/Hz)
in wireless communication systems. In OFDM, the entire channel is divided into many narrow parallel sub-channels,
thereby increasing the symbol duration and reducing or eliminating the ISI caused by the multipath. Therefore, OFDM
has been used in digital audio and video broadcasting in Europe, and is a promising choice for future high-data-rate
wireless systems. At the transmitter OFDM modulated data is transmitted from multiple antennas in an OFDM system.
The signals transmitted with subcarriers from other antennas are mutually orthogonal. The data streams from different
subcarriers are concentrate by receiver after OFDM demodulation in consequence with a time varying channel, we ought
a easy algorithm which robustly alter transmit specifications for achieving high capacity. System capacity can be further
enhanced by using water filling algorithm, singular value decomposition and many other techniques which considerably
enhances the capacity of the wireless communication system. The channel matrix is decoupled into spatial domain by
SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) scheme. OFDM systems are best choice for increasing the capacity of wireless
communication system because of characteristics like reduced ISI, reduced ICI (Inter carrier interference), optimized
power consumption and easy transmission of symbol in time, frequency and space Due to the advantages such as inter-
symbol interference (ISI) free communication, high spectral effectiveness, and decreased equalization complexity we are
focus on high data rate wireless communication. The paper reveals that OFDM system with SVD and water filling
algorithm.

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2. RELATED WORK
L. S et.al [1] had proposed the iterative water filling algorithm to enhance the channel capacity of MIMO OFDM system.
The simulation had been carried out on MATLAB 2010a using different antenna arrangements over Rayleigh, Rician and
Nakagami fading channels. Moreover bit error rate (BER) performance of MIMO OFDM system had been compared over
different modulation schemes.
R. Hidayat et.al [2] had proposed channel estimation for spatial multiplexing was investigated for MIMO OFDM system.
Pilot symbols were used to gather knowledge about the channel and attempt to approximate it. By using the pilot symbol
the channel estimation can be done and is called pilot promoting channel estimation. In that analysis, Least Square (LS)
mechanism was chosen for beginning channel estimation. Zero Forcing (ZF) algorithms were utilized to recognize and
divide the received signal. The result showed that by increasing the SNR channel estimation would be excellent.
H. Deshmukh et.al [5] had implemented water filling algorithm for allocating power to the MIMO channels for
enhancing the capacity of the MIMO network. The water filling algorithm had provide solution with the help of channel
state information. The singular value decomposition and water filing algorithm had been employed to measure the
performance of MIMO OFDM integrated system.
Md.Rahim et.al [8] had presented the singular value decomposition and water filling algorithm had been employed to
measure the performance of MIMO OFDM integrated system. Therefore, at the same carrier frequency the capacity was
raised by communicating various streams of data over different antennas. Any Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) produced
after the transmission was recovered by using spatial sampling integrated with signal processing algorithm.
H.Wang et.al [6] had proposed optimal cooperative water filling algorithm for power allocation in OFDM system. The
transmitter first cooperates by sharing CSI (channel sate information) and then jointly optimizes power assigning in the
metric of total output, which could be modeled as a convex optimization problem. Based on the resolution, the optimal
cooperative power assigning method was constructed, the structure of which could be related to as a cooperative water
filling comparative to the common water filling.
3. BASIC OFDM SYSTEM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a famous wireless multicarrier transmission scheme. It is a
favorable contender for next-generation wired and wireless systems. The fundamental standard of OFDM is to divide
huge data stream into total number of low rate streams so that the lower rate data can be communicated together over a
fraction of subcarriers. In OFDM, the quantity of dispersion in time, originated by multipath delay spread, is diminished
due to the raised symbol duration for decreased ratio lateral subcarriers. The field of OFDM is also powerful because of
the need of nearest channels space. Interferences are interrupted by preparing complete the carriers orthogonal to one
other. In this, N subcarriers OFDM scheme, firstly data streams are traveled through an OFDM modulator. After this
OFDM symbols are passed at the same time over the transmit antennas. At the receiver side, then OFDM demodulator is
used for passing the exclusive received signals. For achieving the desired output, the OFDM demodulators output are
decoded and rearranged. Fig.1 depicts the symbolic diagram of a fundamental OFDM system.
Fig 1: OFDM System

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4. THE PROS AND CONS OF OFDM
1) Resisting ISI and Compressing ICI: When signal passes over a time-dispersive medium, the orthogonality of the data
can loss. CP assist to preserve orthogonality among the sub-carriers. Before CP was invented, guard interval was proposed
as the solution. Guard interval was defined by an empty space between two OFDM symbols. This empty guard time
introduces ICI. Later, a better solution was later found that cyclic extension of OFDM symbol or CP, which is a copy of
the last part of OFDM symbol, appended in front of the transmitted OFDM symbol. CP still occupies the same time
interval as guard period, but it confirms that the deferred replicas of the OFDM symbols will regularly have a entire
symbol inside FFT interval this makes the transmitted signal periodic. This periodicity plays a very significant role as this
helps maintaining the orthogonality.
2) Spectral Efficiency: A prominent spectral ability is attained by preserving orthogonality among the subcarriers. When
orthogonally is maintained between different sub-channels during transmission, then it is possible to separate the signals
very easily at the receiver side[20] .Orthogonality makes it possible in OFDM to arrange the subcarriers in such a way
that the sidebands of the exclusive carriers overlay also still the signals are received at the receiver without being
interfered by ICI. The receiver acts as a reserve of demodulators, converting every subcarrier down to DC, with the
resulting signal integrated over a symbol period to recover raw data.
3) Immunity to selective fading: If the channel undergoes frequency selective fading, then complex equalization
techniques are required at the receiver for single carrier modulation techniques. But in the case of OFDM the available
bandwidth is split among many orthogonal narrowly spaced sub-carriers. [17]Thus the available channel bandwidth is
converted into many narrow flat- fading sub-channels. Hence it can be assumed that the subcarriers experience flat fading
only, though the channel gain/phase associated with the sub-carriers may vary. In the receiver, each sub-carrier just needs
to be weighted according to the channel gain/phase encountered by it. Even if some sub-carriers are completely lost due to
fading, proper coding and interleaving at the transmitter can recover the user data.
4) Resilient to narrow-band effects: Using sufficient channel coding and interleaving it is desirable to retrieve symbols
disappear.[14] Channel coding refers to the class of signal transformations designed to improve communications
performance by enabling the transmitted signals to better withstand the effects of various channel impairments, such as
noise, interference, and fading. FEC is adept by calculating redundancy to the transmitted data practicing a predetermined
algorithm. Each redundant bit is invariably a complicated function of abundant primary information bits. The primary data
may or may not arrive in the encrypted output; codes that combine the direct input in the output are standardized, while
those that do not are non standardized. If Channel coding is applied; the performance of OFDM is expected to be
significantly improved through time diversity of channel coding as well as through inherent frequency diversity of the
OFDM. In a multipath fading channel, if the data loss in a sub carrier channel occurs due to deep fade, it can be recovered
from the coded data in alternative sub carrier channels which may not suffer from the same level of fade distortion.
5) Simpler channel equalization: By adopting multiple sub-channels it is an advantage of OFDM that the channel
equalization becomes much easy.[19]Inserting an equalizer realized as an adaptive system before the FFT processing, the
influence of variable delay and multipath could be mitigated in order to remove or reduce considerably the guard interval
and to gain some spectral efficiency. In OFDM, the orthogonal subcarriers can be assumed to undergo flat fading in a
frequency selective channel permitting operation without an equalizer especially when differential data encoding is used.
However, in OFDM, the data symbols are no longer confined to orthogonal subcarriers and, therefore, an equalizer is
required for operation in frequency selective channels.
6) Efficient modulation and demodulation: Modulation and Demodulation of the sub-carriers is done using IFFT and
FFT methods respectively, which are computationally efficient. By performing the modulation and demodulation in the
digital domain, the need for highly frequency stable oscillators is avoided. OFDM makes efficient use of the spectrum by
allowing overlap.
7) It is less sensitive to sample timing offsets than single carrier systems [20]. To decode the OFDM signal the receiver
has to take the FFT of each received symbol, to work out the phase and amplitude of the subcarriers. For an ideal channel
with no delay spread the receiver can pick any time offset, up to the length of the guard period, and still get the correct
number of samples, without crossing a symbol boundary. Because of the cyclic nature of the guard period changing the
time offset simply results in a phase rotation of all the subcarriers in the signal. Provided the time offset is held constant

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from symbol to symbol, the phase rotation due to a time offset can be removed out as part of the channel equalization. In
multipath environments ISI reduces the effective length of the guard period leading to a corresponding reduction in the
allowable time offset error.
8) Intelligent antennas can be combined with OFDM. MIMO structure and space–time coding can be recognized at
OFDM.[18].OFDM is a promising digital modulation scheme to simplify the equalization in frequency selective channels
and provide simpler implementations. MIMO communications technology, can achieve significant increases in the
channel capacity. Therefore, the combination of OFDM with MIMO communications, which is MIMO-OFDM systems,
can realize high-performance transmissions .Although, multi-path propagation causes frequency selectivity in broadband
wireless channels, most MIMO systems are used for channels with flat fading. Therefore, the MIMO-OFDM technique
has initially been proposed to use OFDM to alleviate ISI in MIMO systems and found to be a propitious selection for high
data rate wireless broadband communications.
9) Modulation type per subcarrier: Because different modulation schemes will give different performances. Adaptive
modulation and bit loading may be needed depending on the achievement required. It is attractive to tone that the
performance of OFDM systems with differential intonation correlates with systems utilizing non-differential and coherent
detection. Moreover, the computation complication in the detection method is absolutely low in consequence of
differential modulations.
Amongst all attractive advantages of OFDM, there are disadvantages of OFDM[21]:
Strict Synchronization Requirement: OFDM signals are subject to synchronization errors due to oscillator impairments
and sample clock differences. The demodulation of the received radio signal to baseband, possibly via an intermediate
frequency, involves oscillators whose frequencies may not be perfectly aligned with the transmitter frequencies. This
results in a carrier frequency offset. Carrier frequency offset degrades the performance of an OFDM system. When the
baseband signal is sampled at the A/D, the sample clock frequency at the receiver may not be the same as that at the
transmitter. Not only may this sample clock offset cause errors, it may also cause the duration of an OFDM symbol at the
receiver to be different from that at the transmitter. Since the receiver needs to determine when the OFDM symbol begins
for proper demodulation with the FFT, a symbol synchronization algorithm at the receiver is usually necessary. Symbol
synchronization also compensates for delay changes in the channel.
5. CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES
Different techniques used for channel capacity enhancement are :
A. Singular Value Decomposition
B. Water Filling Algorithm
Variants of water filling algorithm are
1. Iterative Water Filling Algorithm
2. Improved iterative Water Filling Algorithm
3. Centralized Iterative Water Filling Algorithm
4. Cluster Water Filling Algorithm
5. Cooperative Water Filling Algorithm
6. Genetic Algorithm based Water Filling
A. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
SVD decomposes a single user system OFDM channel into multiple parallel sub channels, and then transmitting power
can be distributed to these sub channels to obtain channel capacity. This is a valuable method to attain the adequate
efficiency of OFDM wireless system. [8] The DFT decouples the channel matrix in a frequency domain similarly SVD
techniques decoupling the channel matrix in spatial domain. The TxR channel matrix is denoted by H. Suppose H has
separated rows and columns ,SVD yields:

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H =UΣ𝑉ℎ
Where U and V are unitary matrices and 𝑉ℎ is the hermitian of V. U has proportion of RxR and V has dimension of
TxT.If T=R then Σ become a diagonal matrix. If T>R, is made of RxR diagonal matrix followed by T-R zero column. If
T<R, it is made of T x T diagonal matrix followed by R – T 0 rows. This operation is called the singular value
decomposition of H. In case where T ≠ R the number of spatial channels become restricted to minimum to T and R. if the
number of transmit antenna > receive antenna U will be an RxR matrix, V will be a TxT pattern and Σ will be formed of
square matrix of form R pursued by T – R zero columns [10].
Channel matrix singular value decomposition (SVD) method is employed in OFDM systems in order to overcome sub-
channel interference, to allocate transmitted power through sub-channels in an optimum manner and also to design the
space-time coding algorithm efficiently. Thus the SVD estimation is primary method to achieve the adequate capacity of
OFDM systems. The SVD is a nonlinear function and its estimation may become a more complicated problem because it
involves nonlinear optimization methods. The estimation algorithm is developed based on the linear constrained LMS
technique and achieves good performance.
B. Water filling algorithm: Water filling algorithm is a common name disposed to the concept in communication system
design and practice for equalization. As name suggests, just as water find its level uniformly though filled in single
section of a vessel with many opening as a consequence of Pascal’s law. Water filling is used to determine the power
transmitted in each channel to achieve greatest possible capacity. Water filling is the solution of various optimization
problem related to channel capacity. Water filling algorithm solves the problem of maximum mutual information between
input and output of a channel. Water filling indicates to a scheme by which the power for the spatial channels are
accommodated depended on the gain of channels. The channel along huge gain and Signal-to-Noise Ratio is lying down
higher power. Enhanced power stretches the amount of data rates in entire sub channels. The data rate in each sub channel
is related to the power allocation by Shannon’s capacity theorem C = B log (1 + SNR). On the other hand, bec due to the
capacity is a logarithmic part of power, the data rate is commonly indifferent to the precise power distribution. The
Capacity of a MIMO system is algebraic sum of the capacities of all channels and is given by the formula below
We have to maximize the total number of bits to be transported.
1. Iterative Water Filling Algorithm: In consideration of find the accurate value of water level iterative water filling was
proposed. As without water filling the total power is allocated equally between all sub carriers. Water filling algorithm
allocates power among all the sub carriers according to channel gain that greater portion of power goes to sub channel
with higher gain and less or even none to the channel with small gain. Iterative water filling algorithm converges to get
the optimal solution. When there is negative value of power allocation stop iterations.[1],[3],[5]
2. Improved Iterative Water Filling Algorithm: As iterative water filling power allocation among all the users could
result in large computational complexity. To get the quick and accurate calculation of channel capacity and diversity. Its
basic idea is to select a small number of active users, and then to allocate the total power among the effective users using
water filling algorithm, thus to compute the channel capacity.[10]
3. Centralized Iterative Water Filling Algorithm: This algorithm maximizes the system capacity throughput subject to
per Base Station power constraints in downlink OFDM network. It is assumed that central unit could get access to perfect
channel state information and data of all users.[2]
4. Cluster Water Filling Algorithm: Water Filling gives solution to only subcarrier while for the whole sub carrier it is
not water filling, as value of power may vary from one sub carrier to other named as Cluster Water Filling because in each
cluster value of power does not vary. Cluster water filling was proposed to solve the problem of robust transceiver design
as robust design is better than non-robust design.[7]
5. Cooperative Water Filling Algorithm: In cooperative water filling two transmitter and multiple receiver were
employed to maximize the capacity of the system as one receiver should jointly transmitted by two transmitters, and all

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other receivers are transmitted only by one of two transmitters. Transmitters have their own perfect CSI (Channel State
Information), first cooperate by exchanging CSI and then accordingly enhancing the power assigning in the metric of total
capacity.[6]
6. Genetic Algorithm based Water Filling: Water Filling algorithm maximize the bit rate for entire MIMO-OFDM
transmission system and genetic algorithm is a biologically inspired technique inspired by natural evolution such as
inheritance, selection and crossover. Water Filling is combined with genetic algorithm to find the optimum power vector
that maximize the overall throughput of OFDM system while satisfying the total power constraints, bit allocation and in
addition to quality of service.[13]
6. CONCLUSION
OFDM is an effective technique to combat multipath delay spread for wideband wireless transmission. In this paper, it is
concluded that OFDM is a promising technique for achieving high data rate for next generation communication system.
So we discuss the different technique which significantly enhances the capacity of the OFDM wireless communication
system. The various techniques which we discussed have their own advantages and disadvantages.
REFFRENCES
[1] Wireless Communications edition on 2012 by Andrea Goldsmith, Stanford University.
[2] Amitav Mukherjee, Student Member, IEEE, and A. Lee Swindlehurst, Fellow, IEEE, “Modified Waterfilling
Algorithms for MIMO Spatial Multiplexing with Asymmetric CSI”.
[3] Wireless Communications edition on 2012 by Andrea Goldsmith, Stanford University.
[4] H. Deshmukh, R. Dubey and H. Goud, “Performance Evaluation of MIMO OFDM system using Water Filling
Algorithm,” Proceedings of International Conference on Electrical,Electronics and Computer Engineering, Aug.
2013.
[5] H. Wang, Q.Cui, X. Tao, M.Valkama and Y.J.Guo, “Optimal Cooperative Water Filling Allocation for OFDM
system,” IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference,2013.
[6] C.Xing, D.Li, S.Ma, Z.Fei and J.Kaung, “Robust Transceiver Design for MIMO OFDM Systems based on Cluster
Water-Filling,” IEEE Communication Letters, Vol. 17, July 2013.
[7] G.Munz, S.Pfletschinger and J.Speidel, “An Efficient Water-filling Algorithm for Multiple Access OFDM,”IEEE,
Nov. 2002.
[8] Y. Li, N. Seshadri, and S. Ariyavisitakul, “Channel estimation for OFDM systems with transmitter diversity in
mobile wireless channels,” IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 17, pp. 461–471, Mar. 1999.
[9] J.-J. van de Beek, O. Edfors, M. Sandell, S. K. Wilson, and P. O. Börjesson, “On channel estimation in OFDM
systems,” in Proc. 45th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf., July 1995, pp. 815–819.
[10] Md. Noor-A-Rahim, Md. Saiful Islam, Md. Nashid Anjum, Md. Kamal Hosain, and Abbas Z. Kouzani, “ Using
Singular Value Decomposition the Performance of MIMO-OFDM System can be analysed”, Vol. 2, Issue 4, 2011.
[11] Kuldeep Kumar, Manwinder Singh, “Proposed Water filling Model in a MIMO system”, International Journal of
Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering ISSN: 2250-2459, Volume 1, Issue 2, December 2011.
[12] Balaji Naik. M & Jagan naveen.V, “Estimation of Channel Capacity in MIMO-OFDM System using Water Filling
Algorithm”, International Conference on Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vizag, ISBN: 978-93-81693-
56-8, April 28th-29th, 2012.
[13] V. Jagan Naveen, K. Murali Krishna, K. Raja Rajeswari “Channel capacity estimation in MIMO-OFDM system
using water filling algorithm”, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), ISSN: 0975-
5462, Vol. 4, No.06, June 2012.

A Review on Channel Capacity Enhancement in OFDM

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