Effect of yogic practices on the selected physiological variables among the middle aged men

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International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health 2016; 3(5): 161-165
P-ISSN: 2394-1685
E-ISSN: 2394-1693
Impact Factor (ISRA): 5.38
IJPESH 2016; 3(5): 161-165
© 2016 IJPESH
www.kheljournal.com
Received: 18-07-2016
Accepted: 19-08-2016
S Gandhi
Ph.D. Research Scholar,
Department of Physical
Education, Karpagam
University, Coimbatore, Tamil
Nadu, India.
Dr. P Anbalagan
Associate Professor, Department
of Physical Education,
Bharathiar University,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Correspondence
G Appukutti
Ph.D. Research Scholar,
Department of Physical
Education, Karpagam
University, Coimbatore, Tamil
Nadu, India
Effect of yogic practices on the selected physiological
variables among the middle aged men
S Gandhi and Dr. P Anbalagan
Abstract
The present study is to analyze the effect of Yogic practices on the selected physiological variables
among the middle aged men. For this study 100 middle age male persons were selected from Yazh Yoga
Coimbatore city, after the scrutiny by the scholar and experts 30 middle aged men were selected as
subjects by adopting purposive random sampling technique. The age of the subjects ranged from 35 to 45
years. They were divided into two equal groups namely, the group were assigned Asana, Pranayama,
Meditation (APMTG) and Control group (CG). The subjects were tested to find out the Resting Pulse
Rate, Vital Capacity and Blood Pressure. The pulse rate was assessed by arterial pulse, vital capacity was
measured by digital Spiro meter and blood pressure was measured by sphygmomanometer. The Asana,
Pranayama, Meditation(APMTG) Yoga group participated in Yogic practices for a period of twelve
weeks and control group did not participate in any special practice. The data were collected before and
after the training period and the pretest, post-test and the adjusted post-test were analyzed by Analysis of
Covariance (ANCOVA). The level of significance for the study was chosen as 0.05. It is concluded from
the results that the APMTG group has significant improvement in resting pulse rate, vital capacity and
blood pressure among middle aged men.
Keywords: Resting pulse rate, vital capacity, blood pressure
1. Introduction
Yoga refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India. The word is
associated with meditative practices in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Within Hinduism, it
also refers to one of the six orthodox (āstika) schools of Hindu philosophy, and to the goal
towards which that school directs its practices. Major branches of yoga in Hindu philosophy
include Rāja Yoga, Karma Yoga, Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, and Hatha Yoga. Hatha Yoga has
become increasingly popular in western countries as a method for coping with stress and as a
means of exercise and fitness training (Schell et al; 1994). Hatha yoga is an ancient practice
that was developed to promote physical and Physiological health as well as an awareness of
one’s true nature. It consists of a series of postures, called Asanas, and various breathing
exercises, called Pranayama, which encourage balance between the physical, mental,
emotional, and spiritual aspects of a human being.
1.1 Statement of the Problems
The present study was to analyze the effect of Yogic practices on the selected physiological
variables among the middle aged men
1.2 Hypotheses
This study were hypothesized in the following ways
It was hypothesized that there were significant improvement on the selected physiological
variables through Asana, Pranayama, and Meditation Training among middle age peoples
2. Methods and Procedure Selection of Subjects
Thirty middle aged men selected as subjects by adopting purposive random sampling
Technique and they were selected from IT and Non IT Industries Coimbatore city. The age of
the subjects were ranged from 35 to 45 years.

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International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health
2.1 Experimental Design
For this study 100 middle age male persons were selected from
Yazh Yoga Coimbatore city, after the scrutiny by the scholars
and experts 30 middle aged men were selected as subjects by
adopting purposive random sampling technique. The age of the
subjects ranged from 35 to 45 years. They were divided into
two equal groups namely, The Asana, Pranayama, Meditation
(APMTG) Yoga group and Control group (CG). The subjects
were tested to find out the resting pulse rate, vital capacity and
blood pressure. The pulse rate was assessed by arterial pulse,
vital capacity was measured by digital Spiro meter and blood
pressure was measured by sphygmomanometer. The Asana,
Pranayama, Meditation (APMTG) Yoga Group participated in
Yogic practices for the period of twelve weeks and Control
group did not participate in any special practice. The data were
collected before and after the training period and the pretest,
post-test and the adjusted post-test were analyzed by Analysis
of Covariance (ANCOVA). The level of significance for the
study was chosen as 0.05
2.2 Selection of variables and test
Measurements were made during the weeks prior to and
immediately following the 12 week training programme. All
procedures were demonstrated prior of testing.
Stethoscope is used to find out the resting heart rate. The
heartbeat of the individual is measured with the earphones of
the stethoscope placed in the tester’s ears, the bell of the
stethoscope would be placed on the radial pulse, so that one
could measure his own heartbeat. Pulse rate was measured for
one minute.
Spirometer is used to measure the vital capacity. Helios 401 is
a spirometer which is used in conjunction with a Windows
based computer. It has a hand piece which houses a turbine
transducer. This hand piece is connected to a computer
through a USB interface cable. The software given along with
the system is used to record spirometry maneuvers and to
suggest a diagnosis. The computer monitor is used to display
the spirometry parameters, the device parameters, information
messages and user guide messages. A printer attached to the
computer can be used to obtain a hard-copy record of the
maneuver and the related parameter values. The helios
spirometer was placed at a height that allow the subject to
stand erect at the beginning of the test. The subject forcefully
inhaled and exhaled twice before the test. The subject was
cautioned not to allow air to escape through a nose or around
the mouth piece. The subject at completion should bend
slightly forward to blow as much air as possible in to the
spirometer. The reading is shown in the Helios spirometer
graph and the result was recorded as a score.
Sphygmomanometer is used to find out the blood pressure.
The method has used to measure the systolic and diastolic
blood pressure is relatively simple. The cuff of the
sphygmomanometer is wrapped around the forearm above the
elbow, with earphones of the stethoscope in the tester’s ears;
the bell of the stethoscope has placed on the bronchial artery
just above the hollow of the elbow. The cuff has pumped up
until the artery collapsed, which is no pulse beat could be
heard. Pressure has been then slowly released as the tester
watched the gauge or mercury column. When the first sound of
the pulse has heard, the reading in millimeters of mercury at
that instant has recorded as systolic blood pressure. The tester
has continued, to release pressure slowly until a very dull,
weak beat has noted. At that time the pressure in millimeters
of mercury is noted as diastolic pressure. The measure has
recorded with the systolic blood pressure first and the diastolic
blood pressure later. The blood pressure was measured in
millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
2.3 Training Programme
The Asana, Pranayama, Meditation (APMTG) Yoga Group
practice was given for five days per week, from 6.00 am to
7.00 am for 12 weeks. Each yoga session consisted of 1 hour
of Yoga practices. The Asana, Pranayama, Meditation
(APMTG) Yoga Group practices Consisted of Trikonasana,
Halasana, Padahastasana, Chakrasana, Vrikshasana,
Sarvangasana, Pachimottasana, Savasana, Vajrasana, Ardha
Matsyendrasana, Shalabasana, Pawan Muktasana, Garudasana,
Nadis uddi Bhastrika Pranayama, Anulomvilom, Kapalbhati,
Udgeeth pranayam, Mindfulness mediation Although
individual yoga techniques are universally standard, various
exercises, sequences and duration of each movement are
dependent on individual instructors. Whereas the yoga
protocols were practiced in their ability, only a limited number
of Yoga was completed at each Yoga Session. The subjects
were beginners in the practice of Yoga poses were introduced
in this study. The subjects were encouraged to do all exercises
as accurately as possible.
3. Result
Analysis of covariance was applied to determine whether the
training programmes produced significantly different
improvements in Resting Pulse Rate, Vital Capacity and Blood
Pressure among The Asana, Pranayama, Meditation (APMTG)
Group and Control Group (CG). The analysis is presented in
the following tables.
Table I: Computation of Analysis of Covariance of Apmtg Yogic Practice Group and Control Group on Resting Pulse Rate
APMTG Group Control Group Source of Variance Sum of Squares df Mean Squares F-ratio
Pre-Test Means 78.35 78.7
BG 1.23 1.00 1.22 0.23
WG 200.75 38.00 5.28
Post-Test Means 72.5 78.7
BG 291.60 1.00 291.60 66.43*
WG 166.80 38.00 4.38
Adjusted Post-Test Means 72.59 77.8
BG 268.90 1.00 268.90 97.37*
WG 102.17 37.00 2.76
Significant, BG- Between Group Means, WG- Within Group Means, df- Degrees of Freedom, Table Value for 0.05 level for df 1& 38 = 4.09
and 1 & 37 = 4.10
An examination of table – I indicates that the results of
ANCOVA for the pretest scores of the Asana, Pranayama,
Meditation (APMTG) Yoga Group and Control group. The
obtained F- ratio for the pre-test is 0.23 (P>0.05) indicating
that the random sampling is successful and the table F-value is
4.10. Hence the pre-test mean F-ratio is insignificant at 0.05
level of confidence for the degree of freedom 1 and 38. The
obtained F-Value for the post-test is 66.43 (P<0.05) and the
table F-value is 4.10. Hence the post-test mean F-ratio is
significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degree of

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freedom 1 and 38. The adjusted the post-test means of The
Asana, Pranayama, Meditation (APMTG) Yoga Practice
Group and Control Group are 72.59 and
77.80 Respectively. The obtained F-ratio for the adjusted post-
test means is 97.37 (P<0.05) and the table F-Value is 4.11.
Hence the adjusted post-test mean resting pulse rate F-ratio is
freedom 1 and 37. The Pretest, post-test and adjusted post-test
mean difference of the Asana, Pranayama, Meditation
(APMTG) Yoga Group practice group and Control Group on
resting pulse rate are presented in Figure I.
Fig I: Bar diagram showing the pretest, post-test and adjusted post-test mean differences of The Asana, Pranayama, Meditation (APMTG) Yoga
Practice Group and Control Group on resting pulse rate
TABLE II: Computation of Analysis of Covariance of Apmtg Yoga Practice Group and Control Group on Systolic Blood Pressure
APMTG Group Control Group Source of Variance Sum of Squares Df Mean Squares F- ratio
BG 1.22 1.00 1.22 0.03
WG 1434.15 38.00 37.74
BG 112.22 1.00 112.22 4.31*
WG 989.15 38.00 26.03
Adjusted Post-Test Means 121.05 124.2
BG 99.27 1.00 99.27 6.92*
WG 530.64 37.00 14.34
An examination of table – II indicates that the results of
ANCOVA for the pretest scores of
The Asana, Pranayama, Meditation (APMTG) Yoga Practice
Group and Control group. The obtained F-ratio for the pre-test
is 0.03 (P>0.05) indicating that the random sampling is
successful and the table F-value is 4.10. Hence the pre-test
mean F-ratio is insignificant at 0.05 level of confidence for the
degree of freedom 1 and 38. The obtained F-ratio for the post-
test is
4.31 (P<0.05) and the table F-value is 4.10. Hence the post-
test mean F-ratio is significant at
0.05 level of confidence for the degree of freedom 1 and 38.
The adjusted post-test means of the
Asana, Pranayama, Meditation (APMTG) Yoga Group and
Control group are
121.05and124.20respectively. the obtained F-ratio for the
adjusted post-test means is 6.92 (P<0.05) and the table F-ratio
is 4.11. Hence the adjusted post-test mean systolic blood
pressure F- ratio is significant at 0.05 level of confidence for
the degree of freedom 1 and 37. Pretest, post-test and adjusted
post-test mean difference of the Asana, Pranayama, Meditation
(APMTG) Yoga Group and Control group on Systolic blood
pressure is presented in Figure II.
Fig II: Bar diagram showing the pretest, post-test and adjusted post-test mean differences of The Asana, Pranayama, Meditation (APMTG)
Yoga Group and Control group on Systolic blood pressure

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Table III: Computation of Analysis of Covariance of Apmtg Yoga Group and Control Group on Diastolic Blood Pressure
APMTG Group Control Group Source of Variance Sum of Squares df Mean Squares F-ratio
BG 6.40 1.00 6.40 0.90
WG 270.00 38.00 7.10
BG 136.90 1.00 136.90 28.24*
WG 184.20 38.00 4.84
Adjusted Post- test Means 81.37 85.32
BG 153.10 1.00 153.10 36.33*
WG 155.90 37.00 4.21
An examination of table – III indicates that the results of
ANCOVA for pretest scores of the Asana, Pranayama,
Meditation (APMTG) Yoga Group and Control group. The
that the random sampling is successful and the table F-Value is
obtained F-ratio for the post-test is 28.24 (P<0.05) and the
table F-value is 4.10. Hence the post-test mean F-ratio is
freedom 1 and 38. The adjusted post-test means of The Asana,
Pranayama, and Meditation (APMTG) Yoga Group and
Control group are
81.37and85.32respectively. the obtained F-ratio for the
adjusted post-test means is 36.33 (P<0.05) and the table F-
value is 4.11. Hence the adjusted post-test mean Diastolic
blood pressure F- ratio is significant at 0.05 level of
confidence for the degree of freedom 1 and 37. Pretest, post-
test and adjusted post-test mean difference of the Asana,
Pranayama, Meditation (APMTG) Yoga Group and Control
group on Diastolic blood pressure is presented in Figure III.
Fig III: Bar diagram showing the pre-test, post-test and adjusted post-test mean differences of The Asana, Pranayama, Meditation (APMTG)
Yoga Group and Control Group on diastolic blood pressure
Table IV: Computation of Analysis of Covariance of Apmtg Yoga Group and Control Group on Vital Capacity
APMTG
Group
Control
Group
Source of
Variance
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Squares
F-ratio
Pre-Test Means 3355 3320
BG 12250.00 1.00 12250.00 0.16
WG 2881500.00 38.00 75828.94
Post-Test Means 3585 3350
BG 552250.00 1.00 552250.00 8.83*
WG 2375500.00 38.00 62513.15
Adjusted Post-Test
Means
3570.14 3364.86
BG 419630.00 1.00 419630.00 52.04*
WG 298331.00 37.00 8063.00
An examination of table – IV indicates that the results of
ANCOVA for pretest scores of The Asana, Pranayama,
Meditation (APMTG) Yoga group and control group. The
that the random sampling is successful and the table F-Value is
obtained F-ratio for the post-test is 8.83 (P<0.05) and the table
F-Value is 4.10. Hence the post-test mean F-ratio is significant
at 0.05 level of confidence for the degree of freedom 1 and 38.
The adjusted post-test means of The Asana, Pranayama,
Meditation (APMTG) Yoga group and control group are
3570.14 and
3364.86 Respectively. The obtained F-ratio for the adjusted
post-test means is 52.04 (P<0.05) and the table F-Value is
4.11. Hence the adjusted post-test mean vital capacity F-ratio
is significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degree of
freedom 1and 37. Pretest, post-test and adjusted post-test mean
difference of the Asana, Pranayama, Meditation (APMTG)
Yoga group and control group on vital capacity is presented in
Figure IV.

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Fig IV: Bar diagram showing the pretest, post-test and adjusted post-test mean differences of The Asana, Pranayama, Meditation
(APMTG) Yoga Group and Control group on Vital capacity
4. Discussion on Findings
This study shows that twelve weeks of Asana, Pranayama, and
Meditation (APMTG) Yoga group has significant benefits in
improving the Resting pulse rate and Blood pressure, Vital
capacity. Our results indicate that The Asana, Pranayama,
Meditation (APMTG) Yoga Group increased significantly on
Resting pulse rate (Table I), Systolic blood pressure (Table II),
Diastolic blood pressure (Table III) and Vital capacity (Table
IV). The increase range of motion can most likely be attributed
to the proper training of the yoga practices. Shenbagavalli &
Divya (2010) expressed that practice of the combination of
specific yogic exercises with autogenic training and specific
yogic exercises programme is significantly effective in
promoting desirable changes on pulse rate, and vital capacity.
Jesintha & Parthiban (2007) shows that The Asana,
Pranayama, Meditation (APMTG) Yoga Group significantly
decreased the resting pulse rate, Systolic Blood Pressure,
Diastolic Blood Pressure and significantly increased the Vital
Capacity Limitation of this study includes a small sample
group that consisted of a self- selected group of middle aged
men subjects. Resting pulse rate, blood pressure and vital
capacity showed significant improvements. Furthermore, the
positive results of this study indicate that yoga is a form of
physical activity that would meet the objectives of current
recommendations to enhance the physiological functions.
5. Conclusions
Based on the findings the following conclusions were derived.
It was proved that The Asana, Pranayama, Meditation Training
Group (APMTG)Practices significantly reduced the Resting
Pulse Rate and Systolic Blood Pressure, Diastolic Blood
Pressure and also significantly
Improved the Vital Capacity Among Middle Age Men. It was
concluded that Control Group
(CG) showed no significantly improvement.
6. References
1. Georg Feuerstein. Yoga and other Hindu Traditions, the
Yoga Tradition, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Private
Limited, Delhi. 2002, 82-90.
2. Gregor Machle. Astanga Yoga Practice and Philosophy,
The Mental Processes arising from the afficting are to be
counteracted by Meditation, New Age Books, A-44
Naraina, Phase-I, New Delhi. 2008, 53-67.
3. Ishwar Sr, Basavaraddi V. Yogic Practice – Relaxation
techniques and practices leading to Yoga Meditation,
Yoga in School Health, Moraji Desai National Institutal of
Yoga, Ashok Road, New Delthi, India, 2010, 251-267.
4. Marian E Papp. Increased heart rate variability but no
effect on blood pressure from 8 weeks of hatha yoga – a
pilot study. BMC Research Notes, 2013.
5. Michele Marie Desmarais. A Brief over View of Yoga,
Changing Minds, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Private
Limited, Delhi. 2008, 10-22.
6. Nagendra, Dr. HR. All Organs and Systems in the Body,
Yoga Raja Yoga –The Path of Will Power, Swami
Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana, Banglore, Karnataka,
India. 2005; 4:52-63.
7. Dr. Suthakar, Dr. Sundar Raj Urs, DP Shivakumar. Effect
of Selected Yogic Excercises on selected physiological
variable of secondary school children, International Jounal
of Physical Education, Sports and Health. 2016; 3(4):114-
116.
8. Dr. Sundar Raj Urs, Shivakumar DP, Dr. Suthakar, Effect
of Selected Yogic Exercises on Cardivascular Endurance
and Lung Capacity of Secondary School Children, 2016;
6(6):7286-7289, IJESC
9. Dr. Suthakar, Dr. Pushparajan A. Effects of Silambam and
Karate with Yogic Training on Agility and Arm Explosive
Power of Collegiate Male Students international journal of
innovative research and development. 2014; 3(4). ISSN
228-0211

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