A. security threats and patterns

Shore-based Ship
Security Team Training
Course

Course Objective
• At the end of the course, the trainee will
be able to demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the requirements for
Ship Security Plans

Course Topics
• Knowledge of current security threats and
patterns;
• The meaning and consequential
requirements of the different security levels;
• Knowledge of the emergency procedures and
contingency plans;
• Recognition and detection of weapons,
dangerous substances and devices;

• Recognition on a non discriminatory basis, of
characteristics and behavioural patterns of
persons who are likely to threaten security;
• Techniques used to circumvent security
measures;
• Security related communications;
• Operations of security equipment and
systems;
• Testing, calibrations and whilst at sea
maintenance of security equipment and
systems;

• Inspection, control, and monitoring
techniques; and
• Methods of physical searches of persons,
personal effects, baggage, cargo and ship’s
stores (including practical exercises)

US Coast Guard and IMO
requirements
Objective: at the end of the topic, the
trainee will be familiar with USCG and
IMO requirements for Ship Security

SOLAS, 1974
as amended
Amendments:
• Chapter XI-2
Special measures to enhance maritime
security
• Annex 1
Adoption of the International Code for
the Security of Ships and Port Facilities

• Annex 1 Part A
Mandatory requirements regarding the
Provisions of Chapter XI-2 of the International
Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea,
1974, as amended
• Annex 1 Part B
Guidance regarding the Provisions of Chapter
XI-2 of the Annex to the International
Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974
as amended and Part A of the Code

A. security threats and patterns

USCG NVIC 10-02
Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circular
(NVIC) No. 10-02
Security Guidelines for Vessels
The NVIC establishes new guidelines for
developing security plans, and
implementing security measures and
procedures.

Chapter XI-2 Regulation 2
• Applies to:
a. the following types of ships engaged on
international voyage:
1. Passenger ships, including high-speed
passenger craft;
2. Cargo ships, including high-speed craft, of
500 gross tonnage and upward;
3. Mobile offshore drilling units; and
b. port facilities serving such ships engaged on
international voyages

SOLAS, 1974 as amended
• Chapter V Safety of Navigation
Regulation 19 - Carriage requirements for
shipborne navigational systems and
equipment
“Ships fitted with AIS (Automatic Identification
System) shall maintain AIS in operation at all
times except where international agreements,
rules or standards provide for the protection
of navigational information”

• Chapter XI-1
• Regulation 3 – Ship Identification number
The ship identification number shall be
permanently marked with the prefix “IMO”
followed by the 7-digit number.

• Regulation 5 – Continuous Synopsis
Record
“the Continuous Synopsis Record is
intended to provide an on-board record
of the history of the ship”

Ship Security Alert System
• Regulation 6 states that:
“ All ships shall be provided with a ship
security alert system be capable of
being activated from the navigation
bridge and in at least one other location”

cont.
Once activated, the system should
transmit a ship-to-shore security alert to
a competent authority designated by the
flag administration. The alarm should
identify the ship and its location and
indicate that the security of the ship is
under threat or has been compromised.
On board the ship, this must not raise
any alarm nor any alarm must be send
to other ships in vicinity.

ISPS certificate
• The ship has to carry an International Ship
Security Certificate indicating that it complies
with the requirements of Chapter XI-2 and
Part A of ISPS Code. Part A of this Code
includes provisions relating to the verification
and certification of the ship’s compliance with
the requirements on an initial, renewal and
intermediate verification basis.

Security Threats and
Patterns
Objective: at the end of the topic, the
trainee will be familiar with security
threats and it’s patterns

The World will never be the
same again

Background
• In the aftermath of Sept. 11, 2001, the Commandant
of the US Coast Guard reaffirmed USCG Maritime
Homeland Security.
• In November 2001, the Commandant of USCG
recommended to IMO the comprehensive security
requirements including amendments to SOLAS and
the new ISPS Code
• In December 2002, IMO adopted the SOLAS
amendment and the ISPS Code
• By 1st of July 2004, both the ISPS Code and related
SOLAS amendments shall entry into force

Procedure and Response to possible
Threats
The Ship Security Plan must include
procedures and responses to possible
threats. These procedures might include the
following actions:
 Securing all access to the ship to prevent
intrusion;
 Performing emergency shutdown of main
engines to prevent unauthorized operation;

 Securing non-critical operations to focus
attention on response;
 Alerting ship and shore-side authorities of an
incident;
 Rendering assistance to a nearby ship
undergoing an unlawful act that threatens its
security;
 Responding to the detection of stowaways or
intruders;
 Repelling boarders;
 Addressing a malfunction of on board security
equipment

 Screening the underwater hull or search the
ship in response to bomb threats;
 Specifying the kind of communications to use
in the event of a breach of security, an
unlawful act, or other emergency;
 Coordinating with waterfront facility response
procedures.

Procedures and Response to
Possible Threats
“Threats” to the Maritime
Industry
1990 2001
Theft Illegal Drugs
Piracy Criminal Acts
Illegal Drugs Stowaways
Stowaways Piracy
Terrorism Terrorism

The Threat to the Maritime Industry:
Assessment of Likelihood
A. Bomb threat or hoax
 Disgruntled Employee/Passenger
 Mentally Unstable Person
 Politically Motivated Groups
B. Sabotage (including ARSON)
 Employee/passenger

C. Bomb Attack (Port Facility)
 Terrorist Groups
 Politically Motivated Groups
D. Bomb Attack (Ship)
 Internal
 External

E.Simulated Armed Attack
 Mentally Unstable Person/Passenger
F. Piracy (only certain areas)
 Criminal gangs
G. Hijacking/Armed Attack
H. Smuggling
 Employee/Passenger

Achille Lauro (1985)
• 07/10/85
•ABU ABBAS
Palestine
Liberation
Front

I Cargo Tampering
 Crew/passenger
J. Stowaways
 Politically motivated groups
 Smugglers
K.Hostage Taking
 Politically motivated groups
 Terrorist groups
 Criminal gangs

L. Vandalism
 Crew/ Politically motivated groups
M. Transporting weapons of mass
destruction
 Politically motivated
groups/Terrorist/Criminal gangs
N. Use of the vessel to carry perpetrators
and their equipment
O. Use of a vessel as a weapon

Designated Foreign Terrorist
Organizations (August 2002)
1. Abu Nidal Organization (ANO)
a.k.a. Fatah Revolutionary Council, Arab
Revolutionary Brigades, Black September, and
Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims
Has ability to operate worldwide incl. Middle East,
Asia , and Europe
2. Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)
Primarily operates in the southern Philippines,
occasionally in Manila and has expanded to
Malaysia. Engages in bombings, assassinations,
kidnappings, and extortions.

3. Armed Islamic Group (GIA)
Aims to overthrow secular Algerian regime and
replaces it with Islamic state. Frequent attacks
against civilian and government workers.
4. Aum Supreme Truth (Aum)
a.k.a. Aum Shinrikyo, Aleph
Cult aimed to take over Japan, then the world.
Located in Japan unknown numbers has surfaced
in Russia.

5. Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA)
a.k.a Euzkadi Ta Askatasuna. Aim of establishing
an independent homeland based on Marxist
principles.Bombings and assassinations of
Spanish Government officials. Operates primarily
in the Basques autonomous regions.
6. Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group, IG)
Egypt’s largest militant group and has external
wing with worldwide presence. Specialized in
armed attacks against Egyptian security and
other government officials. Operates in Egypt and
has worldwide presence incl. Sudan, UK,
Afghanistan, Austria and Yemen

7. HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement)
Palestinian branch of Muslim Brotherhood.
Large-scale suicide bombings against Israeli
civilian and military targets. Primarily operate in
the occupied territories, Israel.
8. Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM)
Islamic militant group based in Pakistan and
Afghanistan that operates primarily and
conducts insurgent and terrorist activities in
Kashmir.

9. Hizballah (Party of God)
a.k.a. Islamic Jihad, Revolutionary Justice Org.,
Org. of the Oppressed on Earth, and Islamic
Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine.
Operates in Bekaa Valley, Beirut, and
Lebanon. Has established cells in Europe,
Africa, North and South America, and Asia.
Involved in numerous anti-US terrorist attacks
including suicide bombings, kidnappings, and
hostage takings.

10. Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)
Goal is the establishment of an Islamic state in
Uzbekistan. Based in Afghanistan and
Tajikistan and operates in the same area.
Bombings and Hostage takings.
11. Al-Jihad (Egyptian Islamic Jihad)
Egyptian Islamic extremist group and close
partner of Al-Qaida org. Primary goals are to
overthrow Egyptian government and attack US
and Israeli interests in Egypt and abroad.
Network includes Yemen, Afghanistan,
Pakistan, Sudan, Lebanon, and UK.

12. Kahane Chai (Kach)
Goal is to restore the biblical state of Israel. Harass and
threaten Palestinians, Arabs, and Israeli governments
13. Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)
Goal is to establish and independent Kurdish state in
southeastern Turkey. Targets are Turkish government
diplomatic and commercial facilities, and tourist industry.
14. Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
The most powerful group in Sri Lanka with a cause of
establishing an independent Tamil state. Battlefield
insurgency, terrorism, suicide bombings and narcotics
smugglings.

15. Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or
MKO)
Anti-western activity with attacks on the
interests of the clerical regime in Iran and
abroad.
16. National Liberation Army (ELN) – Colombia
Kidnappings, hijackings, bombings, extortion,
and guerrilla war. Operates in Colombia and
Venezuela border regions.
17. Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ)
Committed to creation of an Islamic Palestinian
state and the destruction of Israel through holy
war. Primarily operates in Israel and occupied
territories.

18. Palestine Liberation Front (PLF)
An Abu Abbas-led faction formerly based in Tunisia now
based in Iraq.
19. Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General
Command (PFLP-GC)
Violently opposed to Arafat’s PLO. Dozens of attacks in
Europe and Middle East. Bases in Lebanon.
20. Al-Qaida
Established by Usama Bin Ladin. Current goal is to
establish a pan-Islamic Caliphate throughout the world
by working with allied Islamic extremist groups to
overthrow regimes it deems “non-Islamic” and expelling
Westerners and non-Muslims from Muslim countries.

21. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
(FARC)
Military wing of the Colombian Communist
Party. Involves in kidnappings, bombings,
murder, extortion, hijackings, as well as guerilla
actions against Colombia.
22. Revolutionary Organization 17 November
(17 November)
Radical Greek leftist group with anti-Greek
establishment, anti-US, anti-Turkey, and anti-
NATO. Operates primarily in Greece.

23. Revolutionary People’s Liberation
Army/Front (DHKP/C)
a.k.a. Devrimci Sol (Revolutionary Left), Dev
Sol. A splinter faction of the Turkish People’s
Liberation Front that espouses a Marxist
ideology and is anti-US and anti-NATO.
Conducts attacks in Turkey
24. Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)
One of the most ruthless terrorist groups in the
Western Hemisphere of a Maoist doctrine.
Conducted bombings and selective
assassinations in Peru.

25. Real IRA (RIRA)
a.k.a. True IRA. Dedicated to removing British
forces from Northern Ireland and unifying
Ireland. Activities such as bombings,
assassinations, smugglings, extortion, and
robberies. Operates in Ireland and UK.
26. United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
(AUC)
Supported by drug traffickers with activities of
assassinating suspected insurgent supporters
to engaging guerilla combat units. Operates in
Colombia.

27. Communist Party of the Philippines/New
People’s Army (CPP/NPA)
Communist armed groups that operates in
Philippines involved in various terrorist
activities such as extortion, liquidation,
bombings, etc.
28. Al-aqsa Martyrs Brigades
29. Asbat Al-Ansar
30. Lashkar-e-Tayyiba
31. Revolutionary Nuclei (formerly ELA)
32. Salafist Group for Call and Combat (GSPC)
33. PFLP-General Command
34. Jaish-e-Mohammed (Army of Mohammed)

A. security threats and patterns

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