abhishek kumar report

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Introduction
One of the most important control system of an automobile is
BRAKE SYSTEM .They are required to stop the vehicle within the
smallest possible distance and is done by converting kinetic energy of
the vehicle into heat energy which is dissipated into atmosphere.
The main requirements of brakes are given below:-
1. The brakes must be strong enough to stop the vehicle within
the minimum possible distance in an emergency. But this should
also be consistent with safety. The driver must have a proper
control over the vehicle during emergency braking and the vehicle
must not skid.
2. The brakes must have good intifada characteristics and their
effectiveness should not decrease with constant prolonged
application.
The actual stopping distance of vehicle while braking depends
on the following factors:-
1. Vehicle speed
2. Condition of the road surface
3. Condition of tyre tread

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4. Coefficient of friction between the tyre tread and the road
surface
5. Coefficient of friction between the brake drum/disc and
brake lining/friction pad
6. Braking force applied by the driver
Types of brakes
The brakes for automotive use may be classified according to the
following consideration
1. Purpose
a). Service or primary brakes
b). Parking or secondary brakes
2. Construction
a). Drum brakes
b). Disc brakes
3. Method of Actuation
a). Mechanical Brakes
b). Hydraulic Brakes
c). Electric Brakes
d). Vacuum Brakes

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e). Air Brakes
4. Extra Braking Effort
a). Servo Brakes or Power assisted brakes
b). Power Operated Brake
Disc brakes
A disc brake consists of a cast iron disc bolted to the wheel hub
and a stationary housing called calliper. The calliper is connected to
some stationary part of the vehicle, like the axle casing or the stub axle
and is cast in two parts, each part containing a piston. In between each
piston and disc there is a friction pad held in position by retaining pins,
spring plates etc., passages are drilled in the calliper for the fluid to
enter or leave each housing. These passages are also connected to
another one for bleeding.
When the brakes are applied hydraulically actuated pistons
move the friction pads into contact with the disc, applying equal and
opposite forces the later. On releasing the brakes the rubber sealing
rings act as return springs and retract the pistons and the friction pads
away from the disc.
Constructional features

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Two types brake discs are generally used the solid type and the
ventilated type. The ventilated type more efficient since it provides
better cooling. But they are thicker and heavier than solid type, they
are liable to wrap at severe braking conditions, the dirt accumulates
in the vents which affects cooling and apart produces wheel
imbalance.
The discs of the brakes are made of pearlite grey cast iron. The
material is cheap and has good antiwear properties. Cast steel discs
have also been employed in certain cases, which wear still less and
provide higher coefficient of friction. Their main drawback is the non-
uniform frictional behaviour.
The other materials used for the manufacture of disc are
1. Aluminium
2. Ceramic

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Obviously, cast-iron disc is the heaviest part of a brake - about 8
kg each, or 32 kg per car. Aluminium alloy discs are used in the Lotus
Elise. Though light, they were less resistant to heat and fade, thus
more powerful Elises still employ conventional cast-iron disc.
In contrast, carbon-fibre disc is most heat-resisting yet is by far
the lightest, however, it requires very high working temperature, and
otherwise braking power and response will be unacceptable.
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials that are
processed and used at high temperatures. They are generally hard
brittle materials that withstand compression very well but do not hold
up well under tension compared to the metals. They are abrasive-
resistant, heat resistant (refractory) and can sustain large compressive

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loads even at high temperatures. The nature of the chemical bond in
the ceramics is generally ionic in character, and the anions play an
important role in determination of the properties of the material.
Typical anions present are carbides, borides, nitrides and oxides. The
different types of ceramics are clays, refractories, glasses etc.
Cast iron has been the material of choice for brakes rotors since
the introduction of disc brakes during the 50’s.Elise made a new era,
being the first road production road car to use aluminium metal matrix
composite discs inserted on four wheels. Aluminium is better rotor
material than cast iron due to two main reasons: its density is as one
third as cast iron but its thermal conductivity is three times greater.
These factors made it possible to construct a much lighter brake disc.
COMMPARISON OF CERAMIC BRAKES
AND CONVENTIONAL DISC brake
Until now brake discs have been made up of grey cast iron, but
these are heavy which reduces acceleration, uses more fuel and has a
high gyroscopic effect.
Ceramic disc brake weigh less than carbon/carbon discs but have
the same frictional values with more initial bite and cost a fraction of
price. Carbon /carbon discs are used only in Formula 1 racing cars etc,
because it is so expensive. More over ceramic brake discs are good

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even in wet conditions which carbon / carbon disc notoriously fails to
do.
But comparing their weight, you will see right away that we are
looking at two different worlds, with ceramic brake discs more than
61 per cent lighter than conventional cast iron discs. In practice this
reduces the weight of the car, depending on the size of the brake discs,
by up to 20 kg. And apart from saving fuel, resulting in better and
lower emission for the same mileage, this also means a reduction in
unspring masses with a further improvement of shock absorber
response and behaviour. Another is the manufacturer can add more
safety features without adding to current weight.
MANUFACTURING OF CERAMIC DISC brake

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In the earlier days, the brake discs were made from the
conventional brittle ceramic materials would have disintegrated into
a thousand pieces under slightest pressure.
The research division of Daimler Chrysler has developed
techniques to make carbon fibre reinforced brake discs which avoid
the brittleness problem. In the earlier days, long carbon fibres were
used. Later the use of short carbon fibres increased the efficiency.
The composites for producing fibre reinforced ceramic brake
discs are short carbon fibres, carbon powder, and resin mix. The
process involves first compressing the carbon fibres, carbon powder
and the resin mix together and then sintering at1000 degree Celsius.
In the furnace a stable carbon frame work created. This consists of
carbon fibres in a carbon matrix. Once cooled this material can be
ground like wood and the break disk obtains its final shape.
Together with silicon the ground break disk blank is then
inserted into the furnace a second time. The pores in the carbon
framework absorb the silicon melt like a sponge; the fibbers
themselves remain unaffected by this process.
The ceramic material is created when the matrix carbon
combines with liquid silicon. This fibre reinforced ceramic material
cools overnight and the gleaming dark grey break disk is ready.

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Resin is a binder, which holds the different constituents
together. Resins are of two types:
1. Thermosetting resins
2. Thermoplastic resins.
Thermoplastic resins are those, which can be softened on
heating harden on cooling. Repeated heating and cooling does not
affect their chemical nature of materials. These are formed by
addition polymerization and have long chain molecular structure.
Thermosetting resins are those resins which, during melding
process (by heating) get hardened and once they have solidified, they
cannot be softened i.e. they are permanent setting resins. Such resins
during mouldings, acquire three dimensional cross linked structure
with predominantly strong covalent bonds. They are formed by
condensation polymerization and are stronger and harder than
thermoplastic resins. They are hard, rigid, water resistant and scratch
resistant.
COATING OF CERAMICS ON CONVENTIONAL DISC brake
Earlier brake disc have been made of grey cast iron, but these
are heavy which reduces acceleration, uses more fuel, etc. The new
technology developed by Freno Ltd uses metal matrix composite for

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the disk, basically an alloy of aluminium for lightness and silicon
carbide for strength. However it was found that, the ceramic additive
made the disk highly abrasive and gave a low and unstable coefficient
of friction. So it was realized that the surface had to be engineered in
some way to overcome this problem. After experiments, Sulzer Metco
Ltd found an answer in the form of a special ceramic coating. They
developed thermal spray technology as well as manufacturing plasma
surface engineering machinery used for the task and coating
materials.
In use, the ceramic face requires a special carbon metallic
friction pad, which deposits a layer of material on the brake disc. This
coupling provides the required conditions of exceptional wear
resistance, high and stable coefficient of friction.
The coated matrix composite discs were first used on high
performance motor cycles, where the reduced gyroscopic effect had
the additional advantage of making the cycles easier to turn.
Another company named Lanxide used aluminium as the disc
material. To provide necessary abrasion resistance, aluminium discs
have to be reinforced with a ceramic material, hence metal
composite. They used silicon carbide also to increase the strength.
PORSCHE CERAMIC DISC BRAKES (P C C B)

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After a long period of research and tests Porsche has developed
new high performance disc brakes, P C C B (Porsche Ceramic
Composite Brakes). Porsche has succeeded as the first car
manufacturer in the world to develop ceramic brake discs with
involute cooling ducts for an efficient cooling. The new brake system
offers a substantial improvement in the car braking technology and
sets entirely new standards in terms of decisive criteria such as braking
response, fading stability, and weight and service life.
PORSCHE CERAMIC COMPOSITE BRAKE
Porsche's new brake system also offers obvious advantages in
emergencies at low speeds: In such a case emergency application of
the brakes with PCCB technology does not require substantial pedal
forces or any technical assistance serving to build up maximum brake
forces within fractions of a second. Instead, the Porsche Ceramic
Composite Brake ensures maximum deceleration from the start
without requiring any particular pressure on the brake pedal. And the
new brake system is just as superior in its response under wet

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conditions, since the new brake linings cannot absorb water in the
same way as conventional linings. The final point, of course, is that the
cross-drilled brake discs help to optimize the response of the brakes
also in wet weather.
The process involves heating carbon powder, resin and carbon
fibres in a furnace to about 1700 degree Celsius and is a high vacuum
process.
P C C B FITTED IN PORSCHE 911 TURBO
Advantages
1. Ceramic brake discs are 50% lighter than metal brake discs. As a
result, they can reduce the weight of car by up to 20kg. In case
of a high speed ICE like train with 36 brake discs, these savings
amount to 6 tons. And apart from saving fuel, this also means a
reduction in unspring masses with a further improvement of
shock absorber response and behaviour.

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2. The ceramic brake disc ensures very high and, in particular,
consistent frictional values throughout the entire deceleration
process. With Porsche ceramic brake discs, a car was able to
decelerate from 100Km to 0Km in less than 3 seconds. In the
case of Daewoo’s Nexia, it takes about 4 seconds to stop the
vehicle.
3. Brake temperature - a factor crucial to stopping distances with
metal brake discs - is now only a minor factor, both the brake
lining and ceramic brake disc retaining their high level of friction
regardless of whether they are hot or cold. This not only
shortens stopping distances by a couple of - often decisive -
meters, but also spares the driver unpleasant surprises
whenever having to apply the brakes, say, from a high speed.
4. Ceramics retain their resistance up to 2000 degree Celsius. Only
if the temperature is excess of this, they lose their dimensional
stability.
5. Initial field studies have shown that ceramic brake discs can still
reliably bring an automobile to standstill even after 300,000
kilometres. Brake disc changes will in future be unnecessary.
6. They are not subject to wear, are maintenance free and are heat
and rust resistant.
7. Heavily commercial vehicles can be braked safely over long
distances without having to undergo brake maintenance. This
dispenses with the need for expensive maintenance.

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8. Ceramic brake discs do not rust under high oxygen
concentration.
9. Ceramic brake discs do not warp or wear under constant use.
10. Dry and wet performances are excellent. Ceramics are
water proof materials and the brake pads always remain dry.
Disadvantages
The main disadvantage of ceramic brake discs is their high initial
cost. Initially the ceramic matrix composite brake discs will be more
expensive than the current technology metal ones due to the low
manufacturing volumes and high cost of production. But, because of
the advantages listed above, the ceramic brakes will work out to be
cheaper in the long run.

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Applications
It was first introduced in Formula One, but applying to road cars
seems impractical (F1 cars have warm up lap to bring the discs into
appropriate working temperature), although the short-lived French
sports car specialists Venturi made history by applying it to its road
cars in the mid-90s
Porsche's fastest production model, the 911 Turbo, with a top
speed of 305 km/h (189 mph) and acceleration from rest to 100 km/h
(62 mph) in 4.2 s. Its engine is a 3.6-L producing 309 kW (420 hp), with

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maximum torque of 560 N•m (413 lb•ft) available from 2700 rpm is
available with new Porsche Ceramic Composite Brake System.
PORSCHE 911 TURBO
PORSCHE 911 GT2
The new 911 GT2 comes with the most effective braking system
ever featured on a production Porsche: the Porsche Ceramic

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Composite Brake (PCCB) - a powerful new technology designed to
cope with even the most extreme conditions on racetrack and road?
Mercedes-Benz’s the futuristic Vision GST concept car features 22
inch wheels, 'butterfly' doors, three-dimensional instruments, a 360
horsepower 5.5 litre V8 engine, and carbon-fibre reinforced ceramic
disc brakes. Mercedes Benz SLR IS ALSO available with ceramic disc
brakes
Conclusion
Ceramic brake discs due to its advantages over the conventional
brake discs are going to be the brake discs for cars in future. The
special combination in the ceramic brake discs had turned the
conventional brake disc into a material most suited for making brake
discs. With the success of this in Porsche turbo car, many other
racing cars and commercial vehicles are going to implement the
ceramic disc in their cars.

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References
1. AUTOMOTIVE MECHANICS – CROUSE / ANGLIN
2. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/05/25/ceramic
brake disc
3. Automotive Engineering International Online Global
Viewpoints, Nov_ 1999

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4. http://www.porsche.com
5. http://www.daimlerchrysler.com
6. http://www.mercedesbenz.com
7. http://www.howstuffworks.com

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