![~ 79 ~
International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health 2016; 3(5): 79-83
P-ISSN: 2394-1685
E-ISSN: 2394-1693
Impact Factor (ISRA): 5.38
IJPESH 2016; 3(5): 79-83
© 2016 IJPESH
www.kheljournal.com
Received: 17-07-2016
Accepted: 18-08-2016
Neha Chavan
Research Scholar, Department of
Physical Education, Savitribai
Phule Pune University, Pune,
India
Dr. Deepak Shendkar
Director, Physical Education
and Sports, Modern College of
Arts, Science and Commerce,
Pune, India
Correspondence
Neha Chavan
Research Scholar, Department of
Physical Education, Savitribai
Phule Pune University, Pune,
India
A study of variations in an athlete’s reaction time
performance based on the types of stimulus
Neha Chavan and Dr. Deepak Shendkar
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in the reaction time responses of an athlete
based on various types of stimuli. Reaction time is duration between applications of a stimulus to onset of
response. The present study was measured reaction time in 197 athletes, for the comparison in groups
which were into 3 categories 1. Gender wise (Female and Male), 2. Game wise (Individual and Team), 3.
Standard wise (5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th) and correlation was done between the group based on the 3 tests.
The VRT, SRT and ViRT was measured by the Jerry (Version: 0.6.4) software. During the reaction time
testing visual, sound and tactile stimuli were given for five times and average reaction time after omitting
highest and lowest reaction time, was taken as the final reaction time. Results suggest that a comparison
was done between the performance of male and female athletes and no significant difference was seen in
their performance in all the three test. Similarly a comparison was also done based on athletes playing a
team and individual game and a significant difference was seen in all the three test (VRT: F = 11.538, p =
0.001); (SRT: F = 8.546, p = 0.004); (ViRT: F = 27.240, p = 0.001). Further a comparison was also done
based on the standard in which the athletes study and it was seen that there is significant difference in
two of test (VRT: F = 4.287, p = 0.001); (ViRT: F = 5.434, p = 0.001). Co-relational analysis was also
done based on gender, and a significant negative correlation was found in females VRT and SRT (r = -
.285, p = .001) and the males showed a significantly positive correlation in VRT and ViRT (r = .243, p =
.001) and a significant negative correlation in SRT and ViRT (r = -.353, p = .001). Further, the
correlation done based on individual and team game. A significant negative correlation was found in
individual game athletes VRT and SRT (r = -.532, p = .001) and a positive correlation between SRT and
ViRT (r = .104, p = .001). The team game athletes showed a significant negative correlation in SRT and
ViRT (r = -.462, p = .001). The correlation was done based on standards athletes. It was seen that in 5th
standard a significant negative correlation was found between SRT and ViRT (r = -.764, p = .001), in 6th
standard a significant negative correlation was found in VRT and SRT (r = -.554, p = .001), in 7th
standard a significant negative correlation was found between VRS and SRS (r = -.396, p = .001), and
SRT and ViRT (r = -.381, p = .001). There was no correlation found in 8th standard. In 9th standard a
significant negative correlation was found in SRT and ViRT (r = -.446, p = .001). In 10th standard a
significant negative correlation was found in VRT and SRT (r = -.554, p = .001).
Keywords: Reaction time, VRT, SRT, ViRT, athletes
1. Introduction
Sport is referred to the ability of demonstrating athletic performance in a constant way.
Experts in sports have significantly higher skill, ability or performance than novices (Cote, et
al, 2003). They are usually more skilled at extracting and utilizing environmental information
and adopting it to existing knowledge so that they can select and execute appropriate
responses. The ability of expert performers to exploit perceptual cues can lessen the temporal
constraints required in a reaction time task (Buckolz, et al, 1988).
Reaction time is duration between application of a stimulus to onset of response. VRT is time
required to response to visual stimuli. SRT is time required to response to sound stimuli. ViRT
is time required to response to tactile stimuli. Reaction time acts as a reliable indicator of rate
of processing of sensory stimuli by central nervous system and its execution in the form of
motor response (Jayesh. Solanki. et al, 2012) [6]
. Reaction time can be divided into three parts.
The first is perception time, which is time for the application and perception of the stimulus
and giving the necessary reaction to it. The third is motor time which is the for compliance to
the order received (Teichner, W. H. 2012; Tripo, R.D., 2010). Reaction time can be described](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3-5-6-160907095830/85/A-study-of-variations-in-an-athlete-s-reaction-time-performance-based-on-the-types-of-stimulus-1-320.jpg)
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International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health
in to three types, 1. Simple reaction time:- here there is one
stimulus and one responded. 2. Recognition reaction time:-
here there are some stimulus that should be responded to and
other that should not get response. 3. Choice reaction time:-
here there are multiple stimulus and multiple responses (Luce,
R.D. 1965; Welford, A.T. 2011). In dynamic externally paced
activities like those encountered when driving, crossing a road
and playing sport, the more acute temporal demands imposed
by these tasks mean that key objects must be recognized
quickly and accurately to support optimal performance. Skilled
athletes in fast ball sports like soccer, field hockey and basket
ball are able to make better and earlier decisions, in large part
because of their ability to search for and recognize meaningful
patterns of play and learning the information that provide the
earliest possible indication of the outcome of a movement
(Ando, S., Kida, N., & Oda, S. 2003). In sport which allows a
very minimal amount of time to react, so player has to give
proper and quick response during the game. A study done by
Hascelik (Hascelik, et al, 1989) [5]
. Found decrease in the VRT
of male volleyball players. Another study done by Nougier
(Nougier et al, 1989) [11]
. Suggest that an athlete has better
reaction time as compared to control subjects.
The present study was conducted to investigate the difference
in the reaction time responses of athletes based on various
types of stimuli. Comparison and correlation with different
reaction time of athletes was also done in this study.
2. Material and Method
The present study was conducted in Pune District 197 athletes
of age group of 11 to 16 years. The research informed consent
obtained from each subject to inclusion in the study. Personal
history was collected in pre-designed program. After taking
consent, reaction time was measured with Jerry (Version:
0.6.4) software (Jose, S., Gideon, P.K., 2010) [7]
. It was carried
out with adequate light and in silent atmosphere. VRT was
measured where subject had to respond to different color
stimulus appearing on screen by pressing key on screen. SRT
was measured where subject had to respond to sound/bip
whenever stimulus appearing pressing key on screen. ViRT
was measured where subject had to respond to tactile stimulus
appearing pressing key on screen. During the reaction time
testing visual, sound and tactile stimuli were given for five
times and average reaction time after omitting highest and
lowest reaction time, was taken as the final reaction time.
Subjects were given practice session before measuring the
actual reaction time. Data collected and was statistically
analyzed. Reaction time was reported as mean, standard
deviation. The level of significance between athletes (Gender,
Game and Standard wise) was tested by using Independent T-
test for comparing the data and Pearson test used for finding
correlation between the group based on the 3 tests by SPSS
software.
3. Result
Table 1: Gender wise comparison. N= (Female-86, Male-111)
Test Female Male F Sig
VRT 313.62, (±52.62) 305.67, (±38.27) 1.508 .221
SRT 271.14, (±59.33) 265.77, (±57.60) 0.411 .522
ViRT 302.95, (±58.67) 297.05, (±57.25) 0.504 .479
*p<0.05, **p<0.001.
As per table no 1. Gender wise mean of VRT for female
313.62, (±52.62), and male 305.67, (±38.27). This is not
significant at 0.05 significant level (F= 1.508, p=.221). Mean
of SRT for female 271.14, (±59.33), and male 265.77,
(±57.60). This is not significant at 0.05 significant level (F=
0.411, p= .522). Mean of ViRT for female 302.95, (±58.67),
and male 297.05, (±57.25). This is not significant at 0.05
significant level (F= 0.504, p= .479).
Table 2: Femal and Male correlation of the group based on the 3
tests. N = (Female – 86, Male - 111)
Gender Test SRT ViRT
Female
VRT -.285** .145
SRT -.211
Male
VRT -.319 .243*
SRT -.353**
*p<0.05, **p<0.001.
As per table no 2. In gender wise female group correlation
between VRT and SRT of 86 subject was -.285 which was
statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001).
These indicate that there is negative correlation between VRT
and SRT. Correlation between VRT and ViRT was .145 which
was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave
(p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between
VRT and ViRT. Correlation between SRT and ViRT was -
.211 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant
leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation
between SRT and ViRT.
As per table no 2. In gender wise male group correlation
between VRT and SRT of 111 subject was -.319 which was
not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001).
This indicate that there is no correlation between VRT and
SRT. Correlation between VRT and ViRT was .243 which was
statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This
indicate that there is positive correlation between VRT and
ViRT. Correlation between SRT and ViRT was -.353 which
was statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001).
This indicate that there is negative correlation between SRT
and ViRT.
Table 3: Game wise comparison. N = (Individual- 84, Team - 113)
Test Individual Team F Sig
VRT 321.48, (±45.50) 299.96, (±42.82) 11.538 .001**
SRT 254.30, (±57.52) 278.38, (±56.93) 8.546 .004**
ViRT 323.04, (±50.94) 282.23, (±56.63) 27.240 .001**
*p<0.05, **p<0.001.
As per table no 3. Game wise mean of VRT for Individual
321.48, (±45.50), and Team 299.96, (±42.82). This is
significant at 0.05 significant level (F= 11.538, p= .001). Mean
of SRT for Individual 254.30, (±57.52), and Team 278.38,
(±56.93). This is significant at 0.05 significant level (F= 8.546,
p=.004). Mean of ViRT for Individual 323.04, (±50.94), and
Team 282.23, (±56.63). This is significant at 0.05 significant
level (F= 27.240, p=.001).
As per table no 4. In game wise individual group correlation
between VRT and SRT of 84 subject was -.532 which was
statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This
indicate that there is negative correlation between VRT and
SRT. Correlation between VRT and ViRT was .135 which was
not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001).
This indicate that there is no correlation between VRT and
ViRT. Correlation between SRT and ViRT was .104 which
was statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001).
This indicate that there is positive correlation between SRT
and ViRT.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3-5-6-160907095830/85/A-study-of-variations-in-an-athlete-s-reaction-time-performance-based-on-the-types-of-stimulus-2-320.jpg)
![~ 82 ~
International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health
which was statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave
(p<.001). This indicate that there is negative correlation
between VRT and SRT. Correlation between VRT and ViRT
was .184 which was not statistically significant at 0.05
significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no
correlation between VRT and ViRT. Correlation between SRT
and ViRT was .111 which was not statistically significant at
0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no
correlation between SRT and ViRT.
4. Discussion
The aim of this study was to determine the differences and
correlation of reaction time in athlete. Basically groups are
divided in to 3 category for comparison 1.Gender wise
(Female and Male), 2.Game wise (Individual and Team),
3.Standard wise (5th
, 6th
, 7th
, 8th
, 9th
, 10th
). Correlation was
done in to groups based on the 3 tests. Reaction time is an
important component of motor movement. It is one of the
important methods to study a person’s central information
processing speed (Ando, S., et al. 2002) [1]
. Reaction time is an
accurate indicator of speed and effectiveness of decision
making. VRT can be of crucial value in activities like driving
and is an important quality of a sports persons (Glenister, D.,
1996; Scully, D. et al. 1998) [3, 13]
. Patrick J. Smith, et al,
(Patrick, J. Smith. et al. 2000) [12]
found in his study that
participants who completed a six month aerobic exercise
program exhibited improvements in reaction time. Researchers
have also established that exercise and sports results in a mild
enhancement of cognitive function (Colcombe, S. K., 2003;
Naresh, K. et al, 2012) [2, 10]
. Many previous researches
indicate a superior response on behalf of the elite athletes
(Lahtele, et al, 1985). These data show that members of the
elite group in both sexes possessed significantly higher speed
in responding to a reaction time task. This is line with many
studies concluding that athletes performing at higher levels
show a faster reaction time and also no significant difference
in reaction time between males and females. Generally expert
performers benefit from more experience gained from practice
and professional competition which is correlated to higher
knowledge and skill (Thomas, & Thomas, 1994; However,
Landauer, Armstrong & Dogwood, 1980). In previous findings
that reaction time performance improves as a result of the time
spent on practice (Buckolz, et al, 1988). Also find visual skill
and reaction time in rugby players from different age group.
The authors expected that age, along with accompanying
motor development in this research showed statistically
significant (p<0.05) superiority of the older group in reaction
time (Venter & Ferreirn, 2004).
Based on the findings of the present study, gender wise
significance difference was not found. Significant difference
found in VRTl, SRT and ViRT. Game wise there was
significant difference found in VRT, SRT and ViRT. The team
game athletes have better in VRT and ViRT in comparison
with the individual game athletes. Individual game athletes
were better than team game athletes in case of SRT. Standard
wise there was significant difference found in VRT and ViRT.
Correlation results showed that, female athletes exhibited
strong negative correlation between SRT and VRT, and in
male athletes there was a strong negative correlation found in
VRT and SRT, SRT and ViRT. Individual game athletes
showed strong negative correlation in VRT and SRT, and in
the team game athletes, there was strong negative correlation
found in ViRT and SRT.
5. Conclusion
After comparing 3 categories it was concluded that;
1. Males have a better reaction time than the female.
2. Individual game athletes respond better to sound stimulus
where team game athletes respond better to visual and
tactile stimulus.
3. 8th
standard athletes respond better to visual stimulus, 9th
standard athletes respond better to sound stimulus and 5th
standard athletes respond better to tactile stimulus.
After co-relational analysis of the group based on the 3 tests, it
was concluded that,
1. In females there was negative correlation found in
responses to visual and sound stimulus.
2. In males positive correlation was found between
responses to visual and tactile stimulus and negative
correlation was found between responses to sound and
tactile stimulus.
3. There was negative correlation found between responses
to visual and sound stimulus and positive correlation was
found between responses to sound and tactile stimulus of
individual game athletes.
4. In athletes playing a team game negative correlation was
found only in sound and tactile stimulus.
5. In 5th
standard athletes there was negative correlation
found in responses to sound and tactile stimulus.
6. In 6th
standard athletes there was negative correlation
found in responses to visual and sound stimulus.
7. In 7th
standard athletes there was negative correlation
found in responses to sound and both visual and tactile
stimulus.
8. In 8th
standard athletes there was no correlation found in
the responses to the reaction time tests.
9. In 9th
standard athletes there was negative correlation
found in responses to sound and tactile stimulus.
10. In 10th
standard athletes there was negative correlation
found in responses to visual and sound stimulus.
6. References
1. Ando S, Kida N, Oda S. Central and peripheral visual
reaction time of soccer player and non athletes. Perceptual
and Motor Skills, 2002; 95(3):747-752. Retrived,
15/09/2015, from http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubm
ed/3493922.
2. Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive
function of older adults: A meta-analytical study. Psychol
Sci. 2003; 14:125-130.
3. Glenister D. Exercise and mental health: A review. J R
Soc Health 1996; 116:7-13.
4. Hanna KM, Antunes Ruth F et al. Reviewing on physical
exercise and the cognitive function, Rev Bras Med
Esporte. 2006, 12(2).
5. Hascelik et al. The effects of physical training on physical
fitness tests and auditory and visual reaction times of
volleyball players. Journal of Sports Medicine and
Physical Fitness. 1989; 29(3):234-239.
6. Jayesh Solanki et al. A Study of Correlation between
Auditory and visual reaction time in Healthy Adults,
International Journal of Medicine and Public health [Int. J.
Med. Public health], 2012, 2(2). Retrived, 15/09/2015,
from http://www.t.sportsci. org/ news/ferret/
visionreview/visionreview.html.
7. Jose Shelton, Gideon Praveen Kumar. Comparison
between Auditory and Visual Simple Reaction Times,
Neuroscience & Medicine. 2010; 1:30-32.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3-5-6-160907095830/85/A-study-of-variations-in-an-athlete-s-reaction-time-performance-based-on-the-types-of-stimulus-4-320.jpg)
A study of variations in an athlete’s reaction time performance based on the types of stimulus
- 1. ~ 79 ~ International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health 2016; 3(5): 79-83 P-ISSN: 2394-1685 E-ISSN: 2394-1693 Impact Factor (ISRA): 5.38 IJPESH 2016; 3(5): 79-83 © 2016 IJPESH www.kheljournal.com Received: 17-07-2016 Accepted: 18-08-2016 Neha Chavan Research Scholar, Department of Physical Education, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India Dr. Deepak Shendkar Director, Physical Education and Sports, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Pune, India Correspondence Neha Chavan Research Scholar, Department of Physical Education, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India A study of variations in an athlete’s reaction time performance based on the types of stimulus Neha Chavan and Dr. Deepak Shendkar Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in the reaction time responses of an athlete based on various types of stimuli. Reaction time is duration between applications of a stimulus to onset of response. The present study was measured reaction time in 197 athletes, for the comparison in groups which were into 3 categories 1. Gender wise (Female and Male), 2. Game wise (Individual and Team), 3. Standard wise (5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th) and correlation was done between the group based on the 3 tests. The VRT, SRT and ViRT was measured by the Jerry (Version: 0.6.4) software. During the reaction time testing visual, sound and tactile stimuli were given for five times and average reaction time after omitting highest and lowest reaction time, was taken as the final reaction time. Results suggest that a comparison was done between the performance of male and female athletes and no significant difference was seen in their performance in all the three test. Similarly a comparison was also done based on athletes playing a team and individual game and a significant difference was seen in all the three test (VRT: F = 11.538, p = 0.001); (SRT: F = 8.546, p = 0.004); (ViRT: F = 27.240, p = 0.001). Further a comparison was also done based on the standard in which the athletes study and it was seen that there is significant difference in two of test (VRT: F = 4.287, p = 0.001); (ViRT: F = 5.434, p = 0.001). Co-relational analysis was also done based on gender, and a significant negative correlation was found in females VRT and SRT (r = - .285, p = .001) and the males showed a significantly positive correlation in VRT and ViRT (r = .243, p = .001) and a significant negative correlation in SRT and ViRT (r = -.353, p = .001). Further, the correlation done based on individual and team game. A significant negative correlation was found in individual game athletes VRT and SRT (r = -.532, p = .001) and a positive correlation between SRT and ViRT (r = .104, p = .001). The team game athletes showed a significant negative correlation in SRT and ViRT (r = -.462, p = .001). The correlation was done based on standards athletes. It was seen that in 5th standard a significant negative correlation was found between SRT and ViRT (r = -.764, p = .001), in 6th standard a significant negative correlation was found in VRT and SRT (r = -.554, p = .001), in 7th standard a significant negative correlation was found between VRS and SRS (r = -.396, p = .001), and SRT and ViRT (r = -.381, p = .001). There was no correlation found in 8th standard. In 9th standard a significant negative correlation was found in SRT and ViRT (r = -.446, p = .001). In 10th standard a significant negative correlation was found in VRT and SRT (r = -.554, p = .001). Keywords: Reaction time, VRT, SRT, ViRT, athletes 1. Introduction Sport is referred to the ability of demonstrating athletic performance in a constant way. Experts in sports have significantly higher skill, ability or performance than novices (Cote, et al, 2003). They are usually more skilled at extracting and utilizing environmental information and adopting it to existing knowledge so that they can select and execute appropriate responses. The ability of expert performers to exploit perceptual cues can lessen the temporal constraints required in a reaction time task (Buckolz, et al, 1988). Reaction time is duration between application of a stimulus to onset of response. VRT is time required to response to visual stimuli. SRT is time required to response to sound stimuli. ViRT is time required to response to tactile stimuli. Reaction time acts as a reliable indicator of rate of processing of sensory stimuli by central nervous system and its execution in the form of motor response (Jayesh. Solanki. et al, 2012) [6] . Reaction time can be divided into three parts. The first is perception time, which is time for the application and perception of the stimulus and giving the necessary reaction to it. The third is motor time which is the for compliance to the order received (Teichner, W. H. 2012; Tripo, R.D., 2010). Reaction time can be described
- 2. ~ 80 ~ International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health in to three types, 1. Simple reaction time:- here there is one stimulus and one responded. 2. Recognition reaction time:- here there are some stimulus that should be responded to and other that should not get response. 3. Choice reaction time:- here there are multiple stimulus and multiple responses (Luce, R.D. 1965; Welford, A.T. 2011). In dynamic externally paced activities like those encountered when driving, crossing a road and playing sport, the more acute temporal demands imposed by these tasks mean that key objects must be recognized quickly and accurately to support optimal performance. Skilled athletes in fast ball sports like soccer, field hockey and basket ball are able to make better and earlier decisions, in large part because of their ability to search for and recognize meaningful patterns of play and learning the information that provide the earliest possible indication of the outcome of a movement (Ando, S., Kida, N., & Oda, S. 2003). In sport which allows a very minimal amount of time to react, so player has to give proper and quick response during the game. A study done by Hascelik (Hascelik, et al, 1989) [5] . Found decrease in the VRT of male volleyball players. Another study done by Nougier (Nougier et al, 1989) [11] . Suggest that an athlete has better reaction time as compared to control subjects. The present study was conducted to investigate the difference in the reaction time responses of athletes based on various types of stimuli. Comparison and correlation with different reaction time of athletes was also done in this study. 2. Material and Method The present study was conducted in Pune District 197 athletes of age group of 11 to 16 years. The research informed consent obtained from each subject to inclusion in the study. Personal history was collected in pre-designed program. After taking consent, reaction time was measured with Jerry (Version: 0.6.4) software (Jose, S., Gideon, P.K., 2010) [7] . It was carried out with adequate light and in silent atmosphere. VRT was measured where subject had to respond to different color stimulus appearing on screen by pressing key on screen. SRT was measured where subject had to respond to sound/bip whenever stimulus appearing pressing key on screen. ViRT was measured where subject had to respond to tactile stimulus appearing pressing key on screen. During the reaction time testing visual, sound and tactile stimuli were given for five times and average reaction time after omitting highest and lowest reaction time, was taken as the final reaction time. Subjects were given practice session before measuring the actual reaction time. Data collected and was statistically analyzed. Reaction time was reported as mean, standard deviation. The level of significance between athletes (Gender, Game and Standard wise) was tested by using Independent T- test for comparing the data and Pearson test used for finding correlation between the group based on the 3 tests by SPSS software. 3. Result Table 1: Gender wise comparison. N= (Female-86, Male-111) Test Female Male F Sig VRT 313.62, (±52.62) 305.67, (±38.27) 1.508 .221 SRT 271.14, (±59.33) 265.77, (±57.60) 0.411 .522 ViRT 302.95, (±58.67) 297.05, (±57.25) 0.504 .479 *p<0.05, **p<0.001. As per table no 1. Gender wise mean of VRT for female 313.62, (±52.62), and male 305.67, (±38.27). This is not significant at 0.05 significant level (F= 1.508, p=.221). Mean of SRT for female 271.14, (±59.33), and male 265.77, (±57.60). This is not significant at 0.05 significant level (F= 0.411, p= .522). Mean of ViRT for female 302.95, (±58.67), and male 297.05, (±57.25). This is not significant at 0.05 significant level (F= 0.504, p= .479). Table 2: Femal and Male correlation of the group based on the 3 tests. N = (Female – 86, Male - 111) Gender Test SRT ViRT Female VRT -.285** .145 SRT -.211 Male VRT -.319 .243* SRT -.353** *p<0.05, **p<0.001. As per table no 2. In gender wise female group correlation between VRT and SRT of 86 subject was -.285 which was statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). These indicate that there is negative correlation between VRT and SRT. Correlation between VRT and ViRT was .145 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between VRT and ViRT. Correlation between SRT and ViRT was - .211 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between SRT and ViRT. As per table no 2. In gender wise male group correlation between VRT and SRT of 111 subject was -.319 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between VRT and SRT. Correlation between VRT and ViRT was .243 which was statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is positive correlation between VRT and ViRT. Correlation between SRT and ViRT was -.353 which was statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is negative correlation between SRT and ViRT. Table 3: Game wise comparison. N = (Individual- 84, Team - 113) Test Individual Team F Sig VRT 321.48, (±45.50) 299.96, (±42.82) 11.538 .001** SRT 254.30, (±57.52) 278.38, (±56.93) 8.546 .004** ViRT 323.04, (±50.94) 282.23, (±56.63) 27.240 .001** *p<0.05, **p<0.001. As per table no 3. Game wise mean of VRT for Individual 321.48, (±45.50), and Team 299.96, (±42.82). This is significant at 0.05 significant level (F= 11.538, p= .001). Mean of SRT for Individual 254.30, (±57.52), and Team 278.38, (±56.93). This is significant at 0.05 significant level (F= 8.546, p=.004). Mean of ViRT for Individual 323.04, (±50.94), and Team 282.23, (±56.63). This is significant at 0.05 significant level (F= 27.240, p=.001). As per table no 4. In game wise individual group correlation between VRT and SRT of 84 subject was -.532 which was statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is negative correlation between VRT and SRT. Correlation between VRT and ViRT was .135 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between VRT and ViRT. Correlation between SRT and ViRT was .104 which was statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is positive correlation between SRT and ViRT.
- 3. ~ 81 ~ International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health Table 4: Individual and Team Game correlation of the group based on the 3 tests. N = (Individual Game – 84, Team Game – 113) Game Test SRT ViRT Individual VRT -.532** .135 SRT .104** Team VRT -.038 .113 SRT -.462** *p<0.05, **p<0.001. As per table no 4. In game wise team group correlation between VRT and SRT of 113 subject was -.038 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between VRT and SRT. Correlation between VRT and ViRT was .113 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between VRT and ViRT. Correlation between SRT and ViRT was -.462 which was statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is negative correlation between SRT and ViRT. Table 5: Stander wise comparison. N = (5th -20, 6th -22, 7th -40, 8th -39, 9th -35, 10th - 41) Test 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th F Sig VRT 343.93, (±59.28) 317.15, (±36.54) 312.43, (±41.08) 292.46, (±36.35) 299.27, (±43.60) 308.95, (±45.77) 4.287 .001** SRT 263.18, (±58.38) 264.58, (±54.64) 269.79, (±61.19) 274.78, (±65.36) 248.67, (±49.19) 281.03, (±55.88) 1.348 .246 ViRT 277.32, (±52.40) 278.32, (±50.64) 307.91, (±56.03) 289.3, (±55.06) 287.21, (±53.80) 334.30, (±57.26) 5.434 .001** *p<0.05, **p<0.001. As per table no 5. Standard wise mean of VRT for 5th stander 343.93,(±59.28), 6th stander 317.15,(±36.54), 7th stander 312.43,(±41.08), 8th stander 292.46,(±36.35), 9th stander 299.27, (±43.60), 10th stander 308.95,(±45.77). This is significant at 0.05 significant level (F= 4.287, p= .001). Mean of SRT for 5th stander 263.18, (±58.38), 6th stander 264.58,(±54.64), 7th stander 269.79,(±61.19), 8th stander 274.78,(±65.36), 9th stander 248.67,(±49.19), 10th stander 281.03, (±55.88). This is not significant at 0.05 significant level (F= 1.348, p= .246). Mean of ViRT for 5th stander 277.32,(±52.40), 6th stander 278.32,(±50.64), 7th stander 307.91,(±56.03), 8th stander 289.3,(±55.06), 9th stander 287.21,(±53.80), 10th stander 334.30,(±57.26). This is significant at 0.05 significant level (F= 5.434, p= .001). Table 6: Standard wise correlation of the group based on the 3 tests. N = (5th – 20, 6th – 22, 7th – 40, 8th – 39, 9th – 35, 10th – 41) Stander Test SRT ViRT 5th VRT -.243 .166 SRT -.764** 6th VRT -.554** .184 SRT .011 7th VRT -.396* .210 SRT -.381* 8th VRT -.118 .228 SRT -.285 9th VRT -.299 .273 SRT -.446** 10th VRT -.554** .184 SRT .111 *p<0.05, **p<0.001. As per table no 6. In standard wise 5th stander group correlation between VRT and SRT of 20 subject was -.243 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between VRT and SRT. Correlation between VRT and ViRT was .166 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between VRT and ViRT. Correlation between SRT and ViRT was - .764 which was statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is negative correlation between SRT and ViRT. As per table no 6. In standard wise 6th stander group correlation between VRT and SRT of 22 subject was -.554 which was statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is negative correlation between VRT and SRT. Correlation between VRT and ViRT was .184 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between VRT and ViRT. Correlation between SRT and ViRT was .011 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between SRT and ViRT. As per table no 6. In standard wise 7th stander group correlation between VRT and SRT of 40 subject was -.396 which was statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is negative correlation between VRT and SRT. Correlation between VRT and ViRT was .210 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between VRT and ViRT. Correlation between SRT and ViRT was -.381 which was statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is negative correlation between SRT and ViRT. As per table no 6. In standard wise 8th stander group correlation between VRT and SRT of 39 subject was -.118 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between VRT and SRT. Correlation between VRT and ViRT was .228 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between VRT and ViRT. Correlation between SRT and ViRT was - .285 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between SRT and ViRT. As per table no 6. In standard wise 9th stander group correlation between VRT and SRT of 35, subject was -.299 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between VRT and SRT. Correlation between VRT and ViRT was .273 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between VRT and ViRT. Correlation between SRT and ViRT was - .446 which was statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is negative correlation between SRT and ViRT. As per table no 6. In standard wise 10th stander group correlation between VRT and SRT of 41 subject was -.554
- 4. ~ 82 ~ International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health which was statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is negative correlation between VRT and SRT. Correlation between VRT and ViRT was .184 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between VRT and ViRT. Correlation between SRT and ViRT was .111 which was not statistically significant at 0.05 significant leave (p<.001). This indicate that there is no correlation between SRT and ViRT. 4. Discussion The aim of this study was to determine the differences and correlation of reaction time in athlete. Basically groups are divided in to 3 category for comparison 1.Gender wise (Female and Male), 2.Game wise (Individual and Team), 3.Standard wise (5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th ). Correlation was done in to groups based on the 3 tests. Reaction time is an important component of motor movement. It is one of the important methods to study a person’s central information processing speed (Ando, S., et al. 2002) [1] . Reaction time is an accurate indicator of speed and effectiveness of decision making. VRT can be of crucial value in activities like driving and is an important quality of a sports persons (Glenister, D., 1996; Scully, D. et al. 1998) [3, 13] . Patrick J. Smith, et al, (Patrick, J. Smith. et al. 2000) [12] found in his study that participants who completed a six month aerobic exercise program exhibited improvements in reaction time. Researchers have also established that exercise and sports results in a mild enhancement of cognitive function (Colcombe, S. K., 2003; Naresh, K. et al, 2012) [2, 10] . Many previous researches indicate a superior response on behalf of the elite athletes (Lahtele, et al, 1985). These data show that members of the elite group in both sexes possessed significantly higher speed in responding to a reaction time task. This is line with many studies concluding that athletes performing at higher levels show a faster reaction time and also no significant difference in reaction time between males and females. Generally expert performers benefit from more experience gained from practice and professional competition which is correlated to higher knowledge and skill (Thomas, & Thomas, 1994; However, Landauer, Armstrong & Dogwood, 1980). In previous findings that reaction time performance improves as a result of the time spent on practice (Buckolz, et al, 1988). Also find visual skill and reaction time in rugby players from different age group. The authors expected that age, along with accompanying motor development in this research showed statistically significant (p<0.05) superiority of the older group in reaction time (Venter & Ferreirn, 2004). Based on the findings of the present study, gender wise significance difference was not found. Significant difference found in VRTl, SRT and ViRT. Game wise there was significant difference found in VRT, SRT and ViRT. The team game athletes have better in VRT and ViRT in comparison with the individual game athletes. Individual game athletes were better than team game athletes in case of SRT. Standard wise there was significant difference found in VRT and ViRT. Correlation results showed that, female athletes exhibited strong negative correlation between SRT and VRT, and in male athletes there was a strong negative correlation found in VRT and SRT, SRT and ViRT. Individual game athletes showed strong negative correlation in VRT and SRT, and in the team game athletes, there was strong negative correlation found in ViRT and SRT. 5. Conclusion After comparing 3 categories it was concluded that; 1. Males have a better reaction time than the female. 2. Individual game athletes respond better to sound stimulus where team game athletes respond better to visual and tactile stimulus. 3. 8th standard athletes respond better to visual stimulus, 9th standard athletes respond better to sound stimulus and 5th standard athletes respond better to tactile stimulus. After co-relational analysis of the group based on the 3 tests, it was concluded that, 1. In females there was negative correlation found in responses to visual and sound stimulus. 2. In males positive correlation was found between responses to visual and tactile stimulus and negative correlation was found between responses to sound and tactile stimulus. 3. There was negative correlation found between responses to visual and sound stimulus and positive correlation was found between responses to sound and tactile stimulus of individual game athletes. 4. In athletes playing a team game negative correlation was found only in sound and tactile stimulus. 5. In 5th standard athletes there was negative correlation found in responses to sound and tactile stimulus. 6. In 6th standard athletes there was negative correlation found in responses to visual and sound stimulus. 7. In 7th standard athletes there was negative correlation found in responses to sound and both visual and tactile stimulus. 8. In 8th standard athletes there was no correlation found in the responses to the reaction time tests. 9. In 9th standard athletes there was negative correlation found in responses to sound and tactile stimulus. 10. In 10th standard athletes there was negative correlation found in responses to visual and sound stimulus. 6. References 1. Ando S, Kida N, Oda S. Central and peripheral visual reaction time of soccer player and non athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2002; 95(3):747-752. Retrived, 15/09/2015, from http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubm ed/3493922. 2. Colcombe S, Kramer AF. 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