Acetylcholine
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The document discusses acetylcholine synthesis and degradation. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. It is degraded by acetylcholinesterase into inactive metabolites choline and acetate. Acetylcholinesterase is abundant in the synaptic cleft and clears acetylcholine, which is essential for proper muscle function. Deficiency of acetylcholinesterase can cause paralysis.
Acetylcholine
- 1. Acetylcholine synthesis • In the cholinergic neurons acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl CoA. This reaction is activated by choline acetyl transfers
- 2. Acetylcholine degradation • The enzyme Acetylcholinsetrase converts acetylcholine into inactive metabolites choline and acetate. • Equation. • The enzyme : 1. is abundant in the synaptic cleft. 2. Its role clearing free acetylcholine from synapse and this essential for proper muscle function. 3. Deficiency causes paralysis.
- 4. Acetylcholine Synthesis and Degradation + cholineAcetyl-CoAPyruvate PDH complex (FAD, lipoamide, TPP) Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) (inhibited by mercurials) Acetylcholine Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (membrane associated; inhibited by nerve agents, sarin) Acetate + choline Reuptak e or diet
- 8. Neurotransmitter Molecule Derived From Site of Synthesis Acetylcholine Choline CNS, parasympathetic nerves Serotonin 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) Tryptophan CNS, chromaffin cells of the gut, enteric cells GABA Glutamate CNS Histamine Histidine hypothalamus Epinephrine synthesis pathway Tyrosine adrenal medulla, some CNS cells Norpinephrine synthesis pathway Tyrosine CNS, sympathetic nerves Dopamine synthesis pathway Tyrosine CNS Nitric oxide, NO Arginine CNS, gastrointestinal tract Summary:
- 9. Alzheimer disease • Definition. • Statistics. • Causes. • Stages. • Types. • Symptoms. • Treatment.
- 10. Alzheimer disease • Definition : Alzheimer's disease is an organic mental illness. that usually involves loss of memory, changes in personality, and decreasing ability to think rationally, solve problems, and perform tasks needed for daily life.
- 11. Causes • The causes of Alzheimer's disease is not known. 1. Although, accumulation of the protein amyloid in the brain is suspected to play a role. 2. progressive damage to brain cells . 3. subsequent loss of the chemicals that they produce.known as neurotransmitters. One of these neurotransmitters is acetylcholine,
- 12. Symptoms There are 10 classic warning signs : 1. memory loss. 2. difficulty performing familiar tasks. 3. problems with language. 4. disorientation to time and place. 5. poor or decreased judgment. 6. problems with abstract thinking. 7. misplacing things. 8. changes in mood or behavior. 9. changes in personality. 10. and loss of initiative.
- 13. Stages 1. Pre-dementia 2. Early 3. Moderate 4. Advanced
- 14. Types 1. Early-onset . 2. Late-onset Alzheimer's. 3. Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD)
- 15. statistics • Generally, it is diagnosed in people over 65 years of age, although the less- prevalent early onset of Alzheimer’s can occur much earlier. • In 2006, there were 26.6 million sufferers worldwide. • Alzheimer’s is predicted to affect 1 in 85 people globally by 2050.
- 16. Treatment 1. medication based: • cholinesterase inhibitors. • partial glutamate antagonists. 2. non-medication based treatments: • Music. • Pet therapy. • Art therapy. • Religious activities. • Aromatherapy. • Storytelling. .
Editor's Notes
- #5: PDH: pyruvate dehydrogenase FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide TPP: thiamine pyrophosphate (vitamin B1) AChE: acetylcholinesterase Choline may be obtained from eggs, liver, beef steak, soy (lecithin = phosphatidyl choline) CAT deficiency found in Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), schizophrenia